15-20 kg broodstock cobia
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Juvenile cobia in a raceway system
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1 300 l larval rearing tanks submerged in a 30 000 l recirculating raceway system
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Covered 20' recirculating broodstock tank for cobia
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DISEASE | AGENT | TYPE | SYNDROME | MEASURES |
Marine velvet disease; Amyloodiniosis | Amyloodinium ocellatum | Parasitic dinoflagellate | Coughing; flashing; operculum flared out; reluctance to feed; visible on gills & fins; appears as small dark spots on gill filaments under a stereoscope | Copper sulphate pentahydrate; decrease salinity in some cases (freshwater dip); flush system; formalin bath/treatment; mechanical filtration down to at least 40 microns |
Cryptocaryonosis; marine white spot | Cryptocaryon irritans | External protozoan | White foci visible on skin; interconnected, larger masses of whitish spots | Prolonged copper immersion; freshwater dips; formalin treatment; decrease salinity to 15 ‰ or less for 2 weeks; decrease system temperature to <19 ºC |
Sessile, colonial, ciliate infestation | Epistylis spp. | Stalked ciliate | Reported during larval stage; white or reddish masses on the skin/fins, gill arches, or in mouth; more common in polluted waters; often associated with gram-negative bacterial condition called red sore disease | Formalin treatment; freshwater bath/dip; antibiotics for severe bacterial infection |
Trichodinosis | Trichodina sp. | Protozoan parasite | Reported during nursery stage; found on skin & gills; loss of appetite; lethargy; chronic low level mortality; often leads to secondary infections | Formalin treatment; freshwater bath; copper treatment; Praziquantel bath or prolonged immersion |
Monogenean infestation | Neobenedenia sp. | Monogenean flatworm parasite | Reported during grow-out stage; skin damage & ulceration; eroded fins; eye lesions which can lead to blindness | Formalin treatment; freshwater bath; copper treatment; Praziquantel bath or prolonged immersion |
Myxidiosis | Sphaerospora-like myxosporidean | Myxosporidian parasite | Poor appetite & ascites; enlarged kidney exhibiting patches or nodules; skin ulcers; spores in the digestive tract | No known treatment; disinfect system; quarantine affected fish |
Coccidiosis | Coccidia spp. | Protozoan parasite | Abdominal swelling; exopthalamy; cysts in liver tissue; varies with organ affected | Treat fish with oral monensin; reduce stress |
Lymphocystis | Iridovirus | Virus | Reported during nursery stage; skin, fins & gills with white, bumpy growths | No known treatment; disinfect system; quarantine fish |
Pasteurellosis | Photobacterium damsela subsp. Piscicida | Bacterium | Whitish, granulomatous deposits on kidney, liver & spleen | None known but vaccine being developed |
Vibriosis | Vibrio alginolyticus; V. vulnificus & V. parahaemolyticus | Bacteria | Swollen abdomen; skin ulcers; protruded eyes; lethargy; darkening of skin; ascites in peritoneal cavity | Administer antibiotics; remove diseased fish; disinfect system; reduce stress |
Secondary bacterial infection (after Neobenedenia infestation) | Streptococcus sp. | Bacterium | Can cause blindness in cobia; protruded eyes; skin ulcers; skin darkening | Administer antibiotics; remove diseased fish; disinfect system; reduce stress |
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Sun, L., Chen, H., Huang, L, Wang, Z. & Yan, Y. 2006. Growth and energy budget of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) relative to ration. Aquaculture, 257:214-220. |
Wang, J.T., Liu, Y.J., Tian, L.X., Mai, K.S., Du, Z.Y., Wang, Y. & Yang, H.J. 2005. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance, lipid deposition, hepatic lipogenesis in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture, 249:439-447. |
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Zhou, Q.C., Tan, B.P., Mai, K.S. & Liu, Y.J. 2004. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture, 241:441-451. |
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