This document corresponds to Chapter 4 of the IPBES thematic assessment of the underlying causes of biodiversity loss, determinants of transformative change and options for achieving the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity.

Despite growing awareness of the human causes of biodiversity loss and environmental
degradation, and their impact on human well-being, anthropogenic pressures on nature persist and intensify. This chapter identifies the main challenges that prevent the translation of evidence and concern about biodiversity loss into transformative changes (figure 4.1). Some of these
challenges exacerbate the difficulties inherent in transformative change. These challenges are
reflected in what people think and feel (views), what people do (practices) and how society is
organized (structures), which correspond to the three interwoven dimensions of transformative
change defined in chapter 1.