<AAA>     amino acids, total aromatic
      Unit:  mg
      Comments: The total value is the sum of
          phenylalanine plus tyrosine only, in spite
          of the fact that tryptophan is also
          chemically aromatic.
      Tables: USDA 523, EA, SWD

<AAE8>
      amino acids, total essential; includes the
          eight basic essential amino acids: 
          isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
          phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and
          valine
      Unit: mg
      Comments: These eight amino acids are
          included in all definitions of the
          essential amino acids for man.

<AAE10A>
      amino acids, total essential; includes the
          eight basic essential amino acids plus
          arginine and histidine
      Unit: mg
      Comments: Arginine and histidine are
          included in this definition of essential
          amino acids because they are essential for
          infants.

<AAE10B>amino acids, total essential; includes
               the eight basic essential amino acids
               plus cystine and tyrosine
      Unit: mg
      Comments: Cystine and tyrosine are
          included in this definition of
          essential amino acids because of
          their sparing effects on the
          requirements for methionine and
          phenylalanine respectively.
     Tables: MW

<AAE12>amino acids, total essential; includes
               the eight basic essential amino acids
               plus arginine, histidine, cystine,
               and tyrosine
      Unit: mg
      Comments: Arginine and histidine are
          included in this definition of
          essential amino acids because they
          are essential for infants.  Cystine
          and tyrosine are included because of
          their sparing effects on the
          requirements for methionine and
          phenylalanine respectively.
      Tables: ETH, NE, EA

<AAE->amino acids, total essential; unknown or variable
               which amino acids are included in the
               total
      Unit: mg

<AAS> amino acids, total sulphur-containing
      Unit: mg
      Comments: The total value is the sum of
          cystine plus methionine.
      Tables: USDA 522, NE, EA, SWD

<AAT->
      amino acids, total, precise definition not
          specified
      Unit: mg
      Tables: SFK, ETH, NE, EA
      Comments: When total amino acids are
          reported, they are usually the sum of
          whatever amino acids were analysed for
          that particular food.  Consequently, this
          term is not precisely defined.  Additional
          tagnames will be introduced when precise
          definitions exist.  See page ? for
          additional discussion.

<ACEAC>
      acetic acid
      Unit: mg
      Tables: USDA 230, SFK

<AG>  silver
      Unit: mcg
      Tables: USDA 378

<AGAR>
      agar-agar
      Synonyms: agar
      Unit: g

<AL>  aluminium
      Unit: mcg
      Synonyms: aluminum
      Tables: USDA 348, SFK

<ALA> alanine
      Unit: mg
      Comments: Includes only L-alanine.
      Tables: USDA 513, SFK, ETH, NE, EA, DAN,
          SWD

<ALBU>
      albumin
      Unit: mg

<ALC> alcohol
      Unit: g
      Synonyms: ethanol; ethyl alcohol
      Tables: USDA 221, MW, DAN

<ALGL>albumin and globulin
      Unit: mg
      Tables: SFK

<ALGNT>alginates
      Unit: g

<AMMON>ammonia
      Unit: mg
      Tables: USDA 519

<AMYP>amylopectin
      Unit: g
      Tables: USDA 219

<AMYPM>amylopectin; expressed in
               monosaccharide equivalents
      Unit: g

<AMYS>amylose
      Unit: g

<AMYSM>amylose; expressed in monosaccharide
               equivalents
      Unit: g

<ARAFB>arabinose in dietary fibre
      Unit: mg

<ARAN>arabinan
      Unit: g

<ARAS>arabinose
      Unit: g
      Comments: L-arabinose only; includes
          only the free monosaccharide.
      Tables: SFK

<ARG> arginine
      Unit: mg
      Comments: Includes only L-arginine.
      Tables: USDA 511, SFK, ETH, NE, EA,
          DAN, SWD

<AS>  arsenic
      Unit: mcg
      Tables: USDA 350

<ASCL>
      L-ascorbic acid
      Unit: mg
      Tables: USDA 402, SWD

<ASCDL>
     L-dehydroascorbic acid
      Unit: mg

<ASH> ash
      Unit: g
      Synonyms: minerals
      Tables: USDA 207, SKF, ETH, EGP, IND, NE,
          EA, PRC, DAN, SWD

