本信息产品中使用的名称和介绍的材料，并不意味着联合国粮食及农业组织（粮 农组织）对任何国家、领地、城市、地区或其当局的法律或发展状态、或对其国 界或边界的划分表示任何意见。提及具体的公司或厂商产品，无论是否含有专 利，并不意味着这些公司或产品得到粮农组织的认可或推荐，优于未提及的其它 类似公司或产品。

ISBN 978-92-5-508536-9（印刷）

E-ISBN 978-92-5-508537-6 (PDF)

E-ISBN 978-92-5-508538-3 (MOBI)

© 粮农组织 2015年

粮农组织鼓励对本信息产品中的材料进行使用、复制和传播。除非另有说明，可 拷贝、下载和打印材料，供个人学习、研究和教学所用，或供非商业性产品或服 务所用，但必须恰当地说明粮农组织为信息来源及版权所有者，且不得以任何方 式暗示粮农组织认可用户的观点、产品或服务。

所有关于翻译权、改编权以及转售权和其他商业性使用权的申请，应递交至 www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request 或 copyright@fao.org。

粮农组织信息产品可在粮农组织网站 （www.fao.org/publications） 获得并通 过 publications-sales@fao.org 购买。

目 录

前言

致谢

缩略语

内容提要

家庭农业中的创新

1.家庭农业中的创新

家庭农场与世界农业面临的挑战

家庭农场和农业创新体系

报告结构

2.家庭农业

何谓家庭农场？

家庭农场有多普遍？

全球农场分布

家庭农场特点

家庭农场、市场一体化及创新

关键信息

3.生产率可持续提升面临的挑战

对生产率可持续提升的需要

家庭农业和生产率可持续提升

可持续农业创新的效益、代价与取舍

实现可持续生产的性别障碍

支持采用可持续性技术和方法

关键信息

4.农业研发促进家庭农场发展

公共农业研发的重要意义

不断变化的农业研发模式

投资提升国家研究能力

建立伙伴关系，加强公共研发的效能

促进面向家庭农场的研发

关键信息

5.面向家庭农场的农业推广和咨询服务

推广的趋势与模式

满足农民需要的推广与咨询服务

不同主体提供的咨询服务

面向家庭农场发展推广和咨询服务

关键信息

6.提升创新能力惠及家庭农场

创新能力建设

提升个人能力

提升组织能力

创建有利环境

衡量、学习和推广应用

关键信息

7.结论：促进家庭农业的创新

报告中的关键信息

统计附表

附表说明

表A1农业生产单位数量和农业面积大小

表A2按土地面积大小划分农业生产单位和农业面积所占比例

表A3农业劳动生产率平均水平和变化率，1961-2012

参考文献

《粮食及农业状况》特别章节

表

1.实现可持续农业生产力增长的途径和工具

2.农业生产单位平均规模扩大或缩小的国家数量，按收入和区域分组， 1960-2000年

3.各国被调查的家庭农场数量、平均规模和最大规模

4.年均作物产量（2001-2012），按收入分组

5.2005年主要作物估计产量差距，按区域分组

6.年均劳动生产率水平和变化率，按收入分组

7.若干非洲国家政府和捐助者用于农业技术推广和转让的支出

插文

1.诱发性农业技术创新

2.2014国际家庭农业年中家庭农业的定义

3.包容性商业模式

4.针对小型家庭农场应采取什么战略？

5.缩小单产差距带来的影响

6.消除农业生产率中的性别差异

7.生产率增长的来源

8.节约与增长：小农作物生产可持续集约化新范式

9.气候智能型农业促进粮食安全

10.促使农民采纳技术和实用方法的决定因素：非洲案例研究

11.农业研发的累积影响

12.对农业研究人员的投资

13.确保农业研发资金稳定的重要性

14.国际和区域对农业研发的投资

15.泰国生物技术领域公私伙伴关系

16.洪都拉斯参与式植物育种

17.多米尼加共和国和墨西哥培养技术转让专家

18.把握推广和咨询服务开支

19.农民田间学校

20.斯里兰卡合同农业和咨询服务支持

21.东部非洲奶业发展项目农民志愿培训师

22.利用信息通信技术帮助乌干达农民更好地获取推广服务

23.推动秘鲁农业创新，提高竞争力

24.评估能力建设需求：热带农业平台

25.推动农业投资

26.非洲创新平台

27.撒哈拉以南非洲的农业创新

28.非洲农业创新经验

图

1.世界农场比例，按区域、收入群组和规模分类

2.世界范围内农场和农田面积分布情况，按土地规模分类

3.农场和农田面积的分布情况，按土地规模和收入群组分类

4.农业人口中贫困人口比率

5.75%的最小家庭农场的农业产量和经营的农业土地所占比例

6.若干作物单产，按农场规模分类

7.若干国家土地和劳动生产率，按农场规模分类

8.家庭收入平均比例，按来源和农场规模四等分分类

9.采用某些现代农业技术的农场比例，按农场规模分类

10.种子和肥料使用强度情况，按农场规模分类

11.销售农产品比例，按农场规模分类

12.名义和实际全球食品价格指数（1960-2012年）

13.全球作物单产年均变化率，按十年期和作物分类

14.全球农业劳动生产率年均变化率，按十年期分类

15.农业研发公共支出年均增长率，按十年期和收入群组分类

16.农业研发公共支出，按收入群组分类

17.农业研发公共支出地理分布（2009年）

18.农业科研投资强度，按十年期和收入群组分类的平均数

19.农业溢入潜力与国内知识存量对比

20.若干国家最近年份通过农业推广获取信息的农场比例

21.通过农业推广获取信息的农场比例，按农场规模分类

22.不同层面的能力建设

附表说明

符号

表中使用了下列符号：

..＝没有资料

0或0.0＝无或可忽略不计

空白处＝不适用

表中数字因四舍五入或数据处理等原因可能与原始数据资料 中的数字有出入。整数与小数之间用圆点（.）分开。

技术说明

表A1. 农业生产单位数量和农业面积大小

资料来源：农场数量方面的数据由各作者根据粮农组织世界农业 普查计划的粮农组织（2013a）、粮农组织（2001）及其他资料整 理汇编。完整记录如下。农业面积数据来自粮农组织2014。

表A1中世界农业总面积是各区域农业面积的总和；该数据略 大于按收入分组计算所得的总面积，因为按区域分组包括了一些 按收入分组所未包含的国家与地区。

农业生产单位

农业普查所报告的农业生产单位仅包括种植业和畜牧业生 产；林业和渔业生产单位仅在现时从事种植业和畜牧业生产时才 被包括在内。农业生产单位是一个在单一管理模式下的农业生 产经济单位，包括所有家畜和全部或部分用于农业生产的土地， 无论土地的权属、法律形式或规模如何。单一管理可由某一个 人或家庭完成，也可由两个或两个以上个人或家庭、一个家族或 部落、一个法人如公司、合作社或政府机构完成农场的土地可以 包括一个或多个地块，可以位于一个或多个分隔的区域，也可以 处于一个或多个土地或行政区划，前提是这些地块共用该农场 相同的生产资料，例如劳动力、农场建筑、机械或者役畜等。 有少数国家农业生产单位数量未知，因而表A1中所显示的是其 农户数量。

农业面积

粮农组织统计数据库（FAOSTAT）所报告的农业面积是这 几类面积的总和：(a)可耕地、(b)永久作物和(c)永久牧地和 草场。“可耕地”指的是种植短期作物的土地（多季作物土地面 积只计算一次）、短期草地或牧场、商品菜园和厨房菜园用地， 以及临时休耕地（5年以下）。轮垦所产生的废弃地不包括在此 范围内。“永久作物”是指种植若干年内无需重新种植的长期 作物（例如可可和咖啡）所用土地；产花树木和灌木生长用地； 以及苗圃（林木苗圃除外，其应归入“林地”）。“永久草地与 牧场”是指生长草本饲料作物的永久用地（5年或以上），包括人 工和野生两种（天然草原或牧场）。

表A2. 按土地面积大小划分农业生产单位和农业面积所占比例

资料来源：作者利用粮农组织世界农业普查计划1990年或2000年 普查的最新数据进行的汇编；如粮农组织（2001）和粮农组织 （2013a）资料所示。

表A2包含了可取得按土地面积大小分类农业生产单位数量 数据可知的106个国家，尽管并非所有国家均可提供按土地面积 大小分类农业面积的有关数据。图2包含了全部106个国家，在 全世界进行汇总，对于其中缺少按土地面积大小分类的农业面积 数据的国家，图中采用了估算数据。这些估算数据在表A2中没有 报告。详见Lowder、Skoet及Singh（2014）。图3中仅包含了表A2 中按土地面积大小分类农业生产单位和农业面积两项数据同时具 备的国家，以及2011年世界银行进行过收入分类的国家（见世界 银行[2012]）。

