In this paper the authors argue that it is essential to recover a concept with vast experience in rural studies. This is problematized the ways in which this concept was characterized both from academia and from state intervention programs. Also proposes an epistemic change which recognizes the subject peasant in his speeches and his practices: Food Sovereignty, Integral Agrarian Reform, Agroecology and Environmental Justice mark the historicity of the subject and the ability to insert in the current debates that involve the entire society.