Table 8. Recommended and commercial dietary vitamin levels (Penaeus monodon)
Species		Shrimp	Shrimp	P. Monodon	P. monodon
Vitamin	Unit used per kg of feed	Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence (1991)	CIBA (2002)	Rotosquare Enterprises Ltd, (Taiwan)a (2009)	Lee and Shiau (2004)
Thiamine (B1)	mg/kg	50	15�30	26	14
Riboflavin (B2)	mg/kg	40	15�60	50	22.5
Pyridoxine (B6)	mg/kg	50	60�120	32	40.5
Pantothenic acid (B5)	mg/kg	75	60�120	52	139
Niacin (B3)	mg/kg	200	60�120	140	7.2
Biotin	mg/kg	1	0.05�0.5	0.6	2.4
Inositol	mg/kg	300	1 000�2 000	200	2 700
Choline chloride	mg/kg	400	600�800	0	6 200
Folic acid	mg/kg	10	6�10	9	2.1
Cyanocobalamin (B12)	mg/kg	0.1	0.01�0.02	0.056	0.2
Ascorbic acide	mg/kg	100	8 000�10 000	100	40
Retinol acetate, Vitamin Ac	IU/kg	10 000	3 000�5 000	7 000	57 416
Vitamin D3 (calciferol)b	IU/kg	5 000	2 000�2 400	3 500	3 996
Vitamin Ed	mg/kg	300	30�40	160	270
Vitamin K	mg/kg	5	4�6	6.6	40
PABA (Para�aminobenzoic acid)	mg/kg	0	0	10	270
aAt 2 kg/tonne inclusion of premix (range advised, 1 to 2.5 g/tonne of feed). (Rotosquare Enterprises Ltd. 2009. S. M. Lu (President). 2F No.11�6, Alley 5, Lane 125, Yang Der Ave. Sec.3 Taipei 11149, Taiwan).
bOne mg cholecalciferol equals 40 x 103 I.U. vitamin D3 (Wouters et al., 2001).
cOne mg equals 3.3 x 103 I.U. vitamin A (acetate) or 1.6 x 103 I.U. vitamin A palmitate. (Wouters et al., 2001).
dOne mg equals 1 I.U. vitamin E (acetate).
eL�ascorbyl�2�monophosphate�Mg.
CIBA = Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India