This document corresponds to Chapter 2 of  the of  the IPBES thematic assessment of the underlying causes of biodiversity loss, determinants of transformative change and options for achieving the 2050 Vision for Biodiverty.

Chapter 2 explores visions and vision development processes for transformative changes in
society. Visions are desirable future states of nature and people shaped by values and
worldviews. They include defined purposes, goals and intentional efforts to attain such future
states. Actors and groups of actors, shaped by contexts that determine their thinking and
practices, develop visions and pathways through multiple processes. Diverse visions
illuminate the interdependence of humans-in-nature for a just and sustainable world and help
guide policy and decision makers in transformations to address biodiversity loss and nature’s
decline. Visions assessed in Chapter 2 come from multiple sources: peer-reviewed and grey
literature, civil society initiatives and social movements, alternative economic perspectives,
spiritual and religious traditions, fiction, arts, urban and rural coalitions and Indigenous
Peoples and local communities. These visions address themes such as oceans, land, economy,
ecosystems, technologies and rights for nature.