The Speed of Evolution of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Rice

ALS inhibitors HRAC Group B Inhibition of acetolactate synthase ALS (acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS) # Species & Country Res Year Herbicides Entry Year Yrs to Res Yrs to Res 1 . Alisma plantago-aquatica Italy 1994 bensulfuron-methyl cinosulfuron 1988 1992 6 2 6 2 . Alisma plantago-aquatica Portugal 1995 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 6 6 3 . Alisma plantago-aquatica Spain 2000 bensulfuron-methyl 1988 12 12 4 . Ammania auriculata USA 1997 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 8 8 5 . Ammania coccinea USA 2000 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 11 11 6 . Bacopa rotundifolia Malaysia 2000 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 11 11 7 . Bacopa rotundifolia Malaysia 2001 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 12 12 8 . Cyperus difformis Australia 1994 bensulfuron-methyl 1986 8 8 9 . Cyperus difformis Brazil 2000 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl cyclosulfamuron 1991 1999 9 1 9 10 . Cyperus difformis Italy 1999 bensulfuron-methyl cinosulfuron azimsulfuron 1988 1992 1997 11 7 2 11 11 . Cyperus difformis South Korea 2002 bensulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl cinosulfuron imazosulfuron ethoxysulfuron azimsulfuron halosulfuron-methyl cyclosulfamuron 1989 1990 1995 1996 1996 1997 1999 1999 13 12 7 6 6 5 3 3 13 12 . Cyperus difformis Spain 2000 bensulfuron-methyl 1988 12 12 13 . Cyperus difformis USA 1993 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 4 4 14 . Damasonium minus Australia 1994 bensulfuron-methyl 1986 8 8 15 . Echinochloa colona Costa Rica 1998 propanil fenoxaprop-p-ethyl azimsulfuron 1964 1988 1997 34 10 1 1 16 . Elatine triandra var. pedicellata Japan 1998 bensulfuron-methyl 1987 11 11 17 . Fimbristylis miliacea Brazil 2001 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 1991 10 10 18 . Limnocharis flava Malaysia 1998 2,4-D bensulfuron-methyl 1973 1989 25 9 9 19 . Limnophila erecta Malaysia 2002 2,4-D bensulfuron-methyl 1973 1989 29 13 13 20 . Limnophila sessiliflora Japan 1997 bensulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 1987 1990 10 7 10 21 . Lindernia dubia Japan 1996 bensulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 1987 1990 9 6 9 22 . Lindernia dubia South Korea 2000 bensulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl cinosulfuron imazosulfuron ethoxysulfuron azimsulfuron halosulfuron-methyl cyclosulfamuron 1989 1990 1995 1996 1996 1997 1999 1999 11 10 5 4 4 3 1 1 11 23 . Lindernia dubia var. major Japan 1996 bensulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 1987 1990 9 6 9 24 . Lindernia micrantha Japan 1996 bensulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 1987 1990 9 6 9 25 . Lindernia procumbens Japan 1997 bensulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 1987 1990 10 7 10 26 . Monochoria korsakowii Japan 1994 diquat bensulfuron-methyl 1963 1987 31 7 7 27 . Monochoria korsakowii South Korea 1998 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 9 9 28 . Monochoria vaginalis South Korea 1999 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 10 10 29 . Rotala indica var. uliginosa Japan 1998 bensulfuron-methyl 1987 11 11 30 . Sagittaria guyanensis Malaysia 2000 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 11 11 31 . Sagittaria montevidensis Australia 1994 bensulfuron-methyl 1986 8 8 32 . Sagittaria montevidensis Brazil 1999 metsulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl ethoxysulfuron cyclosulfamuron bispyribac-Na 1988 1991 1999 1999 2001 11 8 0 0 0 11 33 . Sagittaria montevidensis USA 1993 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 4 4 34 . Sagittaria pygmaea South Korea 2004 bensulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl cinosulfuron imazosulfuron ethoxysulfuron azimsulfuron halosulfuron-methyl cyclosulfamuron 1989 1990 1995 1996 1996 1997 1999 1999 15 14 9 8 8 7 5 5 15 35 . Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus Japan 1998 bensulfuron-methyl 1987 11 11 36 . Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus South Korea 2001 bensulfuron-methyl pyrazosulfuron-ethyl azimsulfuron 1989 1990 1997 12 11 4 12 37 . Scirpus mucronatus Italy 1994 bensulfuron-methyl cinosulfuron azimsulfuron ethoxysulfuron 1988 1992 1997 1999 6 2 0 0 6 38 . Scirpus mucronatus USA 1997 bensulfuron-methyl 1989 8 8         Ave: 9.4