Table 16. Vitamin deficiency symptoms
Vitamins	Deficiency symptom
Riboflavin	Erratic swimming, Cataracts (a)
Pantothenic acid	Lack of appetite, low feed efficiency, haemorrhages, clubbed gills and total mortality in five weeks. (b)
Niacin
Thiamine	Poor growth, High mortality, Stress susceptible (a)
Pyridoxin	Erratic swimming, High mortality, Convulsions (c)
Biotin
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
Choline
Inositol	Poor growth, Abnormal bone formation (a)
Ascorbic acid	Gill hemorrhages, Exophthalmia, Scoliosis, Lordosis, Broken back syndrome, Fatty liver, Muscle degeneration, Poor gill development, Bone deformations, Dark colouration, Halted growth and loss of equilibrium (d)
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin E	Muscular atrophy, Increased disease susceptibility, Lateral muscular myopathy (e)
Data source: Adapted fom Glencross (2006) with additional information; (a) Boonyaratpalin and Wanakowat (1993); (b) Mali et al. (1993); (c) Wanakowat et al. (1989); (d) Boonyaratpalin et al. (1989; 1994), Phromkunthong et al. (1997); (e) Boonyaratpalin and Wanakowat (1993); Bowater and Burren (2007).