Agriculture is at the nexus of global challenges, more or less acute in different zones: new ones, climate change, interlinked scarcities, biodiversities, but also pending ones such as food insecurity and poverty. The challenges are multiple, inter connected and apply differently according to the diversity of contexts and local specificities. In a specific area, different forms of farming organization (ranging from small-scale family farming to large-scale enterprises) with dissimilar access to markets and resources provide different social, economic and ecosystem services and respond differently to global challenges. The global challenges impact in a differentiated way on the different types of farms (poorest may be more vulnerable, systems at risk) but the way they perform farming also impacts these challenges locally. Rapid structural changes are occurring, regarding for instance the land holding size and tenure, use of hired labor, increased implication of finance in production and markets altogether with a diversity of market integration strategies. The structural diversity of agricultural production systems (from small-scale family farming to large-scale enterprises) influences their performances (socio-economic and environmental impacts) and the way they may evolve