CIFA Occasional Paper No.24

CIFA Occasional Paper No.24         CIFA/OP24
ISSN 1014-2452

AFRICA REGIONAL AQUACULTURE REVIEW:

PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP HELD IN ACCRA, GHANA,
22–24 SEPTEMBER 1999

A report prepared for the Fisheries Department Group (RAFI) of the FAO Regional Office for Africa

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR AFRICA, ACCRA, GHANA

CONTENTS

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.


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PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

In 1992, the Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service (FIRI) of the FAO Fisheries Department launched a Regional Study on Aquaculture Development and Research in sub-Saharan Africa, in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Africa and the European Commission.

In September 1993, the resulting synthesis of the information provided in 12 national reviews on development and research needs was presented to and discussed with the countries involved in the Second Session of the Working Party on Aquaculture of the Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa (CIFA).

In 1998–99, authors contracts were financed by the Fisheries Department Group of the FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAFI) and by the FAO Fishery Development Planning Service (FIPP) for the preparation of 17 reviews:

As a follow-up, a Workshop was organized by RAFI to be held in September 1999 in Accra, Ghana, to bring together the authors of the reviews and other selected administrators and technicians, and to prepare an outline of the key elements of a general aquaculture development strategy.

The Workshop also served as the venue for the FIRI/RAFI regional review of Trends in Aquaculture Development in Africa. A separate document was prepared on this topic as the African contribution to a global review of the status of aquaculture.

This document was prepared by Drs J. F. Moehl, Jr of the Fisheries Department Group of the FAO Regional Office for Africa, A. G. Coche and V.O. Sagua, consultants.




Distribution:

Authors
Participants in the meeting
CIFA Mailing list
FAO Fisheries Department
Fishery Officers of the FAO Regional and Subregional Offices
FAORs of participating countries

© FAO 2000

FAO Regional Office for Africa
Africa Regional Aquaculture Review
Proceedings of a Workshop held in Accra, Ghana, 22–24 September 1999.
CIFA Occasional Paper No. 24. Accra, FAO. 1999. 50 pp.
 
ABSTRACT
The major goals of the Review were to:
Evaluate the past 30 years of aquaculture development efforts in sub-Saharan Africa with specific focus on extension and public sector support for aquaculture.
Review the present status of aquaculture in the region through an analysis of small-scale integrated production systems and medium-to large-scale systems.
Identify trends in aquaculture development.
Prepare an outline of key elements of a general aquaculture development strategy.
 
Specific outputs of the Review include:
A list of lessons learned.
Recommendations for a structure for aquaculture extension services.
Recommendations for the level of government support for aquaculture development.
A summary of current trends in small-, medium-and large-scale aquaculture systems.
An overview of prerequisites for commercial aquaculture.
An outline of key elements of a general aquaculture development strategy.
A foundation for a network of practitioners to facilitate information exchange.
 
The identified common elements of a strategy for future aquaculture development in sub-Saharan Africa are the following:
1.Establish national development policies and an Aquaculture Development Plan in consultation with stakeholders.
2.Reduce expensive and unsustainable aquaculture infrastructure.
3.Promote and facilitate the private sector production of seed and feed.
4.Encourage credit for medium-and large-scale producers.
5.Revise aquaculture extension, establishing a flexible and efficient structure to meet producers' needs.
6.Advocate farmer-friendly existing technologies that use readily available culture species and local materials.
7.Promote collaboration, coordination and information exchanges between national and regional aquaculture institutions and agencies.
8.Facilitate the formation of Farmers' Associations.

The African Continent, where shaded countries are the ten countries that have prepared background papers for the Africa Regional Review of Aquaculture.