表A2、图2和图3中所报告的土地面积大小分类是各国农业普 查报告中最常使用的分类，部分国家因报告的土地面积分类有所 不同而作出了调整。例如，部分国家未报告小于1公顷的土地面 积类别；它们使用了较高的最低截止点。在这种情况下，所有面 积小于最低截止点的农场被归入了该国所报告的最小土地面积类 别，尽管部分农场土地面积可能不到1公顷。同样，部分国家未报 告大于50公顷的土地面积类别。在这种情况下，所有面积大于国 家最高截止点的农场被归入了该国所报告的最大土地面积类别， 尽管部分农场土地面积可能大于50公顷。

农业生产单位

农业生产单位是指各土地面积类别所包含的农业生产单位数 量所占比例；定义见表A1说明。

面积

面积是指各土地面积类别所包含的农业生产单位的面积 所占比例。一些国家未报告农业生产单位面积，表格则代之以部 分替代度量标准，例如农业面积、农用土地、耕地、农业使用 区域等。

农业生产单位面积提供的是最全面的农业生产单位大小数 据。它是指一个农业生产单位所管理与经营的所有土地，无论土 地的使用权如何。它包括农业经营者所拥有的土地加上租赁来的 土地再加上以其他权属形式经营的土地。“农业生产单位面积” 不应与“农业面积”相混淆，后者是农业生产单位经营面积的一 个子类别。

农业面积或农业土地包括农田、永久草场和牧场。

农田包括耕地加上永久作物用地。

已利用农业面积包括耕地、厨房菜园、永久草场和牧场以及 永久作物用地等。

详见原始资料，粮农组织（2001）、粮农组织（2013a）以 及粮农组织（2005）。

表A3. 农业劳动生产率平均水平和变化率，1961-2012

资料来源：作者根据粮农组织（2014）和粮农组织（2008a）资料 计算。

表A3仅包括世界银行在2011年进行过收入分类的国家（见世 界银行[2012]）。

农业劳动生产率

农业产值除以农业经济活跃人口。农业产值是以2004－06 年不变国际元计算的净产值。净产值是由种植业和畜牧业物质总 产量乘以农场产品价格再减去农业中间消耗（例如种子和饲料） 所得。农业经济活跃人口（农业劳动力或农业工人）是指参与或 寻求从事农业、狩猎、捕鱼或林业的那部分经济活跃人口。

农业劳动生产率变化率

年均变化率是使用OLS回归方法估算所得；也就是，以十年 期间所有可得观测结果为常量，以时间为变量，对农业产值的 自然对数进行了回归分析。

区域和收入分组

国家系根据世界银行国家分类系统于2011年7月所建立的收 入和区域分组，按照字母顺序列出；见世界银行（2012a）文件中 的说明。世界银行未对以下7个地理实体进行收入分类：库克群 岛、法属圭亚那、瓜德罗普、马提尼克、瑙鲁、纽埃以及留尼汪。 因此，这些实体未计入按收入分组的总数或平均值，但是它们已 计入区域类总数或平均值。

国别说明

中国数据不包含中国香港特别行政区和中国澳门特别行政区 的数据。

只要有可能，亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、爱沙尼亚、 格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、 摩尔多瓦、俄罗斯联邦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌克兰以及 乌兹别克斯坦等国自1992年或1995年往后的数据均已列出。1992 年之前的数据列于苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟项下（表中“苏 联”一栏）。

前南斯拉夫（表中的“南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国” 一项）的数据系指1992年之前的数据。

1992年之后各年份的观察数据已列于前南斯拉夫解体后形 成的各独立国家之下；这些国家包括：波斯尼亚－黑塞哥维那、 克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、斯洛文尼亚、塞尔维亚 以及黑山。2006年之后分开为塞尔维亚和黑山提供了各自的观察 数据。

由前捷克斯洛伐克分裂出的国家－捷克共和国和斯洛伐克 两国的数据尽可能分别列出。1993年之前的数字列于捷克斯洛 伐克项下。

厄立特里亚和埃塞俄比亚的数据尽量分别列出；厄立特里 亚和埃塞俄比亚1992年之前的数据大都合并列于埃塞俄比亚联邦 民主共和国项下。

也门项下数据系指1990年后的该国数据；此前各年份的数 据系指前也门人民民主主义共和国和前阿拉伯也门共和国的合计 数据。

比利时和卢森堡的观察数据尽可能分别列出。

表A1资料来源

1. FAO. 2013a. 2000 World Census of Agriculture. Analysis and international comparison of the results (1996–2005). FAO Statistical Development Series 13. Rome.

2. Government of China. 2009. Abstract of the Second National Agricultural Census in China 2006. Beijing, National Bureau of Statistics of China.

3. Government of Fiji. 2009. Fiji National Agricultural Census 2009. Suva, Fiji, Department of Agriculture.

4. Government of Lao People’s Democratic Republic. 2012. Lao Census of Agriculture 2010/11. Highlights. Summary census report. Vientiane, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

5. Government of Myanmar. 2013. Report on Myanmar Census of Agriculture (MCA) 2010. Myanmar, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation.

6. Government of Niue. 2009. Agricultural Census of Niue 2009. Niue, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

7. FAO. 2001. Supplement to the report on the 1990 World Census of Agriculture. International comparison and primary results by country (1986–1995). FAO Statistical Development Series 9a. Rome.

8. Government of Samoa. 2012. Analytical report of the 2009 Census of Agriculture. Apia, Samoa Bureau of Statistics.

9. Government of Vanuatu. 1993. Vanuatu Agricultural Census 1993. Main results. Port Vila, Vanuatu National Statistics Office.

10. Government of Albania. 2012. Preliminary results of agriculture census, 2012. Tirana, Instituti i Statistikave.

11. European Union. 2012. Agriculture, fishery and forestry statistics. Main results 2010–11. Eurostat Pocketbooks. Luxembourg.

12. Government of Montenegro. 2011. Popis poljoprivrede 2010. Struktura poljoprivrednih gazdinstava. Znamo šta imamo. Podgorica, Statistical Office of Montenegro.

13. Government of Republic of Moldova. 2011. Recensămîntul general agricol 2011. Rezultate preliminare. Chişinău, Biroul Naţional de Statistică al Republicii.

14. Government of the Russian Federation. 2008. 2006 All-Russia Census of Agriculture: Russian Federation summary and country-level data. Federal State Statistics Service. Moscow, Statistics of Russia Information and Publishing Center.

15. Government of Republic of Macedonia. 2007. Census of Agriculture, 2007. Basic statistical data on individual agricultural holdings and business entities in the Republic of Macedonia, by regions. Book I. Skopje, State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia.

16. Government of Argentina. 2009. Censo Nacional Agropecuario 2008–CNA ’08. Resultados provisorios. Buenos Aires, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos.

17. Government of Brazil. 2009. Censo Agropecuário 2006. Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).

18. Government of Chile. 2007. VII Censo Nacional Agropecuario y Forestal. Santiago, Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas.

19. Government of El Salvador. 2009. IV Censo Agropecuario 2007–2008. Resultados nacionales. San Salvador, Ministerio de Economía.

20. Government of France. 2011. Agreste: la statistique agricole. Numéro 02, Novembre 2011. Premières tendances, recensement agricole 2010 Guyane. Press report. Cayenne, French Guiana, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Alimentation, de la Pêche, de la Ruralité et de l’Aménagement du Territoire.

21. Government of France. 2011. Agreste: la statistique agricole. Numéro 10, septembre 2011. Premières tendances, recensement agricole 2010 Guadeloupe. Basse-terre, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Alimentation, de la Pêche, de la Ruralité et de l’Aménagement du Territoire.

22. Government of Haiti. 2012. Synthèse nationale des résultats du Recensement Général de L’agriculture (RGA) 2008–2009. Port-au-Prince, Ministère de l’Agriculture des Ressources Naturelles et du Développement Rural.

23. Government of Jamaica. 2007. Census of Agriculture 2007. Preliminary report. Kingston, The Statistical Institute of Jamaica.

