Table 13b. Some nutritional interests, deficiencies and processing restrictions in selected raw materials.
Ingredients	% Max.(Min.)	Main nutritional interests	Main nutritional deficiencies	Processing restrictions
Various plant proteins		Alternate protein source	Low palatability, anti nutritional factors, low HUFA, 17low lysine & methionine	Fibre content sometimes high
Fishmeal e.g. menhaden	16(6)�40	Protein, HUFA	Possibly low phenylalanine,	Freshness important, milling difficult
			arginine, histidine, and lysine4
Herring fishmeal6	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto
Anchovy fishmeal6	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto
Peruvian fishmeal8	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto
Squid meal8,10	1�3	Protein, HUFA		High cost
Shrimp meal8,10	1�10	Protein		High cost
Shrimp head meal8,10	3�15	HUFA, chitin		High fibre content
Cottonseed meal	<914		High fibre, lysine4	<1100ppm of free gossypol4
9Canola meal (rapeseed, Brassica napus, B. campestris)�				High fibre content
Soybean meal8,13	6218,3015, 45.516	High lysine1	Low methionine1	High fibre content2
Soybean meal	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto
Pea meal8	42.3
Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)7	25	High arginine	Low methionine	Variable anti�nutritional content between cultivars
Corn gluten meal	1013		Low arginine, lysine12
Wheat flour8	35	Binding properties; Rich in methionine1,19	low methionine, arginine, tyrosine, threonine19,  lysine1	Cost
Wheat gluten	5	Binder		Cost
Rice bran (de�oiled)8				High fibre content2
Soybean lecithin crude (liquid)10,11	1�2.0	higher growth rate & better nutrient digestibility3
Soybean lecithin (deoiled powder)10,11	0.5�1.0
Cholestrol10	>0.1			Expensive, high melting
Crystalline amino acids	No		Very low rate of incorporation5
1Fox et al. (2006) (but still low relative to fishmeal (Watanabe, 2002)).
2Hertrampf (2006)
3Kumaraguru Vasagam, Ramesh and Balasubramanian (2006)
4Lovell (2002)
5Deshimaru (1982)
6National Research Council (U.S.), & NetLibrary, Inc. (1993)
7Smith, Tabrett, & Glencross (2007)
8Bautista�Teruel, Eusebio & Welsh (2003)
9Su�rez et al. (2009)
10Hunter and Chamberlain (2006)
11Hertrampf (1991)
12Ahamad Ali, Syama Dayal and Ambasankar (2004)
13FAO (1997)
14World Conference on Emerging Technologies in the Fats and Oils Industry and Baldwin (1986)
15Sara, Gous & Bureau (2009) (Fenneropenaeus indicus)
16Su�rez et al. (2009) (Litopenaeus vannamei)
17Watanabe (2002)
18Biswas et al. (2007)
19Slattery and Palmer (2008)