Table 14. Vitamin deficiency symptoms
Vitamin		Symptom
Riboflavin		Anorexia, poor growth, high mortality rate,
		haemorrhage of skin and fins
Pantothenic acid		Anorexia, reduced growth, sluggishness,
		anaemia, skin haemorrhage,exophthalmia
Niacin		Skin haemorrhage, high mortality
Biotin		Reduced growth and activity
Thiamine		Fin haemorrhage, fading of body colour,
		anorexia, poor growth
Folic acid		Reduced growth and haematocrit
Pyridoxine		Anorexia, poor growth, nervous disorders
Ascorbic acid		Reduced growth, incresed mortality,
		scoliosis, lordosis, hypochromic macrocytic
		anaemia
Cyanocobalamin		Reduced growth, low haematocrit, megaloblastic
(Vitamin B12)		anaemia
Inositol		Reduced growth, skin and fin lesions/
		haemorrhage, loss of skin mucosa
Choline		Reduced growth, fatty liver
Vitamin A		Anorexia, faded body colour, fin and skin
		haemorrhage, exophthalmia, abnormal/
		warped operculae
Vitamin E		Muscular dystrophy, mortality, exophthalmia
Data source: Folic acid and vitamin B12 deciciency symptoms are from rohu (John and Mahajan, 1979) others are of common carp (Tacon, 1992)