Table 4. Examples of feed formulations (% "as fed"
basis unless otherwise specified) for Penaeus monodon |
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Ingredient composition |
Diet 1a |
Diet 2b |
Diet 3c |
Diet 4c |
Diet 5d |
Diet 6e |
Diet 7f |
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Fishmeal |
28 |
33 |
6 |
18 |
33.7 |
25.2 |
5 |
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Wheat flour |
32 |
18 |
14.6 |
16.8 |
20 |
28.5 |
8.4 |
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Soybean oil cake |
10 |
17 |
40 |
20 |
26.4 |
20.5 |
62 |
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Squid oil |
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1 |
1 |
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Squid meal |
5 |
10 |
7 |
7 |
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5 |
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Shrimp meal |
10 |
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7 |
7 |
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4 |
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Soybean oil |
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1 |
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Fish oil |
3 |
3.5 |
0.7 |
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5 |
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Fish solubles
(dehydrated) |
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1 |
1 |
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Shrimp head meal |
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4 |
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Lupin kernel meal |
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16 |
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Sunflower oil cake |
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2 |
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Wheat bran |
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4.1 |
12.5 |
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Wheat middlings |
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9.82 |
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Spirulina |
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0.5 |
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Wheat gluten |
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5 |
5 |
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Soy lecithin |
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0.5 |
0.5 |
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2 |
0.5 |
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Cholesterol |
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0.18 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
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Other |
12 |
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Mould inhibitor |
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0.3 |
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Sodium alginate1 |
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2 |
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CMC2 |
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0.5 |
1.5 |
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Lime |
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0.7 |
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Dicalcium phosphate |
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3 |
1 |
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5 |
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Potassium bicarbonate |
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0.4 |
1.2 |
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Sodium phosphate |
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2 |
2 |
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Zeolite |
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2 |
2 |
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Vitamin & mineral mix |
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3 |
3 |
3 |
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1 |
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Vitamin mix |
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1 |
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Mineral mix |
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1 |
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Yeast |
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2 |
2 |
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Vitamin C |
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0.1 |
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Lysine |
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1 |
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Proximate composition (%) |
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Crude protein |
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45 |
37.8 |
38 |
39.3 |
37.65 |
34.87 |
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Crude lipid |
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9 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
7.4 |
8.63 |
11.55 |
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Ash |
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17.9 |
18.2 |
9.1 |
13.69 |
9.2 |
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Crude fibre |
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3.2 |
3.6 |
3.1 |
4.38 |
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Carbohydrate |
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35.68 |
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Moisture |
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6.9 |
8.95 |
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Calcium |
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2.4 |
2.6 |
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Phosphorus |
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2 |
2 |
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Gross energy (MJ/g feed) |
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18.71 |
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EPA3+DHA4 (min) |
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2.3 |
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Phospholipid |
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2.41 |
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Cholestrol (total) |
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0.25 |
0.84 |
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Food conversion ratio
(FCR) |
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1.3 |
1.2 |
3.1 |
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Cost (US$/kg) |
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800 |
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1Binder; 2Carboxymethyl
cellulose; 3Eicosapentaenoic acid; 4Docosapentaenoic acid |
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aSmith (2001); bGlencross
(2005); cAkiyama (1991); dCoutteau et al. (2002)5; eKumaraguru Vasagam, Ramesh and Balasubramanian (2006); fBiswas et al.
(2007) |
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5Diets was
formulated to satisfy documented nutritional requirements of P. monodon (Akiyama,
Dominy and Lawrence, 1991); please see Table 2a for details of nutritional
requirement. |
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