CONTENTS


1     BACKGROUND

2     MEETING

3     SYNTHESIS

4     TRENDS

5     PUBLIC SECTOR SUPPORT

6     EXTENSION

7     SMALL-SCALE INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS

8     STRATEGY FOR SMALL-SCALE AQUACULTURE

9     MEDIUM-AND LARGE-SCALE AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS

10   COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE

11   STRATEGY FOR MEDIUM-TO LARGE-SCALE AQUACULTURE

12   IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR REGIONAL AQUACULTURE STRATEGY

LITERATURE CITED

ANNEXES

1. List of participants

2. Agenda

3. List of background documents and their authors

4. Elements of past aquaculture development in the reviewed countries

5. Elements of present aquaculture situation in the reviewed countries

6. What worked and what did not

7. Review of Public sector support for aquaculture in Africa

8. Review of Aquaculture extension in Africa

FOREWORD

FAO has a long history of assistance to aquaculture development in Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s most African countries had donor-supported programmes aimed at improving the living standards of the rural poor through the adoption of aquaculture; principally fish farming. The fish crop was to provide the family with high-quality food and be a potential income earner if that crop were sold. The fish pond was to be a means of farm diversification and risk minimization.

Farmers did indeed adopt aquaculture and thousands of fish ponds were built throughout the Region. From Kenya to Liberia and the Central African Republic to Zambia farmers constructed or renovated ponds, some dating to the 1950s, and began raising fish. Frequently these rural aquaculture programmes relied on donor-supported projects that developed infrastructure (especially fish stations or hatcheries), trained national staff and subsidized extension.

In the 1990s governments were faced with donor fatigue and the forced downsizing of many agencies. Seriously reduced domestic and external funding led to a partial paralysis of aquaculture programmes in many countries; expensive fish stations either had to get by on severely reduced budgets or were completely abandoned, extensionists lacked transport to visit farmers, and farmers, lacking fish seed and technical assistance, abandoned aquaculture.

At the same time as these farmers were deserting aquaculture, there was a similar reduction in larger-scale efforts at commercial fish farming. Although numerous commercial operations had been started in Kenya, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Malawi, Congo (Brazzaville), Burkina Faso, and other countries of the Region, few of these were able to keep pace with the macro-economic evolution of the 1990s. Increasing feed costs combined with deteriorating infrastructure and decreasing buying power led to the financial collapse of many farms.

Today, on the threshold of the new millennium, Africa is the region of the world with the lowest aquaculture production; although recent FAO assessments indicate that 23 percent of the continent possesses a series of factors that make it very suitable for small-scale fish farming, while an equal percentage is adjudged to be very suitable for commercial aquaculture (Aguilar-Manjarrez and Nath, 1998).

Africa may be at the bottom of the list of producers, but progress is being made. Fish and shellfish production from African aquaculture increased by 69 percent for the period 1988 to 1997 (FAO/FIDI, 1999). Aquaculture is now an accepted component of small-scale integrated farming and those commercial enterprises that have weathered the economic traumas of this decade are now on more solid financial footings.

Aquaculture is also receiving renewed attention through the FAO Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) which targets low-income, food-deficit countries, many of which are in Africa. The goal of SPFS is to improve food security and resource use. A prime focus is on the increased use of irrigation to expand food production. Aquaculture is directly linked to this enhanced water use by providing a means for crop diversification.

Thus, as we look to the new millennium, we can have cautious reason for optimism about aquaculture's future in Africa. We have learned from our past experiences that overexpectations are dangerous, leading to dissatisfaction when unrealistic objectives cannot be met. Aquaculture is not a panacea, but it can make an important contribution to food production and economic growth.

It is because of this capacity to contribute to the betterment of the Region's economies that the Regional Office for Africa has hosted the Africa Regional Aquaculture Review. The review has assembled a core of African aquaculture expertise to examine past development efforts and identify the way forward.

Participants spent long hours analysing and discussing African aquaculture development. Their endeavours are to be applauded. It is my hope that the Regional Aquaculture Strategy derived from the Workshop will reorient African aquaculture programmes and set them on the path for rapid growth in the twenty-first century.

However, as pointed out in this report's Executive Summary, this reorientation requires first and foremost the political will to change. The political will to downsize, privatize and become user friendly; the political will to put the farmer first and make those difficult decisions that will lead to operational efficiency.

It is my fervent hope that my colleagues around the Region, the Departmental and Ministerial policy-and decision-makers, will have the prerequisite political will and take the report's suggestions very seriously. Adoption of these recommendations at the national level will lead to the way forward.

