Table 7. List of feed ingredients that are used or have the potential to be used as protein and/or energy supplement in mullet feed (nutrient content in % dry matter). Adapted from Nile tilapia species profile. Values for maximum inclusion (%) have been modified.
Inclusion levels in bold are M. cephalus specific.
Inclusion levels not in bold are for general omnivorous/herbivorous species (Tacon, 1987).
Feed ingredients		Primary use (please tick)			Moisture	Crude�	Digestible�	Inclusion	Main nutritional	Main nutritional�	Processing�
		Protein	Energy	Both�	DM (%)	protein (% )	energy (kJ/g)	(% max)	interest	deficiencies	restrictions
		supplement	supplement
Plant origin
Cereal grain/by-product
Corn	Grain, ground		x		87.8	9.6	16.3	35
	Gluten meal	x			93	63		20
Millet	Grain		x		89.3	11.2	16.4
Rice	Bran		x		90	12.2	16.6				Poor water stability
	Bran (solvent extracted)		x		89.5	12.3	14.5	35	Vitamins		Poor water stability
Sorghum	Grain		x		88.8	10.6	16.3	35
	Distillers dried grains with solubles			x	95	33.2	19.8
Wheat	Grain		x		87.9	12	16	35
	Bran				87.9	14.7	16	30			Poor water stability
	Flour		x		89	16
	Midlings				89	17		40
Corn gluten	Meal	x			93	63
Oilseed/by-product
Coconut	Oilcake, mechanically extracted			x	91.5	20.8	17.3	25		Lys	High fibre
	Meal, solvent extracted			x	89	21				Some EAA	High fibre
Cottonseed	Oilcake, with hulls (undec,), mechan, extr,			x	89.3	21.9	16.9			Lys, met	Gossypol
	Oilcake, without hulls (dec,), mechan, extr,	x	x	x	92.2	41.2	18.7			Lys	Gossypol
	Oilmeal, dec.,  solvent extr.,  41% protein	x	x	x	90.2	41.7	17.3	20			Gossypol
	Oilmeal, dec.,  solvent extr.,  50% protein			x	92.5	50	18.3				Gossypol
Groundnut/peanut	Oilcake, undec.,  mechanically extracted			x	90	30.2	18.5			Met	Aflatoxin risk
	Oilmeal, undec.,  solvent extracted			x	92.2	31.7	17.6	25			Aflatoxin risk
	Oilcake, dec.,  mechanically extracted			x	90.4	46.2	19.1				Aflatoxin risk
	Oilmeal, dec.,  solvent extracted			x	91.3	48.7	18	25			Aflatoxin risk
Rapeseed	Oilcake, mechanically extracted			x	91.9	34.1	18.6			Cys	ANF
	Oilmeal, solvent extracted			x	91	37.3	17.2	25			ANF
Sesame	Oilcake, mechanically extracted				92	40.4	19			Lys, Zn
Soybean	Soybean meal, full fat	x	x	x	94	38		7.5		S amino acids	High fat, ANF
	Oilcake, undecor., mechanically extracted	x		x	89	41.6	18.1		Lys	S amino acids	ANF
	Oilmeal, undecor., solvent extracted			x	88.4	44.4	17.3	35	Lys	S amino acids	ANF
	Oilmeal, decor., solvent extracted			x	89.6	49	17.7		Lys		ANF
Sunflower seed	Oilcake, undecor.,  mechanically extracted		x	x	92.7	31.6	18.9		Met	Lys
	Oilmeal, undecor.,  solvent extracted			x	90.3	30.8	16.8
	Oilcake, decor.,  mechanically extracted			x	92.2	37.1	19.2
	Oilmeal, decor.,  solvent extracted			x	92.3	43.4	18
Canola	Meal	x			93	38				Some EAA
Grain legume/by-product
Lead tree/lpil-ipil	Seed, mature, dry			x	91	32.6	18.6				Mimosine
Lupin	Kernel meal			x	88	41				Met
Velvet bean	Seed (bean), mature, dry			x	91.3	24.1	17.4