24. Government of France. 2011. Agreste: la statistique agricole. Numéro 7, septembre 2011. Premières tendances, recensement agricole 2010 Martinique. Press report. Fort-de-France, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Alimentation, de la Pêche, de la Ruralité et de l’Aménagement du Territoire.

25. Government of Mexico. 2009. VIII Censo Agrícola, Ganadero y Forestal 2007. Aguascalientes, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI).

26. Government of Nicaragua. 2012. IV Censo Nacional Agropecuario (CENAGRO 2011). Informe final. Managua, Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo (INIDE).

27. Government of Panama. 2012.VII Censo Nacional Agropecuario, 2011. Vol. I, Resultados finales basicos. Panama City, Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censo.

28. Government of Paraguay. 2009. Censo Agropecuario Nacional 2008. Vol. I. San Lorenzo, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería.

29. Government of Peru. 2012. IV Censo Nacional Agropecuario 2012. Resultados preliminares. Lima, Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI).

30. Government of Saint Lucia. 2007. St. Lucia Census of Agriculture. Final report 2007. Saint Lucia, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

31. Government of Uruguay. 2012. Presentación de datos preliminares del Censo General Agropecuario 2011. Montevideo, Estadísticas Agropecuarias (DIEA), Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca.

32. Government of Venezuela. 2008. VII Censo Agrícola Nacional (Mayo 2007/Abril 2008). Caracas, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura y Tierras.

33. Government of Jordan. 2007. Agricultural Census 2007. Provisional tables. Amman, Department of Statistics.

34. Government of Bangladesh. 2010. Census of Agriculture 2008. Structure of agricultural holdings and livestock population. Vol. 1. Dhaka, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

35. Kingdom of Bhutan. 2010. Renewable Natural Resources (RNR) Census 2009. Vol. 1. Thimpu, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests.

36. Government of India. 2012. Agriculture Census 2010–11 Phase 1. All India report on number and area of operational holdings (Provisional). New Delhi, Ministry of Agriculture.

37. Government of Malawi. 2010. National Census of Agriculture and Livestock 2006–7. Main report. Zomba, National Statistical Office.

38. Government of France. 2011. Agreste: la statistique agricole. Mémento 2011 La Réunion. Numéro 75, février 2012. Saint Denis, Direction de l’Alimentation, de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt de La Réunion.

39. Government of Rwanda. 2010. National Agricultural Survey 2008 (NAS 2008). Kigali, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda.

40. Government of Belgium. 2011. Résultats définitifs de L’enquête Agricole de mai 2010. Communiqué de presse 11 mars 2011. Belgium. SPF Économie PME, Classes Moyennes et Énergie (ECONOMIE), Direction Générale Statistique et Information Économique.

41. Government of Cyprus. 2012. Agricultural statistics 2009–2010. Series II, Report no. 41. Nicosia, Statistical Service.

42. Government of Czech Republic. 2011. Agrocensus 2010. Farm structure survey and survey on agricultural production methods. Environment, Agriculture. Volume 2011. Prague, Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Statistics Department.

43. Government of Finland. 2013. Maatalouslaskenta 2010. Agricultural Census. Agricultural and horticultural enterprises, labour force and diversified farming. Helsinki, Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (TiKe).

44. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2009. 2007 Census of Agriculture. Guam. Island data. Geographic Area Series, Vol. 1, Part 53. National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).

45. Government of Malta. 2012. Census of Agriculture 2010. Valletta, National Statistics Office.

46. USDA. 2009. 2007 Census of Agriculture. Northern Mariana Islands. Commonwealth and Island Data. Geographic Area Series, Vol. 1, Part 56. Washington, DC, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).

47. Government of Slovenia. 2012. The 2010 Agricultural Census. Every farm counts! Brochure. Ljubljana, Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia.

48. USDA. 2009. 2007 Census of Agriculture. United States. Summary and state data. Geographic Area Series, Vol. 1, Part 51. Washington, DC, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).

49. USDA. 2009. 2007 Census of Agriculture. Virgin Islands of the United States. Territory and island data. Geographic Area Series, Vol. 1, Part 54. Washington, DC, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).

参考文献

Adekunle, A. & Fatunabi, A. 2012. Approaches for setting-up multi-stakeholder platforms for agricultural research and development. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16(7), pp. 981–988.

Adekunle, A., Ellis-Jones, J., Ajibefun, I., Nyikal, R.A., Bangali, S., Fatunbi, O. & Ange, A. 2012. Agricultural innovation in sub-Saharan Africa: experiences from multiple-stakeholder approaches. Accra Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA).

Adeleke, O.A., Adesiyan, O.I., Olaniyi, O.A., Adelalu, K.O. & Matanmi, H.M. 2008. Gender differentials in the productivity of cereal crop farmers: a case study of maize farmers in Oluyole local government area of Oyo State. Agricultural Journal, 3(3): 193–198.

Adhiguru, P., Birthal, P. & Ganesh Kumar, B. 2009. Strengthening pluralistic agricultural information delivery systems in India. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 22(Jan.–June), pp. 71–79.

Akresh, R. 2008. (In)Efficiency in intrahousehold allocations. Working Paper. Department of Economics. Urbana, USA, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.

Alexandratos, N. & Bruinsma, J. 2012. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. Rome, FAO.

Ali, D. & Deininger, K. 2014, February. Is there a farm-size productivity relationship in African agriculture? Evidence from Rwanda. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6770. Washington, DC, World Bank.

Alston, J., Beddow, J. & Pardey, P. 2010. Global patterns of crop yields and other partial productivity measures and prices. In J. Alston, B. Babcock & P. Pardey, eds. The shifting patterns of agricultural production and productivity worldwide. Ames, Iowa, USA, The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center.

Alston, J., Marra, M., Pardey, P. & Wyatt, T. 2000. Research returns redux: a meta-analysis of the returns to agricultural R&D. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 44(2): 185–215.

Amanor, K. & Farrington, J. 1991. NGOs and agricultural technology development. In W. Rivera & D. Gustafson, eds. Agricultural extension: worldwide institutional evolution and forces for change. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Anandajayasekeram, P. 2011. The role of agricultural R&D within the agricultural innovation systems framework. Conference Working Paper 6. Prepared for the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI), IFPRI, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) Conference, Accra, 5–7 December 2011.

Anderson, J. 2008. Agricultural advisory services. Background paper for the World Development Report 2008, Washington, DC, World Bank.

Anderson, J. & Feder, G. 2007. Agricultural extension. In R.A. Evenson & P. Pingali, eds. Handbook of agricultural economics. Volume 3. Agricultural development: farmers, farm production and farm markets, Chapter 44, pp. 2343–2378, Amsterdam, North Holland.

Arias, P., Hallam, D., Krivonos, E. & Morrison, J. 2013. Smallholder integration in changing food markets. Rome, FAO.

Arslan, A., McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., Asfaw, S. & Cattaneo, A. 2013. Adoption and intensity of adoption of conservation farming practices in Zambia. ESA Working Paper No. 13-01. Rome, FAO.

Asenso-Okyere, K. & Mekonnen, D. 2012. The importance of ICTs in the provision of information for improving agricultural productivity and rural incomes in Africa. UNDP Working Paper 2012-015. New York, USA, UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa.

Asfaw, S., McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., Arslan, A. & Cattaneo, A. 2014. Climate variability, adaptation strategies and food security in Malawi. ESA Working Paper No. 14-08, Rome, FAO.

Ashby, J. 2009. The impact of participatory plant breeding. In E.G.S. Ceccarelli, ed. Plant breeding and farmer participation. Rome, FAO.

Barrett, C. 2008. Smallholder market participation: concepts and evidence from eastern and southern Africa. Food Policy, 33(4): 299–317.

Barrett, C., Bellemare, M. & Hou, J. 2010. Reconsidering conventional explanations of the inverse productivity-size relationship. World Development, 38(1): 88–97.

Beintema, N. & Di Marcantonio, F. 2009. Women’s participation in agricultural research and higher education: key trends in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC and Nairobi, IFPRI and CGIAR Gender & Diversity Program.

Beintema, N. & Stads, G. 2011. African agricultural R&D in the new millennium: progress for some, challenges for many. Washington, DC and Rome, IFPRI and ASTI.

Beintema, N., Stads, G., Fuglie, K. & Heisey, P. 2012. ASTI global assessment of agricultural R&D spending: developing countries accelerate investment. Washington, DC and Rome, IFPRI, ASTI and GFAR.

