FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia
Photo:©FAO

Land tenure underlies most development efforts and initiatives, including those related to introducing green agricultural practices and the transformation of food systems. Since agricultural land is one of the main factors of production and the basis for any human activity, clear and secure tenure rights over land represent an essential element of – and basic precondition of – sustainability.

On the other hand, insecure tenure rights, disputes and conflicts over land, and unequal access to land and other natural resources can jeopardize development efforts and often pose significant barriers to the achievement of development objectives.

Land management instruments and support for the development of agricultural land markets

Overview and FAO contribution

Farm structures with excessively land fragmentation and very small farm sizes hinder farm productivity and competitiveness and hamper the introduction of more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices. It is essential to address these structural problems while strengthening tenure security and securing equal access to land. Land management instruments such as land consolidation, land banking, facilitation of lease agreements and active management of state-owned agricultural land can help address these challenges holistically and comprehensively while contributing to broader development objectives.

Europe and Central Asia

Farms in most FAO programme countries in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) are predominately small family farms, with only a relatively few large corporate farms. Land fragmentation often is excessive, and land abandonment is widespread. Around the year 2000, FAO began to document and address problems in this area.

Most countries in Western Europe have long traditions of land consolidation and land banking. Initially, the main objective was to facilitate local agricultural development by reducing land fragmentation and facilitating farm enlargement on a voluntary basis, often in connection with the improvement of the local agricultural infrastructure. Since the 1980s, countries in Western Europe have started to apply land consolidation in amulti purpose approach, i.e. pursuing at the same time agricultural development and such public objectives as climate change adaptation and mitigation, nature restoration, afforestation and environmental protection .

Since 2004, FAO has in the region supported the introduction of land management instruments and the building up of national programmes through

  1. normative work;
  2. country-specific support for implementing pilots, preparing policies and legislation and ensuring initial capacity development; and
  3. the establishment of a regional technical network, LANDNET, on such technical topics as land consolidation, land banking, land market development and others.

These land management instruments also can be relevant outside of Europe and Central Asia, strongly contributing to integrated local rural development and the achievement of several SDG targets. Land consolidation already is applied outside of Europe, mainly in Southeast Asia but also in North Africa.

Resources:

European good practices on land banking. FAO Study and Recommendations (2022)

Regional Technical Land Tenure network: LANDNET

FAO Legal Guide on Land Consolidation (2020)

FAO Legal Brief on Land Consolidation (2021)

FAO Support to Land Consolidation in Europe and Central Asia During 2002-2018 - Experiences and way forward (2019)

Experiences with land consolidation and land banking in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 – FAO Land Tenure Working Paper 26 (2015)

European good practices on land banking and its application in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2021)

FAO experiences with land market development and land management instruments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2020)

Video from MAINLAND project in North Macedonia (2022)