Bamidele F. Dada
Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative for Africa
FAO Regional Office for Africa
Accra
Ghana

Executive Summary

Introduction

Twenty-four years ago FAO organized the First [Africa] Workshop on Aquaculture Planning in Accra, Ghana, with the objective of promoting aquaculture development in the Region. The Workshop elaborated recommendations which underscored, among others: the importance of having national aquaculture development plans; the need for a regional training and research centre; the necessity for suitable systems for the collection and dissemination of information; the requirement for additional training at the country level; and the need for coordination of development programmes (FAO, 1975).

In the ensuing period nearly every country in the Region1 developed some form of aquaculture. Aquaculture seems to fit naturally within African farming systems. Yet, in spite of the Region's apparent underutilized resources of land and water, available labour and high demand for fish, aquaculture has not fulfilled its expectations and the Africa Region remains the lowest aquaculture producer in the world.

The FAO Regional Office for Africa organized the present Africa Regional Aquaculture Review to assess past aquaculture development efforts, establish a list of lessons learned and to propose a strategy for the way forward - the way to achieve enhanced aquaculture development across the Region.

The Review is based on the premise that there are common denominators affecting aquaculture development regionwide. Hence, it is possible to form a regional strategy that can serve as a template at national and local levels.

The foundation of the Review is provided by individual reports assessing aquaculture development in ten African countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. Summaries of these reports are presented in Annex 4 and Annex 5.

The Review was organized around Working Groups, each dealing with one of four major themes of aquaculture development:

1 FAO figures indicate some aquaculture production for every African country except Eritrea, Somalia, Western Sahara, Chad, Mauritania, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea and Guinea Bissau (FAO/FIDI, 1999).

Present situation

For the ten countries assessed, the following elements describe the present situation for at least 80 percent of the national aquaculture programmes:

Most countries are focusing on small-scale integrated systems producing tilapia and/or catfish (Clarias or Heterobranchus). As effective extension becomes more difficult, there is an orientation to rely increasingly on farmer groups (fish farmer associations). There is also a growing interest in commercial production and greater involvement of the private sector.

The Review concluded that: (a) aquaculture is now known throughout Africa as a result of previous extension efforts and (b) adoption/acceptance, even if on a modest scale, has been noted in most countries.

Lessons learned

policies and plans

  1. an aquaculture development plan should help focus development geographically and facilitate control and evaluation (monitoring) of the programme;

  2. a lack of government policy and support has led to donor-driven interventions which usually cannot be sustained at the end of projects;

  3. field activities should be decentralized on the basis of agro-ecological zones;

  4. the frequent transfer of personnel has greatly hampered development plans and affected sustainability;

  5. major government fish culture stations should be given financial autonomy and put under good management;

  6. public infrastructure should ultimately be self-supporting;

  7. farming inputs should not be distributed free to farmers but should have at least a subsidized price;

  8. credit is not necessary and hence should not be provided to small-scale integrated farmers;

  9. there has been a lack of coordination in development assistance;

  10. commercial aquaculture should be promoted whenever possible;

  11. farmer participation in development programmes, which has been lacking, should be encouraged;

  12. access to land is an important issue that needs careful analysis;

  13. marketing is also another issue that is often overlooked but can be critical to the establishment of aquaculture operations;

seed

  1. centralized and subsidized fingerling production and supply is a disincentive to private sector involvement and creates shortage of seed;

  2. fish seed should be produced locally, in rural units involving small-scale farmers;

  3. the age of stocking material (fingerlings) must be known if good results are to be obtained;

extension

  1. extension duties should not be combined with law enforcement;

  2. extension efforts should be focused on small-scale model farmers operating under favourable conditions (water and soil, interest and dynamism, experience with other resources, etc.);

  3. from such model farmers, the farmer to farmer extension approach should be developed through group demonstrations, field days, advice, fingerling production/sale, etc.;

research

  1. on-station research to support small-scale aquaculture development should be based on inputs commonly available to small-scale farmers and it should be farmer-driven through joint activities;

  2. sociocultural surveys should be conducted before introducing a new technology to a region;

aquaculture technology

  1. technology should not be based on imported commodities (e.g., hormones, feeds, etc.);

  2. selected culture species should be able to be reproduced by farmers themselves;

  3. the integration of animal husbandry with small-scale aquaculture is often inappropriate for smallholder farmers;

  4. there have been frequent pond site selection errors;

  5. there has been a lack of technological flexibility; and

  6. there have been inappropriate methods of technology transfer.