Benin, S., Nkonya, E., Okecho, G., Randriamamonjy, J., Kato, E., Lubadde, G., Kyotalimye, M. & Byekwaso, F. 2011. Impact of Uganda’s national agricultural advisory services program. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Benson, A. & Jafry, T. 2013. The state of agricultural extension: an overview and new caveats for the future. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 19(4): 381–393.

Bienabe, C. & Le Coq, L. 2004. Linking smallholder farmers to markets. Lessons learned from literature review and analytical review of selected projects. Washington, DC, World Bank.

Birner, R. & Anderson, J. 2007. How to make agricultural extension demand-driven? The case of India’s agricultural extension policy. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Birner, R., Davis, K., Pender, J., Nkonya, E., Anandajayasekeram, P., Ekboir, J., Mbabu, A., Spielman, D., Horna, D., Benin, S. & Cohen, M. 2009. From best practice to best fit: a framework for designing and analyzing pluralistic agricultural advisory services. Journal of agricultural education and extension, 15(4):341–355.

Branca, G., McCarthy, N., Lipper, L. & Jolejole, M. 2011. Climate-smart agriculture: a synthesis of empirical evidence of food security and mitigation benefits from improved cropland management. FAO Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Series No. 3. Rome, FAO.

Braun, A., Jiggins, J., Rölling, N., van den Berg, H. & Snijders, P. 2006. A global survey and review of farmer field school experiences. Wageningen, Netherlands, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).

Burrell, J. & Oreglia, E. 2013. The myth of market price information: mobile phones and epistemology in ICTD. Working Paper. Berkeley, USA, University of California (available at https://markets.ischool.berkeley.edu/files/2013/03/MythOfMarketPrice_wp.pdf).

Byerlee, D. & Fischer, K. 2002. Accessing modern science: policy and institutional options for agricultural biotechnology in developing countries. World Development, 30(6): 931–958.

Cavatassi, R., Lipper, L. & Narloch, U. 2010. Modern variety adoption and risk management in drought prone areas: insights from the sorghum farmers of eastern Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 42(3): 279–292.

CIAT. 2012. LINKing Smallholders: a guide on inclusive business models. Website (available at http://dapa.ciat.cgiar.org/linking-smallholders-a-guide-on-inclusive-business-models/).

Classen, L., Humphries, S., Fitzsimons, J., Kaaria, S., Jiménez, J., Sierra, F. & Gallardo, O. 2008. Opening participatory spaces for the most marginal: learning from collective action in the Honduran hillsides. World Development, 36(11): 2402–2420.

Collier, P. 2008. The politics of hunger: how illusion and greed fan the food crisis. Foreign Affairs, 87(6): 67–79.

Critchley, W., Reij, C. & Willcocks, T. 1994. Indigenous soil and water conservation: a review of the state of knowledge and prospects for building on traditions. Land Degradation and Development, 5(4): 293–314.

Dasgupta, P. & Maler, K. 1995. Poverty, institutions and the environmental resource base. In J. Behrman & T. Srinivisan, Handbook of development economics, Volume IIIB. Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing.

Davis, K. 2008. Extension in sub-Saharan Africa: overview and assessment of past and current models, and future prospects. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 15(3): 15-28.

Davis, K. & Place, N. 2003. Non-governmental organizations as an important actor in agricultural extension in semiarid east Africa. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 10(1): 31–36.

Davis, K., Ekboir, J. & Spielman, D. 2008. Strengthening agricultural education and training in sub-Saharan Africa from an innovation systems perspective: a case study of Mozambique. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 14(1): 35–51.

Davis, K., Swanson, B., Amudavi, D., Ayalew Mekonnen, D., Flohrs, A., Riese, J., Lamb, C. & Zerfu, E. 2010. In-depth assessment of the public agricultural extension system of Ethiopia and recommendations for improvement. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01041. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

De Soto, H. 2002. The other path: the economic answer to terrorism. New York, USA, Basic Books.

Deininger, K., Jin, S. & Nagarajan, H. 2009. Determinants and consequences of land sales market participation: panel evidence from India. World Development, 37(2): 410–421.

Deller, S. & Preissing, J. 2008. The specialist in today’s University of Wisconsin – Extension. Agriculture and Applied Economics Staff Paper No. 521. Madison, USA, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Doss, C.R. & Morris, M. 2001. How does gender affect the adoption of agricultural innovations? The case of improved maize technology in Ghana. Agricultural Economics, 25(1): 27–39.

Eastwood, R., Lipton, M. & Newell, A. 2010. Farm size. In P. Pingali & R. Evenson, eds. Handbook of agricultural economics, Vol. 4, Chapter 65, pp. 3323–3394. Amsterdam, North Holland.

Echeverría, R. & Beintema, N. 2009. Mobilizing financial resources for agricultural research in developing countries: trends and mechanisms. Rome, Global Forum for Agricultural Research.

Economic Research Service (United States Department of Agriculture). 2013. International agricultural productivity. Online dataset (available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity.aspx).

Eicher, C. 2006. The evolution of agricultural education and training: global insights of relevance for Africa. Washington, DC, World Bank.

Ekboir, J. 2003. Research and technology policies in innovation systems: zero tillage in Brazil. Research Policy, 32(4): 573–586.

Ekboir, J., Dutrénit, G., Martínez, V., Torres Vargas, A. & Vera-Cruz, A. 2009. Successful organizational learning in the management of agricultural research and innovation: the Mexican produce foundations. IFPRI Research Report No. 162. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Evenson, R. 2001. Economic impacts of agricultural research and extension. In B. Gardner & G. Rausser, eds. Handbook of agricultural economics, Vol. 1A, Chapter 11, pp. 573–628,. Amsterdam, North Holland.

Evenson, R. & Gollin, D. 2003. Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science, 300(5620): 758–762.

Fafchamps, M. & Minten, B. 2012, November. Impact of SMS-based agricultural information on Indian farmers. World Bank Economic Review, 26(3): 383–414.

Fan, S. & Chan-Kang, C. 2005. 《小即是美？亚洲 农业的农田规模、生产力与贫困》。 Agricultural Economics, 32(Issue Supplement s1): 135–146.

Fan, S., Brzeska, J., Keyzer, M. & Halsema, A. 2013. From subsistence to profit. Transforming smallholder farms, Food Policy Report. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

FAO. 1995. World agriculture: towards 2010. Rome.

FAO. 2001. Supplement to the report on the 1990 World Census of Agriculture. FAO Statistical Development Series 9a. Rome.

FAO. 2005a. A system of integrated agricultural censuses and surveys. Volume 1. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010. Rome.

FAO. 2005b. Annotated bibliography on and stage-wise analysis of participatory research projects in agriculture and natural resource management. Rome.

FAO. 2006. Technology for agriculture. Labour saving technologies and practices decision support tool. Website (available at http://teca.fao.org/).

FAO. 2007. 《2007年粮食及农业状况：向农民支付环 境服务费》。罗马。

FAO. 2008a. FAOSTAT. Online statistical database (retrieved 2008) (available at http://faostat.fao.org).

FAO. 2008b. Market-oriented agricultural infrastructure: appraisal of public–private partnerships. Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Occasional Paper No. 23. Rome.

FAO. 2009. 《2050年如何供养世界》。罗马。

FAO. 2010a. 《“气候智能型”农业：有关粮食安全、 适应和减缓问题的政策、规范和融资》（英文）。 罗马。

FAO. 2010b. 《粮农组织能力开发共同战略》。粮农 组织计划委员会第PC104/3号文件。罗马。

FAO. 2011a. 《世界粮食和农业领域土地及水资源状 况：濒危系统的管理》。罗马。

FAO. 2011b. 《2010-2011年粮食及农业状况 — 农 业中的女性：填性别鸿沟，促农业发展》。罗马。

FAO. 2011c. 《节约与增长：小农作物可持续集约化 决策者指南》。罗马。

FAO. 2012a. Report of the FAO Expert Consultation on agricultural innovation systems and family farming. Rome (available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an761e/an761e00.pdf).

FAO. 2012b. 《2012年粮食及农业状况：投资农业创 造更美好未来》。罗马。

FAO. 2012c. An FAO e-mail conference on agricultural innovation systems and family farming: the moderator’s summary. Rome (available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap097e/ap097e00.pdf).

FAO. 2012d. Experiencias y enfoques de procesos participativos de innovación en agricultura: el caso de la Corporación PBA en Colombia. Estudios sobre Innovación en la Agricultura Familiar. Rome.

