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   1: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"><html><head><title>Carp Cultivation and the Highlands Aquaculture Development Centre, Aiyura</title><meta content="text/html;CHARSET=iso-8859-1" http-equiv="Content-Type"><link REL='stylesheet' TYPE='text/css' HREF="R9972E.CSS"></head><body BGCOLOR="#ffffff"><a name="TopOfPage"></a>
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   6: <hr>
   7: <h1><a name="app5"><u>Appendix 5</u><br><br>
   8: DETAILS OF THE WORK CARRIED OUT DURING THE CONSULTANCY</a></h1>
   9: 
  10: <p>1.  AIYURA WATER SUPPLY DATA</p>
  11: 
  12: <TABLE WIDTH="90%" cellspacing="1" border="0" align="center">
  13: <colgroup>
  14: <col span="2" valign="top">
  15: <col span="1">
  16: </colgroup>
  17: <TR><TD width="5%" rowspan="8">(i)</TD><TD COLSPAN="2">The hatchery receives piped water from a stream via a sedimentation system.</TD></TR>
  18: <TR><TD width="25%">Total flow</TD><TD>25&ndash;30 1/sec</TD></TR>
  19: <TR><TD>Reliability</TD><TD>fair (water available about 90% of time)</TD></TR>
  20: <TR><TD>Temperature</TD><TD>18&ndash;21&deg;C</TD></TR>
  21: <TR><TD>Clarity</TD><TD>Generally fair (Secchi Disc [S.D.] better than 50 cm) but may deteriorate after rain to S.D. = 10&ndash;15 cm</TD></TR>
  22: <TR><TD>pH</TD><TD>7&ndash;7.5</TD></TR>
  23: <TR><TD>Alkalinity</TD><TD>about 95 mg/1 (total = bicarbonate)</TD></TR>
  24: <TR><TD>Hardness</TD><TD>about 85 mg/1 (total)</TD></TR>
  25: <TR><TD colspan="3">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  26: <TR><TD rowspan="8">(ii)</TD><TD COLSPAN="2">Water supply to the ponds is provided by a stream draining a small partly-wooded catchment plus some cultivated lands.</TD></TR>
  27: <TR><TD>Total flow</TD><TD>Generally 2&ndash;4 1/sec, much more for short time after heavy rain (estimated up to 100 1/sec)</TD></TR>
  28: <TR><TD>Reliability</TD><TD>not observed to drop below about 1.5 1/sec</TD></TR>
  29: <TR><TD>Temperature</TD><TD>15&ndash;27&deg;C depending on weather, time of day</TD></TR>
  30: <TR><TD>Clarity</TD><TD>Generally fair (S.D. more than 40 cm), sometimes deteriorates (S.D. 20 cm or less)</TD></TR>
  31: <TR><TD>pH</TD><TD>7&ndash;8</TD></TR>
  32: <TR><TD>Alkalinity</TD><TD>40&ndash;70 mg/1 (total = bicarbonate)</TD></TR>
  33: <TR><TD>Hardness</TD><TD>35&ndash;70 mg/1 (total)</TD></TR>
  34: <TR><TD colspan="3">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  35: <TR><TD rowspan="6">(iii)</TD><TD colspan="2">Water in ponds</TD></TR>
  36: <TR><TD>Temperature</TD><TD>Generally between 20&ndash;28&deg;C, very shallow water may drop to 15&deg;C and exceed 30&deg;C.  Average diurnal range about 3&ndash;6&deg;C</TD></TR>
  37: <TR><TD>Clarity</TD><TD>Due to clay soil very dependent on fish stocked (S.D. 8&ndash;80 cm).</TD></TR>
  38: <TR><TD>pH</TD><TD>6.6&ndash;8.0</TD></TR>
  39: <TR><TD>Alkalinity</TD><TD>40&ndash;70 mg/1 (total = bicarbonate)</TD></TR>
  40: <TR><TD>Hardness</TD><TD>25&ndash;50 mg/1 (total)</TD></TR>
  41: </TABLE>
  42: 
  43: <p>2.  FISH DISTRIBUTION AND DATA ANALYSIS</p>
  44: 
  45: <p>All available data concerning fish supplies to farmers' ponds was
  46: looked at.  This covered the period December 1983 to July 1985, when
  47: supplies ceased.  Ponds were considered private unless clearly institutional
  48: or group-owned.</p>
  49: 
  50: <TABLE WIDTH="60%" cellspacing="1" border="0">
  51: <colgroup>
  52: <col span="2" valign="top">
  53: <col span="1" align="center">
  54: </colgroup>
  55: <TR><TD rowspan="6">(i)</TD><TD>Private ponds</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  56: <TR><TD>Number of ponds upplied</TD><TD>57</TD></TR>
  57: <TR><TD>Average size</TD><TD>92 m<sup>2</sup></TD></TR>
  58: <TR><TD>Total area of ponds</TD><TD>5 260 m<sup>2</sup></TD></TR>
  59: <TR><TD>Total number of fish sent</TD><TD>1 065</TD></TR>
  60: <TR><TD>Stocking density provided</TD><TD>0.2 fish/m<sup>2</sup></TD></TR>
  61: <TR><TD colspan="3">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  62: <TR><TD rowspan="6">(ii)</TD><TD>Institutional ponds</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  63: <TR><TD>Number of ponds</TD><TD>32</TD></TR>
  64: <TR><TD>Average size</TD><TD>392 m<sup>2</sup></TD></TR>
  65: <TR><TD>Total area</TD><TD>12 530 m<sup>2</sup></TD></TR>
  66: <TR><TD>Total number of fish sent</TD><TD>930</TD></TR>
  67: <TR><TD>Stocking density provided</TD><TD>0.07 fish/m<sup>2</sup></TD></TR>
  68: </TABLE>
  69: 
  70: <p>There was no data concerning growth in private farmers' ponds.  There
  71: is one report of 8 fish, total weight 5.5 kg, being harvested at Bundaira
  72: Corrective Institution from a pond of unknown size (possibly 300 m<sup>2</sup>) one
