Table 2a. Summary of dietary nutrient requirement and utilization of the Indian white prawn, Fenneropenaeus indicus
Nutrient level (as g/kg)		PL	Juvenile	Broodstock	Source
Crude protein, % min		40, 30�40	30�43, 42.9, 30, 25�37, 43, 35�37.5, 30�35, 35�4022		3,17,1,2, 3,4,5,6,7,16
Crude protein, g/kg body weight/day
Amino acids, % min of dietary protein
	Arginine		3.06		1
	Histidine		1.52		1
	Isoleucine		1.55		1
	Leucine		2.98		1
	Lysine		2.4		1
	Methionine		1.05		1
	Phenylalanine		1.64		1
	Threonine		1.47		1
	Tryptophan
	Valine		2.78		1
Crude lipid, % min		6�9	6,5,6�9		17,8,9,1
Lecithin		1	0.1�2, 0.5�2.0, 2		17,18,1,10
Cholesterol		0.5�1%	0.5, 0.1�0.5		17,1,11
Carbohydrate, % max		20�35	25�30, 32.321		17,18,11
Crude fibre, % max		<6%			17
Gross energy, min kJ/g
Gross energy, min Kcal/100 g		400	420b, 380b, 350�400, 415, 388.721		16,1,11
Digestible energy, min kJ/g
Metabolizable energy, min kJ/g
Protein to energy ratio, mg/kcal
Lipid: carbohydrate ratio			01:07		11
Moisture			7�12 20
Minerals
Macroelements (%)
	Calcium, max	0.5	0.5�0.6, 0.53		17,1,11
	Phosphorus, min	1	1.1, 1.05		17,17,1,11
	Ca:P		01:02.0		11
	Magnesium, min	0	Trace, 0		17,1,11
	Potassium		1.3		1
	Sodium, min
		PL	Juvenile	Broodstock
Microelements, min mg/kg dry diet
	Iron
	Sulphur
	Chlorine
	Copper	136	13.6, 136�227		17,1,12
	Manganese	<2	Trace, 19�26		17,1,12
	Zinc	236	240, 236�386		17,1,12
	Cobalt
	Selenium
	Iodine
	Molybdenium
	Chromium
	Flourine
	Aluminium
		PL	Juvenile	Broodstock
Vitamins, min IU/kg
	Vitamin A			15.6, 6.824	12,14
	Vitamin D			0.06, 0.1123	12,14
Vitamins, min mg/kg
	Vitamin E			300, 12025,350	12,14,19
	Vitamin K			2.5, 174	12,14
	Thiamine	100	100	25, 21	17,1,11,12,14
	Riboflavin	8	80, required	62.5, 60	17,1,11,12,14
	Pyridoxine	200	100�200, 200	25, 30	17,1,11,12,14
	Pantothenic acid	750	75, 750	125, 150	17,1,11,12,14
	Niacin	250	200, 250	250	17,15,1,11,12
	Folic acid			12.5, 7.5, 21.6	12,14,13
	Vitamin B12			0.15, 0.225	12,14
	Choline	5 000�7 500	6 000, 625	3 000	17,11,1,12
	Inositol	3 000	required,        3 000	2 500, 4 200	17,11,1,12,14
	Biotin			2.5, 0.9, 1.0	12,14
	Ascorbic acid	4 000�8 000	4 000�8 000, 4 000	2 500, 3 000	17,11,1,12,14
1Alagarswamy and Ahamad Ali (2000)
2Ahamad Ali (1982)
3Bhaskar and Ahamad Ali (1984)
4Ahamad Ali (1994)
5Colvin (1976a)
6Gopal and Paulraj (1990)
7Ahamad Ali, Gopal and Ramana (2000)
8Ahamad Ali (1990)
9Colvin (1976b)
10Chandge and Paulraj (1998)
11Ahamad Ali (2001)
12Cahu, Cuzan and Quazuguel (1995)
13Ahamad Ali (2000)
14Galgani et al. (1989)
15Boonyaratpalin (1998)
16Alaf Novetrian, and Vjiaya Gopal (2005)
17Ahamad Ali and Laxminarayana (1995)
18CIBA (2002)
19Cahu, Fakhfakh and Quazuguel (1991)
20FAO (1987a)
21At 35 % protein and optima for energy and carbohydrate.
22Shrimp size, 1�5 g the protein: energy combination of 40:420; 5�10 g, 35:380.
23One milligram equals 40=103 I.U. vitamin D3.
24One mg equals 3.3=103 I.U. vitamin A acetate. or 1.6 103 I.U. vitamin A palmitate.
25One mg equals 1 I.U. vitamin E acetate.
Table 2b. Recommended amino acid levels in Fenneropenaeus indicus feeds.
Amino acid	% of protein2	38% crude protein1
Arginine	7.9	3
Histidine	2.53	0.96
Isoleucine	4.08	1.55
Leucine	6.82	2.59
Lysine	6.32	2.4
Methionine	2.4	0.91
Methionine+cystine	3.6	1.37
Phenylalanine	4.32	1.64
Phenylalanine+tyrosine	7.1	2.7
Threonine	3.76	1.43
Tryptophan	0.8	0.3
Valine	5.14	1.95
Tyrosine
1As a percentage of dry matter, so the dietary level.
2As a percentage of the protein in the diet, based on whole body content.
Source: Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence (1991), Sara (2007) and Alagarswami & Ahamad Ali (2000).
Table 2c. Cholesterol composition of various ingredients (feedstuffs)*.
Ingredient	Cholesterol    (% of fat)
Protein Supplements
Squid mantle	18
Squid viscera	3
Shrimp whole	9.9
Shrimp head	10
Crab	7.8
Clam	5.2
Mussel	1.7
Fish
Pollock	7.1
Cod	6.2
Tuna	1.4
Herring	0.6
Mackerel	0.6
Fat Supplements
Squid oil	1.8
Herring oil	0.8
Cod liver oil	0.6
Menhaden oil	0.5
Salmon oil	0.5
*Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence (1991).
Table 2d. The Composition (%) of crude and pure lecithin
Component	Crude lecithin (oily)2	Pure lecithin (powder) (deoiled)2	Crude lecithin (oily)1	Soybean lecithin3	Commercial soybean lecithin4
Total phospholipids	65	98
Choline phospholipids	15	23	20	35	19�21
Ethanolamine phospholipids	14	21	15	29.7	8�20
Inositol phospholipids	13	19	20	18.5	20�21
Other phospholipids	10	15	5		5�11
Phosphatidic acid	4	6	In above %
Glycolipids	9	14
Soybean oil and other substances	35	2	35		33�35
Carbohydrates, sterols		5
Carbohydrates, free					5
Sterols					2�5
Phosphatidylserine				8.4
Sphingomyelin				2.3
Lysophosphatidylcholine				1.6
Unknown phospholipids				4.5
Moisture					1
Total	100	100		100
1McKetta & Cunningham (1976)
2Hertrampf (1991)
3Teshima, Kanazawa and Kakuta (1986)
4Schofield (1981)