Sesbania	Seed (bean), mature, dry			x	90.6	32.5	18.8
Mung bean/Green gram/Golden gram	Seed (bean), mature, dry			x	89.2	22.1	16.3			Cys
White yam	Fresh tuber		x		34.5	1.5	5.8
Sweet potato/Spanish potato	Fresh tuber		x		29.1	1.5	5
	Dried tuber meal		x		87.4	4.2	14.9
Cassava/Tapioca/Manioc	Fresh tuber		x		34.1	0.9	5.8
	Tuber, dehydrated		x		86.5	2.1	14.7
Yam bean/Potato bean	Fresh tuber		x		17.6	1.5	3.1
Potato/Irish potato	Fresh tuber		x		23.3	2.3	4
African Yam bean	Fresh tuber		x		35.3	3.7	6.2
Grass/green crop
	Cassava flour		x	x	96	12
	Cassava leaf meal	x			96	28				some EAA	supply
	Leuceana leaf meal	x			88	31				some EAA	supply
	Leadtree/lpil-ipil - Leaves			x	31.6	8.8	6
	Cassava - Leaves			x	25.6	7.7	4.9			Met
	Sesbania - Leaves			x	23	6.6	4.1				ANF
Aquatic macrophyte
Water hyacinth	Whole plant, fresh			x	8.5	1.2	1.4
Kangkong/water bind-weed	Leaves and stem, fresh			x	7.5	2.1	1.2
Duckweed	Whole plant, fresh			x	8.1	1.7	1.5
Najas	Whole plant, fresh			x	9.6	2.3	1.6
SCP
Fungal SCP	Brewers yeast, dried	x			91.4	45	17.7	40
Algal SCP - Freshwater	Spirulina maxima	x			93.3	58.6	19.7
Animal origin
Invertebrate
Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, wet basis	Cultured on bakers yeast	x			9.3	6.2	2.3
Brine shrimp, Artemia salina	Larvae (nauplii), just after hatching, wet basis	x			11	6.7	2.6
	Brine shrimp meal (adults), dried	x			81.3	44.3	15
Freshwater cladocera , Moina	Cultured on bakers yeast	x			12.8	8.8	3.4
	Cultured on bakers yeast + poultry manure	x			11	8.6	2.7
Freshwater invertebrate	Chironomid larvae	x			16.1	9.1	7.5
	Blood worm	x			12.9	8.1	3
	Riversnail, snail meat	x			21.6	12.2	4.2
Miscellaneous marine invertebrates	Squid, meal, dried	x			91.9	74.8	22	25
	Shrimp meal (process residue), dehydrated	x			90	40.6	13.5
	Shrimp heads, dried	x			94	58.2	19		Carotenoids		Chitin
	Shrimp shells (exoskeleton/hull), dried	x		x	100	45.9	14.8
	Shrimp head silage, fresh	x			19	14.1	3.9
	Shrimp head silage, dried	x			93	69	19
Terrestrial invertebrates	African giant snail - Snail meat meal, dried	x			88.9	45.6	17.5
	Snail meat, fresh	x			19.7	12.9	4
	Silkworm - pupae, fresh	x			25.1	13.7	6.9
	Pupae, dry	x			90	55.9	24.2		some EAA		High fat
Animal by-product
Chicken	Whole egg (excluding shell), fresh	x			25.6	12.4	7.5
	Poultry by-product meal	x			93.5	57.5	20.4	20		Tyr	High fat
	Hydrolysed feather meal	x			91.9	84.2	21.2	10		Lys
	Poultry viscera, raw	x			26.3	13.9	7.7				High fat
Slaughterhouse	Meat meal with blood (tankage)	x			92.7	60	18.1	25		Met, EAA
	Meat meal	x			93.1	53	16.8
	Meat and bone meal, solvent extracted	x			91.9	50	14		Ca, P
	Blood meal	x			89.6	81.5	20	10	Lys	Met, Iso
Fishmeal	Anchovy	x			91.8	65.3	19		E.A.A.
	Herring	x			92.1	72.7	20.7
	Sardine/pilchard	x			91.5	65	18.8
	Tuna, mixed	x			93	59	17.5
	Menhaden	x			92.2	61.3	18.6
	Red fish	x			92	57	16.8
	White fish	x			90.9	63.2	16.9
	Freshwater (various species)	x			91	66.7	19.4