  73: year after stocking at 1.5 g each.  There is another account of a 0.3 ha
  74: secondary sewage treatment pond in which 75 fingerlings of 5 cm length all
  75: survived to reach average weights of 0.6 kg six months later, a yield
  76: equivalent to 300 kg/ha/year.</p>
  77: 
  78: <p>In fact the dimensions given for the ponds are not very reliable as
  79: they are based on owners' estimates.  Quite a number were said to be 2,
  80: 3 or even 5 m deep.  The actual existence of some of the ponds is doubtful.
  81: Mr. P.  Sagom was unable to find some in nearby villages for which fish
  82: had already been supplied: He suggested that villagers wanted rather to
  83: stock their local rivers</p>
  84: 
  85: <p>3.  BROODSTOCK GROWTH RATES</p>
  86: 
  87: <p>Female brood fish were separated from males (except during spawning
  88: attempts) and held under good conditions.  This means they were either
  89: kept at very low density (about 1 fish/100 m<sup>2</sup>) and fed broiler feed via
  90: a demand feeder about 2&ndash;3 percent bodyweight daily or at moderate
  91: densities (1 fish/5&ndash;10 m<sup>2</sup>) and fed via a demand feeder 3&ndash;6 percent
  92: bodyweight daily or more.  This may have been more feed than necessary,
  93: the intention being to ripen the broodstock as fast as possible and
  94: learn something about their maximum growth rates.  At less than about
  95: 500 kg/ha no feeding should be needed, especially if the pond is manured
  96: regularly.  At 1 000 kg/ha feeding at 2&ndash;3 percent bodyweight should be
  97: plenty.  Excessive feeding risks causing a lot of fat to be deposited,
  98: which may actually interfere with spawning, particularly if starchy food is
  99: used.</p>
 100: 
 101: <p>Four females were lost during this period, two via a partial dike
 102: collapse and two disappearing from a small pond possibly due to predators,
 103: or being stolen.  Despite this there was considerable biomass increase, and
 104: in some cases certain fish could be identified giving individual growth
 105: rates.  Results are shown below.</p>
 106: 
 107: <TABLE WIDTH="90%" cellspacing="0" border="0" cellpadding="2">
 108: <colgroup>
 109: <col span="2">
 110: <col span="1" align="center">
 111: <col span="2">
 112: <col span="1" align="center">
 113: </colgroup>
 114: <TR><TD><u>21&ndash;22.11.85</u></TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD><u>20.1.86</u></TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD><u>5.2.86</u></TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 115: <TR><TD>description</TD><TD width="5%">wt</TD><TD width="5%">(kg)</TD><TD>description</TD><TD>wt</TD><TD>(kg)</TD><TD>description</TD><TD>wt(kg)</TD></TR>
 116: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.1</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.7</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.85</TD></TR>
 117: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.0</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>gold,black specks</TD><TD>1.6</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>gold, black specks</TD><TD>1.75</TD></TR>
 118: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.0</TD><TD rowspan="2"><img alt="" align="middle" src="R9972E12.gif"></TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>1.35</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>1.56</TD></TR>
 119: <TR><TD>long gold</TD><TD>0.8</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.25</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.38</TD></TR>
 120: <TR><TD>brown, small eyes</TD><TD>0.7</TD><TD rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="R9972E13.gif"></TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>1.2</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>1.26</TD></TR>
 121: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>0.7</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.2</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.25</TD></TR>
 122: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.7</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>red-gold</TD><TD>1.14</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.21</TD></TR>
 123: <TR><TD>gold with lump</TD><TD>0.7</TD><TD rowspan="4"><img alt="" src="R9972E14.gif"></TD><TD>yellow, small eyes</TD><TD>1.13</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>yellow, small eyes</TD><TD>1.20</TD></TR>
 124: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>0.64</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.1</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>long red-gold</TD><TD>1.19</TD></TR>
 125: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>0.6</TD><TD>gold with lump</TD><TD>1.0</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.15</TD></TR>
