Table 6. Unconventional feedstuffs  and their maximum replacement/inclusion level for North African catfish Clarias gariepinus
	Maximum	Maximum	Maximum	Maximum	Optimal�	Data source
	replacement	replacement	inclusion	inclusion	recommended
Ingredient	of fishmeal  �	of soybean meal	as protein	as energy	inclusion
	%	%	%	%	%
Soybean meal	50�75					Fagbenro and Davies, 2004; Goda, El Haroun and Chowdhury, 2007
Fishmeal					>10	Uys, 1989�
Poultry by-product meal	100					Goda, El Haroun and Chowdhury, 2007
Poultry by-product silage meal			15�40			Fagbenro and Fasakin, 1996; Abdel-Warith, Davies and Russell, 2001;  Ayinla, 2007
Poultry manure meal		60				Obasa, Alegbeleye and Amote, 2009
Meat and bone meal�	75					Goda, El Haroun and Chowdhury, 2007
Maggot meal (oven or sun dried)	75�100					Fasakin, Balogun and Ajayi, 2003;  Madu and Ufodike 2003; Dada and Akinwande, 2004
Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis)		10�30				Alegbeleye, Oresegun and Ajitomi, 2001
Winged bean (Psophocarpns tertragonolobus)	50					Fagbenro, 1999a,b,c�
Fermented fish silage	41�50					Ayinla and Akande, 1988; Fagbenro and Jauncey, 1994,1995; Fagbenro, Jauncey and Krueger,1997;Fagbenro, Jauncey and Haylor, 1994
Shrimp head meal	5�10					Ayinla, 2007
Fermented shrimp head meal	30					Nwanna, 2003
Grasshopper meal�					10	Nnaji and Okoye, 2004
Rumen epithelia meal	25					Sotolu and Adejumoh, 2008
Groundnut cake1			25			Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
Palm kernel cake			10�15			Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
Cottonseed cake1			20�30			Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
Sesame cake	partly	100				Ayinla, 2007
Sunflower oilseed cake					10�30	Uys, 1989�
Soy oilseed cake					10�65	Uys, 1989�
Sorghum				50		Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
Cassava				40	<10	Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
Sweet potato				20		Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
Leucana leucocephala leaf meal	20					Amisah, Oteng and Ofori, 2009
Roquette (Eruca sativa) seed meal2			20			Fagbenro, 2004
Mealworm meal (Tenebrio molitor)	40					Ng et al., 2001
Golden apple snail meal	100					Phonekhampheng, Hung and Lindberg, 2009
Fish oil				10	4�5	Uys, 1989; Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
Sunflower oil				10	5	Uys, 1989; Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
Maize oil				10		Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
Palm oil				10	8	Lim, Boey and Ng, 2001; Fagbenro, Adeparusi and Fapohunda, 2003
1Cottonseed cake is a good substitute for groundnut cake (Ayinla, 2007)
2Replacement of soybean meal protein