Table 13. Nutritional deficiency symptoms as reported for common carp
Essential amino acids		Deficiency signs/syndrome
Lysine		Retarded growth/increased mortality
Methionine		Retarded growth/cataract
Tryptophan		Retarded growth/scoliosis
Miscellaneous		Increased mortality/lordosis
		observed with dietary deficiency of�
		leucine, isoleucine,lysine, arginine
		and histidine
Essential fatty acids		Increased mortality/fatty liver
Minerals
Phosphorus		Reduced growth, poor growth, bone
		demineralization, skeletal deformity,�
		abnormal calcification of ribs and the soft
		rays of the pectoral fin, cranial deformity,
		increased visceral fat
Magnesium		Reduced growth, anorexia, high mortality, cataracts
Iron		Hypochromic microcytic anaemia
Zinc		Reduced growth, cataracts, high mortality,
		erosion of fins and skin
Manganese		Reduced growth, cataracts,dwarfism
Copper		Reduced growth, cataracts
Selenium		Reduced growth, cataracts, anaemia
Data source: Tacon (1992)