FAO. 2013a. 2000 World Census of Agriculture: analysis and international comparison of the results (1996–2005). FAO Statistical Development Series No. 13. Rome.

FAO. 2013b. International year of family farming 2014. Master plan. Rome (available at http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/iyff/docs/Final_Master_Plan_IYFF_2014_30-05.pdf).

FAO. 2013c. Agribusiness public–private partnerships: a country report of Thailand. Rome.

FAO. 2013d. FAOSTAT. Online statistical database (retrieved November 2013) (available at http://faostat.fao.org).

FAO, 2013e. Ensuring small-scale farmers can benefit from high food prices. The implications of smallholder heterogeneity in market participation. Rome.

FAO. 2013f. 热带农业平台： assessment of current capacities and needs for capacity development in agricultural innovation systems in low income tropical countries. Rome.

FAO. 2014a. Smallholders data portrait (available at http://www.fao.org/economic/esa/esa-activities/esa-smallholders/dataportrait/en/).

FAO. 2014b. FAOSTAT. Online statistical database (retrieved November 2014) (available at http://faostat.fao.org).

FAO. 2014c. Public expenditure. Monitoring and analysing food and agricultural policies (MAFAP) online database (retrieved July, 2014) (available at http://www.fao.org/mafap/database/public-expenditure/en/).

FAO & IFAD. 《为加强粮食安全而建设新颖农村机构 的良好实践》。罗马。

FAO & OECD. 2012. Sustainable agricultural productivity growth and bridging the gap for small-family farms. Interagency report to the Mexican G20 presidency. Co-ordinated by FAO and OECD, with contributions by Bioversity, CGIAR Consortium, FAO, IFAD, IFPRI, IICA, OECD, UNC. Rome and Paris.

FARA & ANAFE (Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa and African Network for Agriculture, Agroforestry & Natural Resources Education). 2005. BASIC: Building Africa’s scientific and institutional capacity in agriculture and natural resources education. Proceedings of a meeting of African Networks and Associations that Build Agricultural Capacity at Universities, 23–25 November 2005. Nairobi.

Farrington, J. & Martin, A. 1988. Farmer participation in agricultural research: a review of concepts and practices. Agricultural Administration Unit Occasional Paper No. 9. London, Overseas Development Institute.

Faure, G. & Kleene, P. 2002. Management advice for family farms in West Africa: role of the producers’ organizations in the delivery of sustainable Agricultural Extension Services. Montpellier, France, CIRAD.

Feder, G., Murgai, R. & Quizon, J. 2003. Sending farmers back to school: the impact of farmer field schools in Indonesia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3022. Washington, DC, World Bank.

Fuglie, K. 2012. Productivity growth and technology capital in the global agricultural economy. In K. Fuglie, S. Wang & V. Ball, eds. Productivity growth in agriculture: an international perspective. Wallingford, UK, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI).

Fuglie, K., Heisey, P., King, J., Pray, C., Day-Rubenstein, K., Schimmelpfennig, D., Ling Wang, S. & Karmarkar-Deshmukh, R. 2011. Research investments and market structure in the food processing, agricultural input and biofuel industries worldwide. Economic Research Report ERR-130. Washington, DC, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.

Galli, A., Wiedmann, T., Ercin, E., Knoblauch, D., Ewinge, B. & Giljum, S. 2012. Integrating ecological, carbon and water footprint into a “footprint family” of indicators: definition and role in tracking human pressure on the planet. Ecological Indicators, 16 (May 2012): 100–112.

Garner, E. & de la O Campos, A. 2014. Identifying the “family farm”: an informal discussion of the concepts and definitions. ESA Working Paper No. 14-10. Rome, FAO.

GFRAS. 2014. Regional services. Global Forum on Rural Advisory Services (available at http://www.g-fras.org/en/weblinks/155-root/37-regional-services-and-initiatives.html).

Government of Brazil. 2009. Censo Agropecuário 2006. Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).

Government of Lao People’s Democratic Republic. 2012. Lao Census of Agriculture 2010/11. Highlights. Summary census report. Vientiane, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Government of Malawi. 2010. National Census of Agriculture and Livestock 2006/07. Main report. Zomba, Malawi, National Statistical Office.

Government of Nicaragua. 2012. IV Censo Nacional Agropecuario (IV CENAGRO, 2011). Managua, Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo.

Government of Paraguay. 2009. Censo Agropecuário Nacional 2008. San Lorenzo, Ministero de Agricultura y Ganadería.

Government of Uganda. 2011. Uganda Census of Agriculture 2008/09. Kampala, Uganda Bureau of Statistics.

Graeub, B., Chappell, J., Wittman, H., Ledermann, S., Batello, C. & Gemmill-Herren, B. (forthcoming). The state of family farmers in the world: global contributions and local insights for food security. Rome, FAO.

Grameen Foundation. 2013a. Community knowledge worker. Webpage (retrieved September 2013) (available at http://www.grameenfoundation.org/what-we-do/agriculture/community-knowledge-worker).

Grameen Foundation. 2013b. By the numbers. Webpage (retrieved September 2013 (available at http://www.grameenfoundation.org/our-impact/numbers).

Graziano da Silva, J., Del Grossi, M.E. & de França, C.G., eds. 2010. 《零饥饿计划：巴西 的经验》。 Brasilia, FAO and the Ministry of Agrarian Development.

Hall, A. & Dijkman, J. 2009. Will a time of plenty for agricultural research help to feed the world? LINK Look editorial, Link news bulletin, Nov.-Dec. 2009. Hyderabad, India, United Nations University.

Hall, A., Sulaiman, V. & Clark, N. & Yoganand, B. 2003. From measuring impact to learning institutional lessons: an innovation systems perspective on improving the management of international agricultural research. Agricultural Systems, 78(2): 213–241.

Hartwich, F., Tola, J., Engler, A., González, C., Ghezan, G., Vázquez-Alvarado, J.M.P., Silva, J.A., de Jésus Espinoza, J. & Gottret, M.V. 2008. Food security in practice: building public–private partnerships for agricultural innovation. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Haverkort, B., van der Kamp, J. & Waters-Bayer, A. 1991. Joining farmers’ experiments: experiences in participatory development. London, IT Publications.

Hayami, Y. & Ruttan, V. 1971. Agricultural development. An international perspective. Baltimore, MD, The Johns Hopkins Press.

Hazell, P.B. & Hess, U. 2010. Drought insurance for agricultural development and food security in dryland areas. Food Security, 2: 395–405.

Hazell, P., Poulton, C., Wiggins, S. & Dorward, A. 2010. The future of small farms: trajectories and policy priorities. World Development, 38(10): 1349–1361.

Heemskerk, W., Nederlof, S. & Wennink, B. 2008. Outsourcing agricultural advisory services: enhancing rural innovation in sub-Saharan Africa. Amsterdam, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT).

Herdt, R.W. 2012 People, institutions, and technology: a personal view of the role of foundations in international agricultural research and development 1960–2010. Food Policy, 37(2): 179–190.

HLPE. 2013. 《投资小农，促进粮食安全》。高专组 第6号报告。 A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition, Committee on World Food Security. Rome, FAO.

Hounkonnou, D., Kossou, D., Kuyper, T. & Leeuwis, C., Nederlof, E.S., Röling, N., Sakyi-Dawson, O., Traoré, M. & van Huis, A. 2012. An innovation systems approach to institutional change: smallholder development in West Africa. Agricultural Systems, 108: 74–83.

Humphries, S., Gallardo, O., Jimenez, J. & Sierra, F. 2005. Linking small farmers to the formal research sector: lessons from a participatory bean breeding program in Honduras, Network Paper No. 142. London, Agricultural Research & Extension Network (AgREN), Overseas Development Institute.

Hurley, T., Pardey, P. & Rao, X. 2013. Returns to food and agricultural R&D investments worldwide 1958–2011. INSTEPP Brief. Saint Paul, USA, University of Minnesota.

IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). 2012. Global Food Policy Report 2012. Washington, DC.

IFPRI. 2013a. SPEED Data visualization tool. Online database (retrieved November 2013) (available at http://www.ifpri.org/tools/speed).

IFPRI. 2013b. The status of food security in the feed the future zone and other regions of Bangladesh: results from the 2011–2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey. Washington, DC, USAID.

IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2013. 政府财 政统计。 Online database (retrieved November 2013) (available at http://elibrary-data.imf.org/FindDataReports.aspx?d=33061&e=170809).

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Summary for policymakers. In S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. Averyt, M. Tignor & H.L. Miller, eds. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the Fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK, and New York, USA, Cambridge University Press.

