Table 4. Examples of feed formulations (% "as fed" basis unless otherwise specified) for Penaeus monodon
Ingredient composition	Diet 1a	Diet 2b	Diet 3c	Diet 4c	Diet 5d	Diet 6e	Diet 7f
Fishmeal	28	33	6	18	33.7	25.2	5
Wheat flour	32	18	14.6	16.8	20	28.5	8.4
Soybean oil cake	10	17	40	20	26.4	20.5	62
Squid oil			1	1
Squid meal	5	10	7	7		5
Shrimp meal	10		7	7		4
Soybean oil					1
Fish oil	3	3.5	0.7			5
Fish solubles (dehydrated)			1	1
Shrimp head meal					4
Lupin kernel meal		16
Sunflower oil cake							2
Wheat bran			4.1	12.5
Wheat middlings					9.82
Spirulina						0.5
Wheat gluten			5	5
Soy lecithin			0.5	0.5		2	0.5
Cholesterol					0.18	0.5	0.5
Other	12
Mould inhibitor						0.3
Sodium alginate1					2
CMC2						0.5	1.5
Lime			0.7
Dicalcium phosphate			3	1		5
Potassium bicarbonate			0.4	1.2
Sodium phosphate			2	2
Zeolite			2	2
Vitamin & mineral mix			3	3	3		1
Vitamin mix						1
Mineral mix						1
Yeast			2	2
Vitamin C							0.1
Lysine							1
Proximate composition (%)
Crude protein		45	37.8	38	39.3	37.65	34.87
Crude lipid		9	5.3	5.3	7.4	8.63	11.55
Ash			17.9	18.2	9.1	13.69	9.2
Crude fibre			3.2	3.6	3.1	4.38
Carbohydrate						35.68
Moisture					6.9	8.95
Calcium			2.4	2.6
Phosphorus			2	2
Gross energy (MJ/g feed)						18.71
EPA3+DHA4 (min)						2.3
Phospholipid						2.41
Cholestrol (total)					0.25	0.84
Food conversion ratio (FCR)			1.3	1.2	3.1
Cost (US$/kg)		800
1Binder;  2Carboxymethyl cellulose; 3Eicosapentaenoic acid; 4Docosapentaenoic acid
aSmith (2001); bGlencross (2005); cAkiyama (1991); dCoutteau et al. (2002)5; eKumaraguru Vasagam, Ramesh and Balasubramanian (2006); fBiswas et al. (2007)
5Diets was formulated to satisfy documented nutritional requirements of P. monodon (Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence, 1991); please see Table 2a for details of nutritional requirement.