In addition to those items listed above, the Review made the following remarks:

  1. Government stations: stations often serve one or more of five common purposes: fingerling production, foodfish production, demonstration centres for extension activities, training and/or research. The first three purposes should gradually be disengaged from government. During the period of disengagement, training should be provided to private sector units such as fish farmer associations and entrepreneurs, for taking over such stations in a sustainable way. Government should maintain its support for training and research.

  2. Regional centres of excellence: where a centre has capacity to combine both research and training, it should carry out both functions because research activities can greatly complement training. An evaluation of existing centres should be undertaken with a view to determining their respective roles in the proposed new setting

  3. Advisory committees: national committees composed of both potential and existing stakeholders should be established to guide aquaculture development. These could be decision-makers, policy-makers, academics (socio-economists, policy analysts, agriculture scientists, biologists), entrepreneurs, fish farmers and representatives of their associations, women's groups or their representatives, bankers, fishers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), etc

  4. Database: it is important nationally to identify an institution, university, etc., as a focal point for analysis and custody of statistics in a database. The database will input into the subregional database and in turn this will input into a regional database. Information technology hardware and peripherals must be considered as paramount when selecting the national focal point.

  5. Information: there is a strong need for the promotion of information exchange throughout the region, in research, development, training and extension. This could be best done through networking. It would also contribute to reinforcing linkages between research and development at both national and regional levels.

The way forward - a strategy for aquaculture development

Within the context of the lessons learned, the Review prepared a 37-point aquaculture development strategy to be implemented over a period of five years (Box 2, page 34). The strategy included elements that could be initiated immediately with existing resources as well as others that would require changes or revisions of policies and additional funding. The eight points below encompass the principal issues:

  1. establish national development policies and an aquaculture development plan in consultation with stakeholders;

  2. reduce expensive and unsustainable aquaculture infrastructure, specifically with a reduction of at least 50 percent of government fish stations within five years;

  3. promote and facilitate the private sector production of feed and seed;

  4. encourage credit for medium-and large-scale producers;

  5. revise aquaculture extension, establishing a flexible and efficient structure that can meet producers' needs;

  6. advocate farmer-friendly existing technologies that use readily available culture species and local materials;

  7. promote collaboration, coordination and information exchange between national and regional aquaculture institutions and agencies; and

  8. facilitate the formation of farmers' associations.

The first step in the strategy is the elaboration of national aquaculture policies and development plans. This was a key recommendation of the Workshop 24 years ago. Yet, of the ten background country reports, eight indicated the lack of aquaculture policy as a recurrent problem while six stated there was also a lack of aquaculture planning.

To a great extent, policies and planning are a question of political will. If there is the political will, formulation of appropriate policies and plans is within the capacity of nearly all countries in the Region.

For decades aquaculture in Africa has been vacillating between crests and troughs of various waves of development with the same constraints identified time and again: lack of seed, feed, credit and extension support. All of these constraints relate to the underlying lack of policy. If there is political will to establish workable policies, solutions to these other issues will be forthcoming.

Sommaire

Introduction

Il y a 24 ans, la FAO organisait la Première Réunion de Travail sur la Planification de l'Aquaculture en Afrique à Accra, Ghana, dans le but de promouvoir le développement de l'aquaculture en Afrique sub-saharienne. Cette Réunion souligna notamment l'importance des plans nationaux de développement aquacole et recommanda la création d'un centre régional de formation et de recherche, la mise en place de systèmes adéquats pour la collection et la dissémination de l'information, l'intensification de la formation dans chacun des pays et une meilleure coordination des programmes de développement (FAO, 1975).

Au cours des années suivantes, presque tous les pays de la Région 1 développèrent l'un ou l'autre type d'aquaculture. Celle-ci en effet paraissait devoir naturellement s'intégrer aux systèmes de culture africains. Cependant, malgré une sous-utilisation apparente des ressources en terre et en eau de la Région, la disponibilité de main-d'œuvre et une demande élevée pour le poisson, le développement de l'aquaculture ne répondit pas aux attentes. La production aquacole actuelle de l'Afrique par rapport aux autres continents est la plus faible.

