Table 2. Summary of dietary nutrient requirements and utilization of L. calcarifer (requirement expressed for dry feed except where mentioned otherwise)
Nutrient level	Life stage/size class
	Larvae rearing	Nursery phase	Grow-out	Grow-out
	2-25 days	<10 g	10-200 g	>200 g
Crude protein, % min	50 (t)		45�50 (m) ; 60 (h)	40�45 (k) ; 52 (h)
Crude protein, g/kg body weight/day
Amino acids, % min of dietary protein
Arginine			3.8 (b)
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine			4.5 (b)
Methionine			2.24 (i)
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan			0.41 (a)
Valine
Crude lipid, % min		15�18 (j)		19 (r)
Essential fatty acids, % min
18:2n-6
20:4n-6
18:3n-3			0.45 (g)
20:5n-3			0.75 (g)
22:6n-3			1.15 (g)
n-3 : n-6 ratio			1.5�1.8 : 1 (g)
Carbohydrate, % recommended			20 (l)
Crude fibre, % max
Gross energy, min kJ/g	21(t)
Digestible energy, min kJ/g			15 (o) ; 15.5 (g)	17 (o)
Metabolizable energy, min kJ/g
Protein to energy ratio, mg/kJ			26.7 (g) ; 30.7 (p) ; 22.5 (q)
Minerals
Macroelements (%)
Calcium, max
Phosphorus, min			0.5�1 (n)
Magnesium, min
Sodium, min
Microelements, min mg/kg dry diet
Potassium
Iron
Sulphur
Chlorine
Copper
Manganese
Zinc
Cobalt
Selenium
Iodine
Molybdenium
Chromium
Flourine
Vitamins, min IU/kg
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamins, min mg/kg
Vitamin E			Required (c)
Vitamin K
Thiamine			Required (c)
Riboflavin			Required (c)
Pyridoxine			5�10 (d)
Pantothenic acid			15�90 (c); 60 (s)
Niacin
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
Choline
Inositol			Required (c)
Biotin
Ascorbic acid			25�30 (e) or 500�700 (f)
Data source: (a) Coloso et al. (2004); (b) Murillo-Gurrea et al. (2001); (c) Boonyaratpalin and Wanakowat (1993); (d) Wanakowat et al. (1989); (e) Phromkunthong et al. (1997) based on ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg or ascorbic acid glucose; (f) Boonyaratpalin et al. (1989; 1994) based on crystalline ascorbic acid; (g) Williams and Barlow (1999); (h) Williams et al. (2003a); (i) Millamena (1994); (j) Sakaras et al. (1988, 1989); (k) Wong and Chou (1989); (l) Catacutan and Coloso (1997). Recommended level with 6-18 % lipid and 42.5 % CP; (m) Sakaras et al. (1988); (n) Boonyaratpalin and Phongmaneerat (1990); (o) Glencross (2003); (p) Catacutan and Coloso (1995); (q) Williams et al. (2006). Fish reard in cool water; (r) Glencross et al. (2003); (s) Mali et al. (1993); (t) Nankervis and Southgate (2006b).