Table 13. Nutritional deficiency symptoms as reported for common carp
Essential amino acids   Deficiency signs/syndrome    
Lysine   Retarded growth/increased mortality  
Methionine Retarded growth/cataract  
Tryptophan   Retarded growth/scoliosis    
Miscellaneous Increased mortality/lordosis  
    observed with dietary deficiency of  
  leucine, isoleucine,lysine, arginine  
    and histidine      
Essential fatty acids Increased mortality/fatty liver  
Minerals            
Phosphorus Reduced growth, poor growth, bone  
    demineralization, skeletal deformity,  
  abnormal calcification of ribs and the soft  
    rays of the pectoral fin, cranial deformity,  
  increased visceral fat  
Magnesium   Reduced growth, anorexia, high mortality, cataracts
Iron Hypochromic microcytic anaemia  
Zinc   Reduced growth, cataracts, high mortality,  
  erosion of fins and skin  
Manganese   Reduced growth, cataracts,dwarfism  
Copper Reduced growth, cataracts  
Selenium   Reduced growth, cataracts, anaemia  
Data source: Tacon (1992)