La présente Revue Régionale de l'Aquaculture en Afrique [sub-saharienne] a été organisée par le Bureau Régional FAO pour l'Afrique afin d'évaluer les efforts faits dans le passé pour le développement de l'aquaculture, d'établir une liste des leçons à en tirer et de proposer une stratégie pour le futur - comment favoriser le développement aquacole dans la Région. Cette Revue se justifie par le fait qu'il existe des dénominateurs communs qui influencent le développement aquacole au niveau régional. Il paraît donc possible de définir une stratégie régionale qui pourrait servir de modèle aux niveaux national et local.

Ce sont des rapports individuels étudiant le développement de l'aquaculture dans 10 pays africains qui forment le fondement de la Revue: Cameroun, Côte d'lvoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, République Centrafricaine, Tanzanie et Zambie. Les informations contenues dans ces rapports sont résumées aux Annexes 4 et 5.

Au cours de la Revue, des Groupes de Travail furent constitués, chacun de ceux-ci considérant l'un des quatre thèmes principaux du développement aquacole:

1 D'après les données statistiques de la FAO, il existe une production aquacole dans chacun des pays d'Afrique excepté à Djibouti, en Erythrée, Guinée Bissau, Guinée Equatoriale, Mauritanie, Sahara Occidental, Somalie et Tchad (FAO/FIDI, 1999).

Situation actuelle

Pour les 10 pays considérés, les observations suivantes s'appliquent dans au moins 80 pour cent des cas:

La plupart des pays préfèrent des systèmes intégrés à petite échelle produisant du tilapia et/ou du poisson-chat (Clarias ou Heterobranchus). Lorsque une vulgarisation effective devient trop difficile, l'on s'oriente vers l'utilisation croissante de groupes de fermiers (associations de pisciculteurs). De plus en plus l'on s'intéresse à la production aquacole à des fins commerciales et la participation du secteur privé s'accroît.

La Revue en a conclu que: (a) l'aquaculture est maintenant bien connue dans toute l'Afrique, le résultat des efforts de vulgarisation du passé et (b) son adoption, même si ce n'est qu'à une échelle modeste, est observée dans la plupart des pays.

Lecons a tirer du passe

politique et planification

  1. Un plan de développement aquacole permet de concentrer géographiquement le développement et d'en faciliter le contrôle et l'évaluation.
  2. L'absence d'une politique et d'un support gouvernementaux résulte en des interventions dirigées par les donateurs qui, en général, ne peuvent être continuées de façon durable à la fin des projets.
  3. Les activités de terrain devraient être décentralisées sur la base des régions agro-écologiques présentes dans le pays.
  4. Les transferts fréquents de personnel réduisent grandement l'efficacité des plans de développement et diminuent la durabilité des interventions.
  5. L'autonomie financière devrait être donnée aux principales stations piscicoles gouvernementales tout en assurant leur bonne gestion.
  6. Toute infrastructure publique devrait à terme atteindre l'autofinancement.
  7. Les intrants piscicoles ne devraient jamais être distribués gratuitement aux fermiers; au contraire, ils devraient avoir un coût même s'il doit être subventionné.
  8. Pour la pisciculture intégrée à petite échelle, le crédit n'est pas nécessaire et ne devrait donc pas être donné à de tels fermiers.
  9. L'assistance au développement doit être bien coordonnée au niveau national.
  10. Le développement de l'aquaculture commerciale devrait être soutenu chaque fois que possible.
  11. La participation des fermiers aux programmes de développement devrait être d'avantage encouragée.
  12. L'accès à la terre est une question importante qui devrait être analysée de façon approfondie.
  13. Les aspects de commercialisation devraient être mieux étudiés lors de l'établissement d'entreprises aquacoles.

alevins d'empoissonnement

  1. Production et distribution centralisées et subventionnées d'alevins découragent l'intervention du secteur privé et sont responsables du manque d'alevins.
  2. Les alevins devraient être produits localement, dans des unités rurales gérées par des pisciculteurs à petite échelle.
  3. L'âge des alevins d'empoissonnement doit être connu si l'on veut obtenir de bonnes productions.