IPCC. 2014. Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. IPCC WGII AR5 Summary for policymakers. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.

Jia, X. & Huang, J. 2013. Transforming agricultural production in China: from smallholders to pluralistic large farms. Rome, Presentation made at FAO headquarters on 16 December 2013.

Jiggins, J. & de Zeeuw, H. 1992. Participatory technology development in practice: process and methods. In C. Reijntje, B. Haverkort & A. Waters-Bayer, eds. Farming for the future. Netherlands, Macmillan and the Centre for Learning on Sustainable Agriculture (ILEIA).

Juma, C. 1987. Ecological complexity and agricultural innovation: the use of indigenous genetic resources in Bungoma, Kenya. Paper presented at the meeting on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, 27–31 July 1987. Brighton, UK, Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex.

Kahan, D. 2007. Farm management extension services: a review of global experience. Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Occasional Paper No. 21. Rome, FAO.

Kahan, D. 2011. Market-oriented advisory services in Asia. A review and lessons learned. Bangkok, FAO.

Karfakis, P., Ponzini, G. & Rapsomanikis, G. 2014 (forthcoming). On the costs of being small: case evidence from Kenyan family farms. ESA Working Paper No. 14-11. Rome, FAO.

Kidd, A., Lamers, J., Ficarelli, P. & Hoffmann, V. 2000. Privatising agricultural extension: caveat emptor. Journal of Rural Studies, 16(1): 95–102.

Kilpatrick, S. 2005. Education and training: impacts on farm management practice. Gosford, Australia, Centre for Research and Learning in Regional Australia, University of Tasmania.

Kiptot, E. & Franzel, S. 2014. Voluntarism as an investment in human, social and financial capital: evidence from a farmer-to-farmer extension program in Kenya. Agriculture and Human Values, 31: 231–243.

Kiptot, E., Franzel, S. & Kirui, J. 2012. Volunteer farmer trainers: improving smallholder farmers’ access to information for a stronger dairy sector. Policy Brief No. 13. Nairobi, World Agroforestry Centre.

Kjær, A. & Joughin, J. 2012. The reversal of agricultural reform in Uganda: ownership and values. Policy and Society, 31(4): 319–330.

Klerkx, L. & Gildemacher, P. 2012. The role of innovation brokers in agricultural innovation systems. In World Bank. Agricultural innovation systems: an investment sourcebook, Module 3, Thematic Note 4. Washington, DC.

Klerkx, L., Aarts, N. & Leeuwis, C. 2010. Adaptive management in agricultural innovation systems: the interactions between innovation networks and their environment. Agricultural Systems, 103(6): 390–400.

Klerkx, L., Hall, A. & Leeuwis, C. 2009. Strengthening agricultural innovation capacity: are innovation brokers the answer? International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 8(5–6): 409–438.

Larson, D., Otsuka, K., Matsumoto, T. & Kilic, T. 2013. Should African rural development strategies depend on smallholder farms? An exploration of the inverse productivity hypothesis. Policy Research Paper No. 6190. Washington, DC, World Bank.

Leeuwis, C. & Van den Ban, A. 2004. Communication for rural innovation: rethinking agricultural extension. Oxford, UK, Blackwell Science.

Lipton, M. 2006. Can small farmers survive, prosper, or be the key channel to cut mass poverty? Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, 3(1): 58–85.

Long, N. & Long, A. 1992. Battlefields of knowledge: the interlocking of theory and practice in social research and development. London, Routledge.

Lowder, S., Skoet, J. & Singh, S. 2014. What do we really know about the number and distribution of farms, family farms and farmland worldwide? Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2014. ESA Working Paper No. 14-02. Rome, FAO.

Masters, W., Andersson Djurfeldt, A., De Haan, C., Hazell, P., Jayne, T., Jirstrom, M. & Reardon, T. 2013. Urbanization and farm size in Asia and Africa: implications for food security and agricultural research. Global Food Security, 2(3): 156–165.

McCarthy, N., Lipper, L. & Branca, G. 2011. Climate smart agriculture: smallholder adoption and implications for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) Working Paper No. 4. Rome, FAO.

Meinzen-Dick, R., Johnson, N., Quisumbing, A.R., Njuki, J., Berhman, J.A., Rubin, D., Peterman, A. & Waithanji, E. 2014. The gender asset gap and its implications for agricultural and rural development. In A. Quisumbing, R. Meinzen-Dick, T. Raney, A. Croppenstedt, J. Behrman & A. Peterman, eds. Gender in agriculture: closing the knowledge gap. Rome, FAO, and Washington, DC, Springer Science/IFPRI.

Meinzen-Dick, R., Quisumbing, A., Behrman, J., Biermayr-Jenzano, P., Wilde, V., Noordeloos, M., Ragasa, C. & Beintema, N. 2011. Engendering agricultural research, development and extension. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. 《生态 系统与人类福祉：综述》 Washington, DC, Island Press.

Mogues, T., Morris, M., Freinkman, L., Adubi, A. & Ehui, S. 2008. Agricultural public spending in Nigeria. IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 00789. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Mogues, T., Yu, B., Fan, S. & McBride, L. 2012. The impacts of public investment in and for agriculture. IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 01217. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Nagel, J. 2010. Acceso y uso de tics en pequeños agricultores. Presentation at Taller CEGES, Chile, December.

Nederlof, S., Wongtschowski, M. & van der Lee, F. 2011. Putting heads together: agricultural innovation platforms in practice. Amsterdam, KIT.

Nelson, G., van der Mensbrugghe, D., Ahammad, H., Blanc, E., Calvin, K., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Heyhoe, E., Kyle, P., Lotze-Campen, H., von Lampe, M., d’Croz, D.M., van Meijl, H., Müller, C., Reilly, J., Robertson, R., Sands, R.D., Schmitz, C., Tabeau, A., Takahashi, K., Valin, H. & Willenbockel, D. 2014. Agriculture and climate change in global scenarios: why don’t the models agree. Agricultural Economics, 45(1): 85–101.

News China Magazine (中国周刊), 2013 (April). China promotes family farms. Online news article (retrieved on 13 May 2014) (available at http://www.newschinamag.com/magazine/china-promotes-family-farms).

Nie, F. & Fang, C. 2013. Family farming in China: structural changes, government policies and market development for growth inclusive of smallholders. Rome, Presentation made at FAO headquarters on 13 December 2013.

OECD & Eurostat. 2005. Oslo manual: guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data, third edition. Oslo, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

OECD. 2006. The challenge of capacity development. Working towards good practice. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series. Paris, OECD.

OECD. 2013. Agricultural innovation systems: a framework for analysing the role of the government. Paris, OECD.

OECD & FAO. 2012. OECD–FAO 《经合组织-粮农 组织2012-2021年农业展望》。巴黎与罗马。

OECD & FAO. 2014. OECD–FAO 《经合组织-粮农 组织2014-2023年农业展望》。巴黎与罗马。

Padgham, P. 2009. Agricultural development under a changing climate: opportunities and challenges for adaptation, Joint Discussion Paper, Issue 1. Washington, DC, World Bank.

Pal, S., Rahija, M. & Beintema, N. 2012. India: recent development in agricultural research. ASTI Country Note. Washington, DC, and New Delhi, IFPRI & Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

Pandolfelli, L., Meinzen-Dick, R. & Dohrn, S. 2008. Introduction, gender and collective action: motivations, effectiveness and impact. Journal of International Development, 20(1): 1–11.

Pardey, P. & Beddow, J. 2013. Agricultural innovation: the United States in a changing global reality. Chicago, USA, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs.

Pardey, P. & Beintema, N. 2001. Slow magic. Food Policy Report No. 13. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Pardey, P., Alston, J. & Ruttan, V. 2010. The economics of innovation and technical change in agriculture. In B. Hall & N. Rosenberg, eds. Handbook of the economics of innovation, Vol. 2, Chapter 22. New York, USA, Elsevier.

Pardey, P., Chan-Kang, C. & Dehmer, S. 2014. Global food and agricultural R&D spending, 1960–2009. InSTePP Report. St Paul, USA, University of Minnesota.

Phillips, P., Karwandy, J., Webb, G. & Ryan, C. 2013. Innovation in agri-food clusters: theory and case studies. Wallingford, UK, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, CABI Publishing.

Place, F. & Meybeck, A. 2013. Food security and sustainable resource use: what are the resource challenges to food security? Background paper for the conferenceon Food Security Futures, Research Priorities for the 21st Century, Dublin, April 2013.

