Glaciers are critical lifelines, sustaining rivers that support agriculture, food security and livelihoods for nearly two billion people in mountain and downstream regions. Rising global temperatures are causing glaciers to melt rapidly, reshaping ecosystems, threatening food and water security and increasing disaster risks. This technical brief examines the links between glaciers, agriculture and livelihoods, drawing on evidence from the Andes, Himalaya, Central Asia and beyond. It highlights the potential of sustainable mountain farming to restore ecosystems, conserve resources and build resilience. Launched on International Mountain Day 2025, the brief underscores that protecting glaciers is essential to safeguarding our shared future.