This report explores the impact of rural poultry production on the livelihoods of smallholders in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia. While contrasting perspectives between producers and ag/vet suppliers were documented, the research indicates that poultry production significantly contributes to the well-being of these communities in Europe and Central Asia. In Georgia, there is potential for substantial improvements in family poultry production and knowledge among producers and suppliers. Conversely, Bosnia and Herzegovina presents a more intricate challenge, requiring time to overcome direct and indirect hurdles to enhance the conditions of rural households.The report identifies a critical need for improved collaborations between government entities, suppliers, and producers, especially in disease surveillance for poultry. It underscores the absence of comprehensive data on the causes of poultry mortality, which affects producers of all scales. Addressing vaccine-preventable diseases through well-structured vaccination programmes could not only curb poultry loss but may also bolster confidence in human vaccines.Furthermore, the paper highlights the necessity of establishing robust cold chains, vaccination protocols, and responsible use of antimicrobials, which are vital for the long-term success of supplier enterprises and consumer trust. The study also suggests that enhancing community awareness about the nutritional benefits of chicken and eggs could significantly improve food security, particularly for vulnerable groups such as women and children.The involvement of women in poultry-related activities varied between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia, prompting the need for initiatives that cater to local needs and the ambitions of producers and suppliers. The report outlines specific recommendations for supporting smallholder poultry producers, with a focus on gender-inclusive practices, over the following 18 months and the subsequent three years, including the establishment of farmer groups and training in various aspects of poultry husbandry.