Posthumus, H., Martin, A. & Chancellor, T. 2012. A systematic review on the impacts of capacity strengthening of agricultural research systems for development and the conditions of success. London, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI–Centre), Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.

Poulton, C. & Kanyinga, K. 2013. The politics of revitalising agriculture in Kenya. Future Agricultures Working Paper 059. Brighton, UK, Future Agricultures Consortium (FAC).

Power, A. 2010. Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 365(1554): 2959–2971.

Pray, C. & Nagarajan, L. 2012. Innovation and research by private agribusiness in India, IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 1181. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Preissing, J. 2012. INCAGRO: Developing a market for agricultural innovation services in Peru. In World Bank. Agricultural innovation systems: an investment sourcebook. Washington, DC.

Pretty, J. 2008. Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 363(1491): 447–465.

Pretty, J., Noble, A., Bossio, D., Dixon, J., Hine, R., de Vries, F. & Morison, L. 2006. Resource-conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(4): 1114–1119.

Pretty, J., Toulmin, C. & William, S. 2011. Sustainable intensification in African agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 9(1): 3–4.

Proctor, F. & Lucchesi, V. 2012. Small-scale farming and youth in an era of rapid rural change. London and The Hague, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation (Hivos).

PROLINNOVA. 2012. Farmer access to innovation resources findings and lessons learnt on facilitating local innovation support fund. Leusden, Netherlands, Promoting Local Innovation in Ecologically Oriented Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (PROLINNOVA) International Secretariat.

Raabe, K. 2008. Reforming the agricultural extension system in India: what do we know about what works where and why? IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 775. Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Ragasa, C., Sengupta, D., Osorio, M., OurabahHaddad, N. & Mathieson, K. 2014. Gender-specific approaches and rural institutions for improving access to and adoption of technological innovation. Rome, FAO.

Rajalahti, R., Janssen, W. & Pehu, E. 2008. Agricultural innovation systems: from diagnostics toward operational practices. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper No. 38, Washington, DC, World Bank.

Raney, T. 2006. Economic impact of transgenic crops in developing countries. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 17(2): 174–178.

Rao, X., Hurley, T. & Pardey, P. 2012. Recalibrating the reported rates of return to food and agricultural R&D. Staff Paper P12–8. St Paul, Minnesota, USA, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.

Rapsomanikis, G. 2014. The economic lives of smallholder farmers, Rome, FAO.

Rausser, G., Simon, L. & Ameden, H. 2000. Public–private alliances in biotechnology: can they narrow the knowledge gaps between rich and poor? Food Policy, 25(4): 499–513.

Reardon, T. & Timmer, C. 2012. The economics of the food system revolution. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 4: 225–264.

Reijntjes, C., Haverkort, B. & Waters-Bayer, A. 1992. Farming for the future. Netherlands, Macmillan and Centre for Learning on Sustainable Agriculture (ILEIA).

Reimers, M. & Klasen, S. 2013. Revisiting the role of education for agricultural productivity. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 95(1): 131–152.

Ricker-Gilbert, J., Norton, G., Alwang, J., Miah, M. & Feder, G. 2008. Cost effectiveness of alternative pest management extension methods: an example from Bangladesh. Review of Agricultural Economics, 30(2): 252–269.

Rivera, W. 2011. Public sector agricultural extension system reform and challenges ahead. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 17(2): 165–180.

Rivera, W. & Zijp, W., eds. 2002. Contracting for agricultural extension: international case studies and emerging practices. New York, USA, CABI Publishing.

Rodrigues, M. & Rodríguez, A. 2013. Information and communication technologies for agricultural development in Latin America: trends, barriers and policies. Santiago, Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL).

Röling, N. & Engel, P. 1989. IKS and knowledge management: utilizing indigenous knowledge in institutional knowledge systems. In D.M. Warren, L. Jan Slikkerveer & S. Oguntunji Titilola, eds. Indigenous knowledge systems: implications for agriculture and international development. Studies in Technology and Social Change No. 11. Ames, USA, Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University.

Roseboom, J. 2012. Creating an enabling environment for agricultural innovation. In World Bank. Agricultural innovation systems: an investment sourcebook. Washington, DC.

Rwamigisa, B., Birner, R., Mangheni, M. & Arseni Semana, A. 2013. How to promote institutional reforms in the agricultural sector? A case study of Uganda’s National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS). Paper presented at the International Conference on the Political Economy of Agricultural Policy in Africa. Pretoria,20–18 March 2013, organized by the Futures Agriculture Consortium and the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS).

Quisumbing, A. & Pandolfelli, L. 2010. Promising approaches to address the needs of poor female farmers: resources, constraints, and interventions. World Development, 38 (4): 581–592.

Schultz, T. 1964. Transforming traditional agriculture. Chicago, USA, University of Chicago Press.

Schumpeter, J. 1939. Business cycles: a theoretical, historical and statistical analysis of the capitalist process, New York, McGraw-Hill.

Scoones, I. & Thompson, J., eds. 1994. Beyond Farmer First: rural people’s knowledge, agricultural research and extension practice, London, IT Publications.

Shah, N. & Jansen, F. 2011. Digital alternatives with a cause. Bangalore, India, Centre for internet and society, and The Hague, Netherlands, Hivos Knowledge Programme.

Singh, S.P., Puna Ji Gite, L. & Agarwal, N. 2006. Improved farm tools and equipment for women workers for increased productivity and reduced drudgery. Gender, Technology and Development, 10 (2): 229–244.

Sitko, N. 2010. Study presented at the Agro-enterprise learning alliance for southern and eastern Africa. Michigan State University, Michigan, USA.

Spielman, D., Hartwich, F. & von Grebmer, K. 2007. Public–private partnerships in international agricultural research. Research Brief No. 9, Washington, DC, IFPRI.

Spielman, D. & Birner, R. 2008. How innovative is your agriculture? Using innovation indicators and benchmarks to strengthen national agricultural innovation systems. Agriculture and rural development discussion paper No. 41. Washington, DC, World Bank.

Stads, G.-J. 2011. Africa’s agricultural R&D funding rollercoaster. An analysis of the elements of funding volatility. ASTI/IFPRI-FARA Conference Working Paper 2. Prepared for the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI), IFPRI, and Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) Conference on Agricultural R&D, Investing in Africa’s Future, Accra, Ghana, 5–7 December 2011.

Starkey, P.S. 2002. Improving rural mobility: options for developing motorized and non motorized transport in rural areas. World Bank Technical Paper No. 525, Washington, DC, World Bank.

Sulaiman, R. & Hall, A. 2002. Beyond technology dissemination: can Indian agricultural extension re-invent itself? Policy Brief No. 16. New Delhi, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research.

Swanson, B. & Rajalahti, R. 2010. Strengthening agricultural extension and advisory systems: procedures for assessing, transforming, and evaluating extension systems. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper No. 4. Washington, DC, World Bank.

Swanson, B., Farner, B. & Bahal, R. 1988. Report of the global consultation on agricultural extension: the current status of agricultural extension worldwide. Rome, FAO.

Tewes-Gradl, C., Peters, A.Vohla, K. & Lütjens-Schilling, L. 2013. Inclusive business policies: how governments can engage companies in meeting development goal . Berlin, Enterprise Solutions for Development (Endeva).

Thapa, S. 2008. Gender differentials in agricultural productivity: evidence from Nepalese household data. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA) Paper No. 13722 (available at http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/13722/).

World Bank, Development Prospects Group. 2013. World Bank commodity price data (The Pink Sheet) (retrieved November 2013) (available at worldbank.org).

Thiele, G., Devaux, A., Reinoso, I., Pico, H., Montesdeoca, F., Pumisacho, M. & Manrique, K. 2009. November. Multi-stakeholder platforms for innovation and coordination in market chains. In 15th Triennial International Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops (ISTRC).

Thomas, C., Cameron, A., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L., Collingham, Y.C., Green, R.E., Erasmus, B., Ferreira de Siqueira, M., Grainger, A., Hannah, L., Hughes, L., Huntley, B., van Jaarsveld, A., Midgley, G., Miles, L., Ortega-Huerta, M., Townsend Peterson, A., Phillips, O. & Williams, S. 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature, 427(6970): 145–148.

Thompson, J., Porras, I.T., Tumwine, J.K., Mujwahuzi, M.R., Katui-Katua, M., Johnstone, N. & Wood, L. 2001. Drawers of water II: 30 years of change in domestic water use and environmental health in East Africa. Summary. London, UK, International Institute for Environment and Development.

