Table 12. Suggested feed quality norms for Fenneropenaeus indicus.

Feed class	Larval(Z-M)	Post- larvae	Starter	Grower	Finisher
Crude protein % (good)	45�52 (47)	40�50 (45)	38�42 (40)¹	35�42 (38)	32�40 (36)
Non�protein nitrogen �		<0.2	<0.2	<0.2	<0.2
Crude lipid % (good)	6�12 (7.5)	6�10 (7.5)	5.7�8 (6.7)	5.7�8 (6.3)	5.5�8 (6)
Crude fibre %	<3	<3	<4	<4	<5
Moisture %	<11	<11	<12	<12	<12
Carbohydrate (%)	10�15	10�15	10�15	15�25	20�30
Energy (Kcal/100 g of feed)	340�400	340�400	320�400	320�400	300�400
Ash	<14	<14	<14	<16	<16
Phosphorus		1�1.5	1�1.5	1�1.5	1�1.5
Calcium		= 0.5 x P	= 0.5 x P	= 0.5 x P	= 0.5 x P
Potassium Min	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
Essential fatty acid
Linoleic acid + Linolenic acid	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)	1	>0.8	>0.6	>0.5	>0.5
Phospholipids (lecithin)	1	1	1	0.4	0.4
Cholesterol Min²	0.5	0.4�0.5	0.35�0.4	0.3	0.25
Astaxanthin (ppm)		200	�	�	50�200
Essential amino acid
Arginine	2.6	2.6	2.5�3.1	2.5�3.1	2.5�3.1
Isoleucine			1.4�1.96	1.4�1.96	1.4�1.96
Methionine	1.1	1.1	0.84�1.05	0.84�1.05	0.84�1.05
Methionine + Cystine	1.6	1.6	>1.4	>1.4	>1.3
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine			>1.9	>1.9	>1.9
Phenylalanine			1.50�1.90	1.50�1.90	1.50�1.90
Tryptophan			0.4�0.55	0.4�0.55	0.4�0.55
Histidine			0.84�1.52	0.84�1.52	0.84�1.52
Lysine	2.4	2.4	2.1�3.0	2.0�3.0	2.0�3.0
Threonine	1.6	1.6	1.44�1.7	1.44�1.7	1.3�1.7
Valine			2.0�2.78	2.0�2.78	2.0�2.78
Leucine			2.9�3.3	2.9�3.3	2.9�3.3
Feed class			Starter	Grower	Finisher
Target shrimp size (g)		<0.5	0.5�5 �	5�20 �	>20 �
Feed type		Powders	Crumble, short�cut pellets	Pellet	Pellet
Feed size (mm)		various micron	1.8�2.0D x 0.5�3L	1.8�2.3D x 3-5L	1.8�2.3D x 4-7L
Typical market prices US$		$10	978�1 067	911�956	844�911
Pathogenic bacterium (Salmonella)		Not permitted
Aspergillus		Not permitted
Aflatoxin		<10 ppb

Source: Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence (1991); Ahamad Ali (1999, 2001); CIBA (2000, 2003b) (http://www.ciba.tn.nic.in/); Conklin (2003); FAO (2007b); Glencross & Smith, (1999); Gonz�lez-F�lixa et al. (2004); Perez-Velazquez, Gonz�lez-F�lix and Lawrence (2004); Lovell (1989);Table 2, Table 4; Penaflorida (1999); unpublished data.

¹Assuming a good level of natural production contributing to the diet, the protein level of the starter can be lower

²Cholesterol in raw materials should be accounted for and may supply all cholesterol needs (0.25%) for grower pellets (W.G. Dominy, 1999. Oceanic Institute, Hawaii, USA, personal communication).