This report is a review of irrigation technologies for smallholders in the context of improving rural livelihoods, especially in regard to the prospects for sub-Saharan Africa. The role of traditional technologies is evaluated and modern water distribution technologies, such as sprinkler and trickle irrigation, are reviewed. Low-cost irrigation systems, including such innovations as the use of treadle pumps and drip-kits are then examined. The most appropriate technology to use varies from place to place depending on a wide range of circumstances. A broad classification has been made based on climate and the traditional agricultural background of the local people, which links technology options to specific places – to agricultural regions and to countries. Some ideas are presented on the direction that might be taken by governments, aid donors, NGOs and the private sector to support future development, with a special emphasis on the need to support a wide range of education and training programmes.