Table 9. Dietary nutritional deficiency, minerals
Minerals	Deficiency signs/syndrome	Measure
Phosphorus	Deformities in vertebrae, operculum cover or jaw.  cessation of feeding and growth, dark coloration	Supplement feed with 2% dicalcium phosphate
Calcium
Magnesium	Listlessness, impaired mineralization of bone	Supplement feed with magnesium
Iron	Anaemia	Supplement feed with iron
Manganese	Poor growth and high feed conversion ratio, skeletal abnormalities	Supplement feed with manganese
Copper
Zinc	Lens cataracts	Supplement feed with zinc
Selenium	Poor growth and high feed conversion ratio
Iodine	Goiter	Supplement feed with iodine