<ASN> asparagine
      Unit: mg
      Comments: Includes only L-asparagine.
      Tables: USDA 525, SFK

<ASP> aspartic acid
      Unit: mg
      Synonym: aspartate
      Comments: Includes only L-aspartic acid.
      Tables: USDA 514, SFK, ETH, NE, EA, DAN,
          SWD

<AU>  gold
      Unit: mcg
      Tables: USDA 363

<AVED5>
     delta 5-avenasterol
     Unit: mg
     Synonyms: delta 5-avenastenol
     Tables: USDA 649, SFK, FRN

<AVED7>
     delta 7-avenasterol
     Unit: mg
     Synonyms: avenasterol; delta 7-avenastenol
     Tables: USDA 648, SFK, FRN

<B>  boron
     Unit: mcg
     Tables: USDA 354, SFK, PRC

<BA> barium
     Unit: mcg
     Tables: USDA 351

<BENAC>   benzoic acid
     Unit: mg
     Tables: USDA 232, SFK

<BETN>
	Betaine
	Units: mg
	Tables: USDA 454

<BIOT>    biotin
     Unit: mcg
     Synonyms: vitamin H
     Tables: USDA 416, SFK, MW, DAN, SWD

<BRASTR>  brassicasterol
     Unit: mg
     Tables: USDA 640, SFK, FRN

<BRD>     bromide
     Unit: mcg
     Table: NZ

<CA> calcium
     Unit: mg
      Tables: USDA 301, SFK, MW, ETH, EGP,
          IND, NE, EA, PRC, DAN, SWD

<CAFFN>   caffeine
     Unit: mg
     Tables: USDA 262, SFK


<CAMD5>   delta 5-campesterol
     Unit: mg
     Synonyms: campesterol; delta 5-
     campestenol
     Tables: USDA 639, SFK, FRN

<CAMD7>   delta 7-campesterol
     Unit: mg
     Synonyms: delta 7-campestenol
     Tables: FRN

<CARGN>   carageenan
     Unit: g

<CAROT>   carotene, total
     Unit: mcg
     Synonyms: vitamin A precursors
     Comments: All-trans carotene only.
     Tables: SFK, MW, PRC

<CARTA>
     alpha-carotene
     Unit: mcg
     Comments: All-trans alpha-carotene only.
     Tables: USDA 322

<CARTB>
     beta-carotene
     Unit: mcg
     Comments: All-trans beta-carotene only.
     Tables: USDA 321, DAN

<CARTBEQ>
     beta-carotene equivalents
     Unit: mcg
     Synonyms: provitamin A carotenoids
      Comments: This value is the sum of the
          beta-carotene plus ½ the quantity of the
          other carotenoids with vitamin A activity.
     Tables: USDA 320, NE, EA

<CARTG>
     gamma-carotene
     Unit: mcg
     Comments: All-trans gamma-carotene only.
     Tables: USDA 332

<CASN>
     casein
     Unit: mg
     Tables: SFK

<CD> cadmium
     Unit: mcg
     Tables: USDA 356

<CELLU>
     cellulose
     Unit: g
     Tables: USDA 225, SFK, DAN, SWD
<CELLO>
     cellobiose
     unit: g

<CHLNP> 
     phosphatidyl choline
     Unit: g
     Synonyms: lecithin
     Tables: USDA 662, SFK

<CHLRAC>
     chlorogenic acid
     Unit: mg
     Tables: USDA 234, SFK

<CHOAVL>  carbohydrate, available
     Unit: g
      Comments: This value includes the free
          sugars plus dextrins, starch, and
          glycogen.
     Tables: SFK

<CHOAVLM> carbohydrate, available; expressed in
          monosaccharide equivalents
     Unit: g
      Comments: This value includes the free
          sugars plus dextrins, starch, and
          glycogen.
     Tables: MW

<CHOCAL>  cholecalciferol
     Unit: mcg
     Synonyms: vitamin D-3
     Comments: Naturally occurring form.
     Tables: DAN

