Table 13b. Some nutritional interests, deficiencies and processing restrictions in selected raw materials.
Ingredients	% Max.{Min.}	Main nutritional interests	Main nutritional deficiencies	Processing restrictions
Various plant proteins		Alternate protein source	Low palatability, antinutritional factors, low HUFA20, 17low lysine & methionine	Fibre content sometimes high
Fishmeal (e.g. Menhaden)	16{6}�40	Protein, HUFA	Possibly low phenylalanine,	Freshness important, milling difficult
			arginine, histidine, and lysine4
Herring fishmeal6	As above	As above	As above	As above
Anchovy fishmeal6	As above	As above	As above	As above
Peruvian fishmeal8	As above	As above	As above	As above
Squid meal8,10	1�3	Protein, HUFA		High cost
Shrimp meal8,10	1�10	Protein		High cost
Shrimp head meal8,10	3�15	HUFA, chitin		High fibre content
Cottonseed meal	<914		High fibre, Lysine4	<1 100 ppm of free gossypol4
Canola meal (rapeseed, Brassica napus, B. campestris)9�				High fibre content
Soybean meal8,13	6218,3015, 45.516	High lysine1	Low methionine1	High fibre content2
Soybean meal	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto
Pea meal8	42.3
Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)7	25	High arginine	Low methionine	Variable antinutritional content between cultivars
Corn gluten meal	1 013		Low arginine, lysine12
Wheat flour8	35	Binding properties; Rich in methionine1,19	Low methionine, arginine, tyrosine, threonine19, lysine1	Cost
Wheat gluten	5	Binder		Cost
Rice bran (deoiled)8				High fibre content2
Soybean lecithin crude (liquid)10,11	1�2.0	higher growth rate & better nutrient digestibility3
Soybean lecithin (deoiled powder)10,11	0.5�1.0
Cholestrol10	>0.1			Expensive, high melting
crystalline amino acids	No		Very low rate of incorporation5
1Fox et al., 2006 (but still low relative to fishmeal (Watanabe, 2002)).
2Hertrampf, 2006
3Kumaraguru Vasagam, Ramesh and Balasubramanian, 2006
4Lovell, 2002
5Deshimaru, 1982
6NRC and NetLibrary, Inc., 1993
7Smith, Tabrett, and Glencross, 2007
8Bautista�Teruel, Eusebio and Welsh, 2003
9Su�rez et al., 2009
10Hunter and Chamberlain, 2006
11Hertrampf, 1991
12Ahamad Ali, Syama Dayal and Ambasankar (2004)
13FAO, 1997
14Baldwin, 1986
15Sara, Gous and Bureau, 2009 (Fenneropenaeus indicus)
16Su�rez et al., 2009 (Litopenaeus vannamei)
17Watanabe, 2002
18Biswas et al., 2007
19Slattery and Palmer, 2008
20HUFA = highly unsaturated fatty acids.