BETTER FARMING SERIES

Twenty-three titles have been published in this series, designed as handbooks for intermediate level agricultural education and training. They may be purchased as a set or as individual documents.

1.   The way to work. The living plant

2.   The plant - the root

3.   The plant - the stem

4.   The plant - the leaf

5.   The plant - the flower

6.   The soil - man and the soil

7.   The soil - how the soil is made up

8.   The soil - the living soil - working the soil

9.   The soil - working the soil (continued)

10. The soil - conserving the soil - improving the soil

11. Animal husbandry - introduction

12. Animal husbandry - feeding animals

13. Animal husbandry - looking after animals - how cattle reproduce

14. Animal husbandry - what cattle produce

15. Keeping chickens

16. Food crops

17. Market gardening

18. The oil palm

19. Groundnuts

20. Upland rice

21. Wet paddy or swamp rice

22. Cocoa

23. Coffee

better farming series

1

the way to work the living plant

Published by arrangement with the Institut africain pour le développement économique et social

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome 1970

PREFACE

This manual is a translation and adaptation of “Méthodes de travail - La plante vit,” published by the Agri-Service-Afrique of the Institut africain pour le développement économique et social (INADES), and forms part of a series of 23 booklets. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the publishers for making available this text, which it is hoped will find widespread use at the intermediate level of agricultural educatíon and training in English-speaking countries.

It should be noted that the original texts were prepared for an African environment and this is naturally reflected in the English version. However, it is expected that many of the manuals of the series — a list of which will be found on the inside front cover — will also be of value for training in many other parts of the world. Adaptations can be made to the text where necessary owing to different climatic and ecological conditions.

Applications for permission to issue this manual in other languages are welcomed. Such applications should be addressed to: Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

The cover illustrations were prepared by Asun Balzola.

CONTENTS

THE WAY TO WORK

How to study

General advice

Special advice

For those working on their own

For those working in a group

THE LIVING PLANT

• Introduction to the course on the plant

Why do we study the plant?

What does a man do?

What does a plant do?

Preparation for the study of this course

First experiment: Making a plant germinate

Second experiment: Lifting a plant of maize or millet

THE WAY TO WORK

HOW TO STUDY

The advice we are going to give you is very important.

Read it. And heed it. It will help you a lot.

Read it over a number of times. Read it very often.

You will find our advice a good guide and you will be encouraged by it.

GENERAL ADVICE

First of all we give some general tips, useful to everyone.

They will help those who are working on their own, and those who are working in groups with someone in charge.

1. Never get discouraged

Maybe you will say: it is too hard for me. I am not up to it.

If you do say that, you are making a mistake.

Maybe you will just want to stop when you get to a difficult bit.

If you do stop, you will be sorry.

You will not feel pleased with yourself.

You will have missed a good chance to study your job, to get ahead in your work as an agricultural assistant.

You must never get discouraged.

You must say to yourself: I shall make it. Others succeed.

I am going to succeed too.

2. Do not be surprised if there are difficulties

It is difficult to study.

Sometimes you will not understand properly.

You will read words you do not know.

Some pages will seem too complicated.

You are starting out on a new kind of work, something quite new to you.

You need plenty of training to play football well.

Training is tiring.

You need plenty of training to understand the course properly.

And that is tiring at the beginning.

Maybe you will say: “What’s the good of what I am learning?”

When you study how to grow millet, cotton or rice, you will understand why you first studied the root, the stem and the leaf.

When you study seeds, fertilizers, rotation of crops, you will understand why you have studied the life of the plant.

The course will teach you to understand what you do, will teach you slowly and gently.

Before you can understand, you have to learn a lot of things that seem of no use.

3. Why learn?

In order to understand

When a cocoa tree does not grow well, they say it is because the land is bad.

But that is not always true.

Perhaps the land is bad.

But perhaps, too, fertilizers were wanted.

Perhaps, too, the tree was badly planted.

Perhaps it was not given pesticides.

You have to know why the cocoa tree does not grow.

Suppose you sow cotton or groundnuts the way they have told you to.

If you do not understand why you do it that way, you are working like a machine.

You want to understand.

You ought not to work like a machine.

By learning the course you will also learn English.

By following the course you will develop your mind.

Cultivating a field demands bodily effort; it makes you sweat, and it is tiring.

Cultivating your mind demands a mental effort; you get tired and you meet difficulties.

You must make an effort and not get discouraged.

4. You must get help

You can always find someone who will help you.

Take your training course to the agricultural assistant, he will help you to understand.

The teacher, too, can help you to understand.

Go and see him.

If you are an agricultural assistant yourself, go and see the agricultural officers.

Do not be ashamed of asking for help, for explanations.

Ask your chiefs to explain things to you. They will be pleased to do so.

Be proud of wanting to learn and understand.

5. You must work regularly

It takes a long time to understand.

You have to work a long time, too, and stick at it.

If you have the courage to stick at it, for a month, two months, three months, a year, two years, three years, then you will be pleased.

We are showing you the way to work. Keep to it.