<CHOCDF>  carbohydrate, total; calculated by
          difference
     Unit: g
     Comments: This value is calculated
     using the following formula:
          100 g minus total grams of water,
          protein, fat, and ash
      Note: This is not the preferred method
          of calculating total carbohydrate. 
          Calculation by summation is
          preferred.
     Tables: USDA 205, ETH, EGP, IND, NE,
     EA, DAN, SWD

<CHOCSM>  carbohydrate, total; calculated by
          summation
     Unit: g
      Comments: This value is the sum of the
          sugars, starches, oligosaccharides,
          and carbohydrate dietary fibre.
     Tables: USDA 254

<CHOLC>   cholesterol; determined by chemical
          method (classical)
     Unit: mg

<CHOLE>
     cholesterol; determined by enzymatic or
     chromatographic method
     Unit: mg
     Tables: MW

<CHOLM>
     24-methylcholest-7-erol
     Unit: mg
     Tables: USDA 651, SFK, FRN

<CHOLME>
     24-methylene cholesterol
     unit: mg 

<CHOLN>
     choline, total
     Unit: mg
     Tables: USDA 421, SFK, IND

<CHOLNF> 
	choline, free
	Units: mg		
	Tables: USDA 450

<CHOLNGPC>
	Choline from glycerophosphocholine
	Units: mg
	Tables: USDA 453

<CHOLNPC>
	Choline from phosphocholine
	Units: mg
	Tables: USDA 451

<CHOLNPTC>  
	choline from phosphatidylcholine  
 	Units: mg
	Tables: USDA 452

<CHOLNSM>
	Choline from sphingomyelin
	Units: mg
	Tables: USDA 455

<CHOL->
     cholesterol; method of determination
     unknown or variable
     Unit: mg

<CHO->
     carbohydrate, total; method of
     determination unknown or variable
     Unit: g

<CITAC>
     citric acid
     Unit: mg
     Tables: USDA 236, SFK

<CLD>     chloride
      Unit: mg
      Note: If the value is expressed in
          millimoles, mmol must be explicitly stated
          with the secondary tagname <UNIT/>.
     Synonyms: chlorine
     Tables: USDA 302, SFK, MW, IND, PRC

<CO> cobalt
     Unit: mcg
     Tables: USDA 311, SFK, IND, EA, PRC

<COLG>
     collagen
     Unit: mg

<CONPRO>  connective tissue protein
     Unit: mg
     Tables: SFK
      Comments: This term is not precisely
          defined in the table in which it
          appears.  The tagname should be
          construed as ``connective tissue
          protein as the term is used by Souci-
          Fachmann-Kraut''.

<CR> chromium
     Unit: mcg
     Tables: USDA 310, SFK, DAN, SWD

<CREATN>  creatinine
     Unit: mg
     Tables: SFK

<CRYPX>   cryptoxanthin
     Unit: mcg
     Tables: USDA 334

<CU> copper
     Unit: mg
     Tables: USDA 312, SFK, MW, EA, PRC,
     DAN, SWD

<CYAN>    Cyanide
     Units: mcg
     Table: NZ

<CYS>     cystine
     Unit: mg
      Comments: Cysteine is often the
          natural form, which is converted to
          cystine during chromatography;
          includes only the L-amino acid.
     Tables: USDA 507, SFK, ETH, NE, EA,
     DAN, SWD

<DAIDZN>  daidzin
     Unit: mcg

<DAIDZNA> acetyl-daidzin
     Unit: mcg

<DAIDZNM> malonyl-daidzin
     Unit: mcg

<DDZEIN>  daidzein
     Unit: mcg


<DEXTN>   dextrins
     Unit: g
     Tables: SFK

<DEXTNM>  dextrins; expressed in monosaccharide
          equivalents
     Unit: g
     Tables: MW

<DGLY>
     diglycerides, total
     Unit: g
     Tables: USDA 656

<DISAC>
     disaccharides, total
     Unit: g

<DISACM>
     disaccharides, total; expressed in
     monosaccharide equivalents
     Unit: g