Thornton, P. & Lipper, L. 2013. How does climate change alter agricultural strategies to support food security? Dublin, Ireland, Background paper for the conference on Food security futures: research priorities for the 21st Century, 11 - 12 April 2013.

Ton, G., de Grip, K., Klerkx, L., Rau, M-L., Douma, M., Friis-Hansen, E., Triomphe, B., Waters-Bayer, A. & Wongtschowski, M. 2013. Effectiveness of innovation grants to smallholder agricultural producers: an explorative systematic review. London, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre), Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.

Triomphe, B., Floquet, A., Kamau, G., Letty, B., Vodouhe, S.D., Ng’ang’a, T., Stevens, J., van den Berg, J., Selemna, N., Bridier, B., Crane, T., Almekinders, C., Waters-Bayer, A. & Hocdé, H. 2013. What does an inventory of recent innovation experiences tell us about agricultural innovation in Africa? The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, :(3)19 324–311.

Tschirley, D., Minde, I. & Boughton, D. 2009. Contract farming in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from cotton on what works and under what conditions. Issues Brief No. 7, Pretoria, Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (RESAKSS).

Udry, C., Hoddinott, J., Alderman, H. & Haddad, L. 1995. Gender differentials in farm productivity: implications for household efficiency and agricultural policy. Food Policy, 20(5): 407–423.

Umali, D. & Schwartz, L. 1994. Public and private agricultural extension beyond traditional frontiers. Washington, DC, World Bank.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2008. Creating value for all: strategies for doing business with the poor. New York, USA.

UNDP. 2010. The MDGs. Everyone’s business: how inclusive business models contribute to development and who supports them. New York, USA.

United Nations. 2011. 《2011年世界经济和社会 概览：绿色技术大变革》。美国纽约。

United Nations. 2013. 《世界人口展望：2012年 修订版》。美国纽约。

Van Campenhout, B. 2012, June 15. Mobile apps to deliver extension to remote areas: preliminary results from Mnt Elgon area. Grameen Foundation (available at http://www.grameenfoundation.org/resource/mobile-applications-deliver-extension-remote-areas).

Vernooy, R., Shrestha, P., Ceccarelli, S., Labrada, H.R., Song, Y. & Humphries, S. 2009. Towards new roles, responsibilities and rules: the case of participatory plant breeding. In S. Ceccarelli, E. Guimarães & E. Weltzien, eds. Plant breeding and farmer participation, pp. 613–671. Rome, FAO.

Viala, E. 2008. Water for food, water for life. A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 22(1): 127–129.

Vollan, B. 2012. Pitfalls of externally initiated collective action: a case study from South Africa. World Development, 40(4): 758–770.

von Lampe, M., Willenbockel, D., Ahammad, H., Blanc, E., Cai, Y., Calvin, K., Fujimori, S., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Heyhoe, E., Kyle, P., Lotze-Campen, H., d’Croz, D.M., Nelson, G.C., Sands, R.D., Schmitz, C., Tabeau, A., Valin, H., van der Mensbrugghe, D. & van Meijl, H. 2014. Why do global long-term scenarios for agriculture differ? An overview of the AgMIP global economic model intercomparison. Agricultural Economics, 45(1): 3–20.

Wennink, B. & Heemskerk, W. 2006. Farmers’ organizations and agricultural innovation: case studies from Benin, Rwanda and Tanzania. Amsterdam, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT).

Wettasinha, C., Wongtschowski, M. & Waters-Bayer, A. 2008. Recognising and enhancing local innovation. PROLINNOVA Working Paper No. 13. Leusden, Netherlands, PROLINNOVA Secretariat, ETC EcoCulture, Silang, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction.

WFP & FAO. 2007. Getting started! Running a junior farmer field and life school. Rome, FAO & WFP.

World Bank. 2006. Enhancing agricultural innovation: how to go beyond the strengthening of research systems. Washington, DC.

World Bank. 2007a. Cultivating knowledge and skills to grow African agriculture. A synthesis of an Institutional, regional and international review. Washington, DC.

World Bank. 2007b. Philippines: Agriculture Public Expenditure Review. Working Paper No. 40493, Washington, DC.

World Bank. 2007c. 《2008年世界发展报告：以农业 促发展》。华盛顿特区。

World Bank. 2008. Agricultural innovation systems: from diagnostics toward operational practices. Washington, DC.

World Bank. 2009. Agribusiness and innovation systems in Africa. Washington, DC.

World Bank. 2010a. Indonesia: Agriculture Public Expenditure Review. Washington, DC.

World Bank. 2010b. Innovation policy: a guide for developing countries. Washington, DC.

World Bank. 2012a. 2012年世界发展指数。华盛顿 特区。

World Bank. 2012b. Agricultural innovation systems: an investment sourcebook. Washington, DC.

World Bank. 世界发展指数数据库。 (参阅http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2013). http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2013).

Wright, B. & Pardey, P. 2006. Changing intellectual property regimes: implications for developing country agriculture. International Journal for Technology and Globalization, 2(1/2): 93–114.

Yorke, L., 2009. Grameen Foundation launches mobile services tailored to the poor with Google and MTN Uganda. Grameen Foundation (retrieved 18 September 2013) (available at http://www.kiwanja.net/media/docs/Grameen-Foundation-AppLab-Release.pdf).

《粮食及农业状况》特别章节

自1957年以来，本报告还在每期中涵盖了一项或一项以上令人长期关注的特 别主题研究。以前各期中特别章节的主题如下：

1957

影响粮食消费趋势的各种因素
影响农业的某些体制因素的战后变化情况

1958

非洲撒哈拉以南地区的粮食和农业发展情况
森林工业的发展及其对世界森林的影响

1959

各国在各种不同经济发展阶段的农业收入和生活水平
从战后的经验看欠发达国家在农业发展方面的某些普遍问题

1960

农业发展规划

1961

土地改革和体制变化
非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的农业推广、教育和研究

1962

森林工业在解决经济欠发达问题中的作用
欠发达国家的畜牧业

1963

影响提高农业生产率的各种基本因素
肥料使用：农业发展的先锋

1964

蛋白质营养：需要和前景
化学合成物及其对农产品贸易的影响

1966

农业和工业化
世界粮食经济中的大米

1967

对发展中国家农民的鼓励因素和抑制因素
渔业资源的管理

1968

发展中国家通过技术改良提高农业生产率
改善储存及其对世界粮食供应的贡献

1969

农业销售改进计划：从最近的经验中取得的一些教训
为促进林业发展而使机构体制现代化

1970

第二个发展十年开始时的农业

1971

水污染及其对水生资源和渔业的影响

1972

促进发展的教育和培训
加快发展中国家的农业研究

1973

发展中国家农业方面的就业情况

1974

人口、粮食供应和农业发展

1975

联合国第二个发展十年：中期回顾和评价

1976

能源和农业

1977

自然资源状况和人类粮食及农业环境

1978

发展中地区的问题和战略

1979

林业和乡村发展

1980

实行管辖后新时代的海洋渔业

1981

发展中国家的乡村贫困和减轻贫困的方法

1982

畜牧生产：世界前景

1983

妇女在农业发展中的作用

1984

城市化、农业和粮食系统

1985

能源在农业生产中的利用
粮食和农业中的环境趋势
农产品销售和农业发展

1986

为农业发展提供资金

1987-88

发展中国家农业科学技术重点的转移

1989

可持续发展与自然资源管理

1990

结构调整与农业

1991

农业政策和问题：80 年代的教训和90 年代的前景

1992

海洋渔业和海洋法：变革的十年

1993

水资源政策和农业

1994

林业发展和政策难题

1995

农产品贸易：进入一个新时代？

1996

粮食安全：宏观经济方面的一些问题

1997

农产品加工业与经济发展

1998

发展中国家的农村非农业收入

2000

世界粮食和农业：过去50 年的教训

2001

跨界植物虫害和动物疾病的经济影响

2002

地球首脑会议十年之后的农业与全球公共利益

2003-04

农业生物技术：是否满足贫困人口的需要？

2005

农业贸易与贫困：贸易能为穷人服务吗？

2006

粮食援助促进粮食安全？

2007

向农民支付环境服务费

2008

生物能源：前景、风险和机遇

2009

畜牧业协调发展

2010-11

农业中的女性：填性别鸿沟，促农业发展

2012

投资农业创造更美好未来

2013

通过粮食体系改善营养状况