SPECIAL ADVICE

You have before you the course to be studied.

How will you set about it? Where will you begin?

We are going to give you some tips.

First of all for those who work on their own, and then for those working in a group.

We shall tell the person in charge how to help his friends.

FOR THOSE WORKING ON THEIR OWN

1. At the beginning of many booklets there is a plan of work.

Read it.

Follow the advice given.

That way you organize your work. That is very important.

2. In each booklet there is also an outline of the course.

Read it first, and give it plenty of attention.

Read it right through several times.

This outline of the course tells you what you are going to study.

3. After reading this outline several times, look through the whole course.

Do it this way.

For instance, in the outline of the course of Booklet No. 2, on the root, you read “Are all roots alike?” on pages 4 and 5.

Read these pages, quite quickly, without trying to understand everything.

Then turn back to the outline of the course, where you see:

“Different root systems” on pages 6 and 7.

Go ahead and read these pages, quite quickly, without trying to understand everything.

And so you go on, following the outline.

That way you will read through the whole course, quite quickly, for the first time.

4. So you have read the outline several times, and you have looked through the whole course.

Next begin to carry out the observations and experiments described.

When you are told: “Let us look”

you must take a long look, with attention, for example at the root you have lifted, the stem you have cut, and always at the drawing on the page.

It is very important to learn to look properly, to observe.

If you learn to look properly, you will understand much more quickly, you will remember much better.

Good observation makes for good work.

5. When you have observed properly, go on to study each part, each page of the course.

Read over quickly a whole page or a whole chapter.

For instance, read the two pages dealing with the fibrous root system.

Even if you don’t fully understand a sentence or a word, go on all the same.

6. After this quick reading, read it again, very slowly.

Pause for a long time at each word, at each sentence, in order to understand it fully.

If there is a drawing, look at it.

Try to understand the sentence as you look at the drawing.

But — pay attention!

7. In this way go on to the end of the course.

During the last working period answer the suggested question paper which is printed at the end of each booklet.

How to answer.

• Do you understand the question properly?

• Try to answer without looking at the course. Do not write down your answer right away.

• Look up the course and see which page corresponds to the question.
Look in the course to see if your answer is right.

• Then write out your answer.

FOR THOSE WORKING IN A GROUP

There must be someone in charge of the group.

He has to prepare the group’s work, lead the group and check the work.

The group leader prepares the meetings

1. He organizes a group.

He looks out friends who want to work with him.

He explains to them what the course is for -

it is very important to study your job

you must not work like a machine

you have to learn farming to be a good farmer.

• The group leader forms a group with six friends.

If there are more than six or eight friends, he makes more than one group.

A group that is too big does not work well.

When you make several groups you need several people to be in charge.

If you cannot find several people to take charge, you put everybody together.

• The group leader fixes the meetings on the same day of each week and at the same lime.

If the meetings are always on the same day at the same time, the friends will not make a mistake and will come.

• The group leader explains why you must come to all the meetings.

If you miss a meeting you will not understand the next lesson properly.

Good work needs regular work.

2. The group leader prepares the lesson in advance.

A meeting badly prepared by the man in charge will be a bad one. He will not explain well.

His friends will not understand.

They will get discouraged and will not come again.

A meeting well prepared will be interesting.

His friends will be pleased.

• Before the meeting the group leader studies the course.

He works it over himself.

He must prepare the meetings very carefully. Then he will do his job well.

• At the beginning of each course there is a plan of work.

This plan gives the work for each week.

Each week the man in charge studies a part of the course.

He carries out experiments and prepares them for his friends.

Then he thinks over how to translate the course into the local language.

He is ready for the meeting.

3. The group leader leads the meetings.

At the beginning of the meeting

The group leader asks questions about the last meeting.

He checks his friends’ memories.

First translation

The group leader first translates all the part of the course that is to be explained.

Experiments and observations

When the group leader has prepared experiments, he demonstrates them to his friends.

When there are drawings in the text, he makes sure that they are studied with great attention.

Second translation and questions

• Then the group leader translates each sentence again.

He explains each sentence. He asks questions.

His friends ask questions too. They say when they have understood.

Then the group leader explains the meaning of the next sentence.

• The group leader repeats new and difficult words.

He has his friends repeat them many times.

His friends repeat all together the new and difficult words.

In this way they learn English.

Answers to the question paper

At the last meeting the group leader takes the paper with suggested questions.

He asks the questions, or others, and his friends write down the answers on a separate piece of paper.

The group leader returns the answers to his friends, marked and corrected.

Further details

How to use the course reference numbers

• Each booklet has a number on the cover.

For instance: Booklet No. 2: The root.

Booklet No. 3: The stem.

• Beside the text in each booklet there are numbers.

For instance, in Booklet No. 2, on page 7, you see the paragraph numbers 4, 5, 6. This makes it easy for you if you want to check a statement.

How many copies of the booklets do you need?

If possible, one copy for every three people.

More than three people using one copy cannot follow the lesson, especially when they must look at the drawings.

The group leader must ask for the number of copies needed.