<DM> 
     dry matter
     unit: g

<DOPN>
     dopamine
     Unit: mg
     Tables: SFK

<ENERA>
     energy, gross; determined by direct
     analysis using bomb calorimetry
      Unit: kJ.  The value for <ENERA> may be
          expressed in kilocalories instead of the
          default unit of kilojoules. However, if
          expressed in kilocalories, kcal must be
          explicitly stated with the secondary
          tagname <UNIT/>.
      Note: It would be confusing and would imply
          additional information that does not exist
          if two <ENERA> values, i.e., one expressed
          in kilocalories and the other expressed in
          kilojoules, were included for a single
          food item when one value has simply been
          calculated from the other using the
          conversion equation: 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ. 
          Consequently, one or the other should be
          used, but not both.
     Synonyms: kilojoules; kilocalories;
     Calories; food energy

<ENERC>energy, total metabolizable;
               calculated from the energy-producing
               food components
      Unit: kJ.  The value for <ENERC> may
          be expressed in kilocalories instead
          of the default unit of kilojoules. 
          However, if expressed in
          kilocalories, kcal must be explicitly
          stated with the secondary tagname
          <UNIT/>.
      Note: It would be confusing and would
          imply additional information that
          does not exist if two <ENERC> values,
          i.e., one expressed in kilocalories
          and the other expressed in
          kilojoules, were included for a
          single food item when one value has
          simply been calculated from the other
          using the conversion equation: 1 kcal
          = 4.184 kJ.  Consequently, one or the
          other should be used, but not both.
     Synonyms: kilojoules; kilocalories;
     Calories; food energy
      Comments: In addition to a value for
          the quantity of total metabolizable
          energy, <ENERC> includes a
          description or listing of the
          conversion factors used to calculate
          this energy value from the proximate
          quantities.  The conversion factors
          may be described by a keyword, or the
          conversion factors may be listed
          using secondary tagnames within
          <ENERC>.  (More than one <ENERC>
          tagname may exist for a single food
          item if the values were calculated
          from the proximate components using
          different conversion factors.)
      Keywords: Following are the available
          keywords to describe the conversion
          factors that were used for calculating
          total metabolizable energy:
      KJA  kilojoule conversion factors using
          available carbohydrate
          kilojoules = (17 x g total protein) + (16
          x g available carbohydrate expressed as
          monosaccharides) + (37 x g total fat) +
          (29 x g alcohol)
      Tables: MW
      STDA  standard conversion factors
          originally derived by Atwater using
          available carbohydrate
          kilocalories = (4 x g total protein) +
          (3.75 x g available carbohydrate expressed
          as monosaccharides) + (9 x g total fat) +
          (7 x g alcohol)
      Tables: MW
      STDT  standard conversion factors
          originally derived by Atwater using total
          carbohydrate 
          kilocalories = (4 x g total protein) + (4
          x g total carbohydrate) + (9 x g total
          fat) + (7 x g alcohol)
      Tables: EGP, IND
      CDXC  CODEX conversion factors for
          nutritional labelling of total
          kilocalories
          kilocalories = (4 x g total protein) + (4
          x g total carbohydrate) + (9 x g total
          fat) + (7 x g alcohol) + (3 x g organic acid)
      CDXJ  CODEX conversion factors for
          nutritional labelling of total kilojoules
          kilojoules = (17 x g total protein) + (17
          x g total carbohydrate) + (37 x g total
          fat) + (29 x g alcohol) + (13 x g organic
          acid)
      FDS  conversion factors based on type of
          food as reported in World Health
          Organization Technical Report Series No.
          522 (?) and the United States Department
          of Agriculture Handbooks No. 8 (?) and No.
          74 (?).
      Tables: USDA 208 and 268, ETH, NE, EA
      Note: The following two codes, RUBA
          and RUBT, represent conversion
          factors that were used primarily for
          calculating the energy data in early
          editions of McCance and Widdowson. 
          It is believed that the Rubner
          conversion factors are no longer in
          active use.
      RUBA  Rubner conversion factors using
          available carbohydrate
          kilocalories = (4.1 x g total
          protein) + (3.75 x g available
          carbohydrate expressed as
          monosaccharides) + (9.3 x g total
          fat) + (7 x g alcohol)
      RUBT  Rubner conversion factors using
          total carbohydrate
          kilocalories = (4.1 x g total
          protein) + (4.1 x g total
          carbohydrate) + (9.3 x g total fat) +
          (7 x g alcohol)

