Table 10. Dietary nutritional deficiency, vitamins
Vitamins	Deficiency signs/syndrome	Measure
Riboflavin	Corneal opacity, bilateral cataracts	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Pantothenic acid	Clubbed, swollen gills	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Niacin	Muscle spasms, dermatosis, sensitivity of skin to sunlight	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Thiamine	Hyperexcitability, paralysis, aberrant swimming	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Pyridoxine	Hyperexcitability, paralysis, aberrant swimming	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Biotin	Reduced growth rate, dark coloration, anorexia	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Folic acid	Magaloblastic anaemia	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Vitamin B12	Pernicious anaemia	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Choline	Reduced growth rate, high feed conversion ratio	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Inositol	Reduced growth rate	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Ascorbic acid	Scoliosis, lordosis�	Supplement feed with vitamin premix�
Vitamin A	Poor growth, exophthalmia,blindness, haemorrahges at base of fins	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fish oil
Vitamin D	Impaired bone mineralization	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fish oil
Vitamin K	Prolonged blood clotting time	Supplement feed with vitamin premix or fresh animal liver
Vitamin E	Muscular dystrophy, steatitis, cardiac muscle pathology, anaemia, erythrocyte fragility	Supplement feed with vitamin premix