Climate-smart agricultural systems will adapt to changes in temperature and rainfall, actively absorb and store carbon (C) in crops and soils, and reduce emissions of methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from livestock, inorganic fertilizers, and manure. Current pasture-based systems in the humid and subhumid zones of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) often contribute to deforestation and land degradation, with strong negative environmental impacts. Pasture degradation is caused by inadequate management and a lack of forage plant options. More efficient land management and major biological innovations in agriculture have the potential to increase productivity while decreasing environmental impacts.