      If none of the above keywords apply,
          the actual conversion factors used to
          calculate the total metabolizable
          energy should be listed using the
          following secondary tagnames:
      <XP>  conversion factor for
          calculating energy from protein
      <XCT>  conversion factor for
          calculating energy from total
          carbohydrate
      <XCA>  conversion factor for
          calculating energy from available
          carbohydrate
      <XF>  conversion factor for
          calculating energy from fat
      <XA>  conversion factor for
          calculating energy from alcohol
      <XO>  conversion factor for
          calculating energy from organic acid
      Note: If these secondary tagnames are
          used, conversion factors for <XP> and
          <XF> are required; a conversion
          factor for either <XCT> or <XCA> is
          required; and conversion factors for
          <XA> and <XO> are optional.

      <ENERC> may not be used without either one
          of the keywords specified above or a set
          of specific conversion factors (or both). 
          If the conversion system and factors are
          unknown, <ENER-> should be used.
      Examples: The 76 kcal/100 g energy value
          for whole cow's milk in the Ethiopian food
          table was calculated from proximate values
          using conversion factors from the USDA
          Agriculture Handbook No. 8.  Therefore,
          the energy value would be listed using the
          <ENERC> tagname and the USDA keyword, with
          the kilocalorie unit stated with the
          secondary tagname <UNIT/> to replace the
          default unit of kilojoules:
               <ENERC> 76 USDA <UNIT/> kcal </UNIT/>
               </ENERC>

          The 272 kJ/100 g energy value for fresh,
          whole cow's milk in the McCance and
          Widdowson food table was calculated with
         the kilojoule conversion factors that use
          available carbohydrate.  Therefore, the
          energy value would be listed using the
          <ENERC> tagname and the KJA keyword:
               <ENERC> 272 KJA </ENERC>

          If an energy value expressed in
          kilocalories were calculated for whole
          cow's milk using conversion factors for
          protein, fat, and total carbohydrate, and
          these conversion factors did not conform
          to any of the factors described by the
          available keywords, the energy value would
          be listed using the <ENERC> tagname and
          the <XP>, <XF> and <XCT> secondary
          tagnames.  The kilocalorie unit would be
          stated with the secondary tagname <UNIT/>
          to replace the default unit of kilojoules:
               <ENERC> 76.42 <XP> 4.3 <XF> 8.8 <XCT> 3.9
               <UNIT/> kcal </UNIT/> </ENERC>
      Note: In these examples, </UNIT/> and
          </ENERC> are end-tags required in
          interchange format to indicate the end of
          the unit and energy information.  See the
          INFOODS Data Interchange Handbook for
          details on interchange format.

<ENER->   energy; method of determination
          unknown or variable
      Unit: kJ.  The value for <ENER-> may
          be expressed in kilocalories instead
          of the default unit of kilojoules.
          However, if expressed in
          kilocalories, kcal must be explicitly
          stated with the secondary tagname
          <UNIT/>.
      Note: It would be confusing and would
          imply additional information that
          does not exist if two <ENER-> values,
          i.e., one expressed in kilocalories
          and the other expressed in
          kilojoules, were included for a
          single food item when one value has
          simply been calculated from the other
          using the conversion equation: 1 kcal
          = 4.184 kJ.  Consequently, one or the
          other should be used, but not both.
     Synonyms: kilojoules; kilocalories;
     Calories; food energy
      Comments: The <ENER-> tagname should
          be used if it is not known whether
          the energy value represents gross
          energy or total metabolizable energy. 
          It should also be used if it is known
          that the energy value was calculated
          from the proximate components but the
          conversion factors used are unknown. 
          (It is meaningless to have <ENER-> in
          combination with either <ENERA> or
          <ENERC> for a given food item.)