vulgarisation

  1. Les activités de vulgarisation ne devraient jamais être combinées à des actions visant à faire respecter la loi.
  2. Les efforts de vulgarisation devraient se concentrer sur des fermiers modèles produisant du poisson à petite échelle, dans des conditions favorables (eau et sol, intérêt et dynamisme, expérience avec d'autres productions, etc.).
  3. Dans le voisinage de ces fermiers modèles, la vulgarisation par le bouche-à-bouche, de fermier à fermier, devrait être développée par des démonstrations de groupe, des visites de terrain, des conseils, la production/vente d'alevins, etc.

recherche

  1. La recherche en station, en appui au développement de l'aquaculture à petite échelle, devrait être basée sur les intrants communément disponibles chez les pisciculteurs concernés; les fermiers eux-mêmes devraient y être directement associés par des activités conjointes.
  2. Des enquêtes socio-culturelles devraient être menées avant l'introduction de toute nouvelle technologie dans une région non encore développée.

technologie aquacole

  1. Aucune technologie ne devrait être basée sur des produits importés tels que hormones et aliments.
  2. L'espèce aquacole choisie doit pouvoir être propagée par les pisciculteurs eux-mêmes.
  3. L'intégration de l'élevage et de l'aquaculture à petite échelle ne convient généralement pas pour les petits fermiers.
  4. La sélection de sites piscicoles a souvent été mal faite.
  5. En général, il y a eu un manque de flexibilité dans les choix technologiques.
  6. Les méthodes de transfert technologique n'ont pas été appropriées.

En plus des observations reprises ci-dessus, la Revue a fait les remarques suivantes:

L'avenir - une strategie pour le developpement aquacole

Sur la base des leçons du passé, la Revue a préparé une stratégie de développement de l'aquaculture en 37 points, qui devrait être appliquée au cours des cinq prochaines années (Encadré 2, page 34). Cette stratégie comprend des éléments qui pourraient être initiés immédiatement, avec les ressources existantes. D'autres éléments par contre nécessiteront des modifications ou révisions de politique et des fonds supplémentaires.

Les principaux éléments de cette stratégie sont les suivants:

  1. Définir des politiques de développement national et un plan de développement aquacole, en étroite consultation avec les personnes concernées.

  2. Réduire les infrastructures coûteuses et inadéquates, en particulier par une réduction d'au moins 50 pour cent du nombre de stations piscicoles gouvernementales endéans les cinq ans.

  3. Encourager et soutenir le développement du secteur privé pour la production d'alevins et d'aliments.

  4. Encourager le crédit pour les moyennes et grandes entreprises aquacoles.

  5. Modifier le système de vulgarisation aquacole en établissant une structure souple et efficiente qui permet de répondre aux attentes des producteurs.

  6. Préférer les technologies existantes basées sur l'utilisation d'espèces aquacoles et de matériaux locaux facilement disponibles.

  7. Encourager la collaboration, la coordination et l'échange de l'information entre les institutions et les agences nationales et régionales.

  8. Faciliter la création d'associations de pisciculteurs.

Le premier pas dans l'application de cette stratégie consiste dans l'élaboration de politiques nationales pour l'aquaculture et de plans de développement aquacole. Ceci était déjà l'une des recommandations principales de la Réunion de Travail organisée il y 24 ans. Cependant, parmi les 10 rapports nationaux préparés pour cette Revue, huit d'entre eux reconnaissent encore l'absence d'une politique aquacole et six de ceux-ci mentionnent aussi l'absence de planification aquacole.

Dans une grande mesure, politiques et planification sont une question de volonté politique. Si cette volonté politique existait, la formulation de politiques et de plans appropriés serait dès aujourd'hui possible dans la plupart des pays de la Région.

Pendant des décennies le développement de l'aquaculture africaine est passé par une série de hauts et de bas, les mêmes contraintes étant régulièrement identifiées: manque d'alevins, d'aliments, de crédit et de vulgarisation adéquate. Toutes ces contraintes sont liées à l'absence d'une politique adéquate. Si la volonté politique existait de vouloir définir des politiques adaptées, les autres questions trouveraient bien plus facilement leur solution.