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE ON THE PLANT

THE LIVING PLANT

WHY DO WE STUDY THE PLANT?

•  You want a good crop of yams or cotton.
To get it you must learn how yams or cotton grow.
If you look after the plants properly you will get good crops.

• You want animals that are in good health and heavier.
To get them, you must give them good grass and grains.
Then you will get fat oxen and goats.

• Too much nitrogen on groundnuts does not help groundnuts to grow better.
Chloride on tobacco prevents the leaves from burning.
Nitrogen on maize will produce stronger plants with more grain.
So you must learn how to use fertilizers.

We must study plants and fertilizers.

•  Man is born, lives and dies.
The plant too is born, lives and dies.

•  Man eats, breathes and has children.
The plant too eats, breathes and reproduces itself.

•  The plant eats, feeds

through its root,

through its stem,

through its leaves.

•  The plant breathes

through its leaves.

•  The plant reproduces itself.

It has flowers.

It has fruits.

We must study how plants live.

•  He feeds

• Breathes

• Reproduces himself

• Produces

• Feeds

• Breathes

• Reproduces itself

• Produces seeds and fruits

WHAT DOES A MAN DO?

•  He feeds.

He harvests grain, fruits, vegetables.
He eats them.
The grain, fruits, vegetables are transformed inside him.

•  He breathes.

The air enters by his nose and mouth.
This air is transformed in his lungs.
Then it is expelled.

•  He has children.

To eat, breathe and reproduce himself - this is man’s life.

WHAT DOES A PLANT DO?

•  It feeds.

It finds its food in the soil.
It also finds it in the air.
It transforms what it has taken in.

•  It breathes.

The air enters through its leaves.
This air is transformed in the leaves.
Then it is expelled.

•  It reproduces itself.

It has flowers,
then seeds.
Other plants will be born.

To eat, breathe and reproduce itself - this is a plant’s life.

PREPARATION FOR THE STUDY OF THIS COURSE

We are going to see how a plant is born, that is, make it germinate.

Then we shall lift a root.

Like this we shall understand better the course on the plant and the root

We shall make these two experiments at the same time.

This will enable us:

to see better,

to observe better,

to understand better

how a plant grows and how a root is made.

First experiment

MAKING A PLANT GERMINATE

1. Look around your house and put together any containers which are no longer wanted, for instance, stone jars, empty cans, cracked gourds or gourds with holes in them.

•  Make a hole in the bottom of each container if there is not one already. Make it big enough for a pencil to go through.

•  Put your containers under a tree so that they are not in the sun.
Put them on big palm fronds or on branches so that they do not touch the ground.

•  Fill the containers with sand. You will easily find some.
Do not press the sand down. Leave some space above the sand.

This space should be about equal to a finger’s thickness.

•  Go and get some water. Pour water into your containers.
It should flow over the edge.

•  The water will pass into the sand and will make it damp.
The surplus water will flow out through the hole in the bottom.
The containers are separated from the ground by the palm fronds or the branches.
The water can easily flow away.

•  The surplus water does not flow quickly.
It stays on the surface of the sand.
That is because the sand you have taken is too fine.
You must begin again.
Otherwise the seeds may not grow.

•  Look out for young goats and pigs.
They may knock over the containers.
Put up a screen to protect your seeds.

2. Leave your containers of damp sand for a whole night.

The next day take four or five seeds of maize, millet, cowpeas or beans.

Sow them in your containers, your cans or gourds.

Sow the seeds 10 centimetres apart.

•  How do you reckon 10 centimetres?

Place your hand flat on a piece of paper.

The fingers must be kept quite close together.

With a pencil make a dot at the end of your little finger, and another dot at the end of your thumb.

That gives you the distance you must leave between two seeds.

Now cut a little stick of the same length.

You can use this stick to measure the distance between two seeds.

For instance in a 1-litre can, you put only one seed.

It must be put in the middle of the can.

But you can put several seeds in a big gourd.

3. The way to sow.

Push your finger very gently into the sand as shown in the sketch below.

•  When you have put the seed in the hollow made in this way, cover the seed with a very little sand.

•  After sowing, water lightly.

If the water uncovers the seed, add some sand. Water every morning before the sun is really hot.

•  Two or three days later, the root will grow, and five or six days afterwards the seedling will come above the soil.
The seed has germinated.

Second experiment

LIFTING A PLANT OF MAIZE OR MILLET

One part of the plant is below ground — the root.

Take care not to damage the roots in lifting them out of the ground.

How to get the roots out of the ground

•  You must pour a lot of water round the plant.

Take a gourd full of water.

Pour the water all round the plant.

Wait until the soil is very damp.

If your finger will not go easily into the soil, pour on still more water.

It is very important for the soil to be very wet, otherwise you will break the roots in lifting them out.

If the plant does not come out of the ground easily, pour on still more water.

•  When you lift, hold the plant as near to the ground as possible.

•  The part you are holding is called the stem.

The part that comes out of the ground is the root.

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© French edition, Institut africain pour le développement économique et social (INADES) 1967

© English edition, FAO 1970