 126: <TR><TD>yellow, small eyes</TD><TD>0.55</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.0</TD><TD rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="R9972E16.gif"></TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>1.09</TD></TR>
 127: <TR><TD>silver</TD><TD>0.52</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>0.92</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.08</TD></TR>
 128: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>0.52</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.92</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>long red-gold</TD><TD>1.08</TD></TR>
 129: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.5</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>0.86</TD><TD rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="R9972E17.gif"></TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>1.06</TD></TR>
 130: <TR><TD>long gold</TD><TD>0.5</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.81</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>1.00</TD></TR>
 131: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.5</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.8</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>long red-gold</TD><TD>0.98</TD></TR>
 132: <TR><TD>silver-grey</TD><TD>0.5</TD><TD rowspan="8"><img alt="" src="R9972E15.gif"></TD><TD> long dirty gold</TD><TD>0.74</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>yellow</TD><TD>0.86</TD></TR>
 133: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.44</TD><TD> &nbsp;long gold</TD><TD>0.71</TD><TD rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="R9972E18.gif"></TD><TD>red-gold, specks</TD><TD>0.84</TD></TR>
 134: <TR><TD>long gold</TD><TD>0.4</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.7</TD><TD>long gold</TD><TD>0.78</TD></TR>
 135: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>0.4</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 136: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.4</TD><TD>total</TD><TD>20.1</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>total</TD><TD>22.57</TD></TR>
 137: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.4</TD><TD>average (19 fish)</TD><TD>1.06</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>average (19 fish)</TD><TD>1.19</TD></TR>
 138: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>0.38</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 139: <TR><TD>long dirty gold</TD><TD>0.35</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 140: <TR><TD>total</TD><TD>14.3</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 141: <TR><TD>average (24 fish)</TD><TD>0.6</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>plus</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>plus</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 142: <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>1 fish unweighed</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>1 fish unweighed</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 143: <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>new recruit, yellow</TD><TD>0.2</TD><TD>&rarr;</TD><TD>yellow</TD><TD>0.27</TD></TR>
 144: </TABLE>
 145: <br>
 146: <TABLE WIDTH="90%" cellspacing="0" border="1" cellpadding="2">
 147: <colgroup>
 148: <col span="1">
 149: <col span="1" align="center">
 150: <col span="1">
 151: <col span="1" align="center">
 152: </colgroup>
 153: <TR><TD align="center" COLSPAN="2"><u>22.11.85 to 20.1.86</u></TD><TD align="center" COLSPAN="2"><u>20.1.86 to 5.2.86</u></TD></TR>
 154: <TR><TD>growth period</TD><TD>59 days</TD><TD>growth period</TD><TD>16 days</TD></TR>
 155: <TR><TD>increase in average</TD><TD>460 g</TD><TD>increase in average</TD><TD>130 g</TD></TR>
 156: <TR><TD>daily increase (all fish)</TD><TD>7.8 g/day</TD><TD>daily increase (all fish)</TD><TD>8.1 g/day</TD></TR>
 157: <TR><TD>daily increase (identified fish)</TD><TD>8.4 g/day</TD><TD>daily increase (identified fish)</TD><TD>10.9 g/day</TD></TR>
 158: </TABLE>
 159: 
 160: <p>4.  <u>SPAWNING TRIALS AT AIYURA</u></p>
 161: 
 162: <p>From the outset difficulty was expected in spawning the carp at Aiyura.
 163: There were only limited numbers of rather small females which had been held
 164: unfed in one pond together with males and fingerlings.</p>
 165: 
 166: <p>On 21&ndash;22.11.85 all 24 females were checked, and it was felt that one or
 167: two might be ready or nearly ready for breeding.  They were placed in a
 168: separate 2 000 m<sup>2</sup> pond (pond 2) and feeding started using broiler crumble
 169: in a perforated-bag demand feeder which they learned to use within a few
 170: days.  Feeding was more-or-less ad libitum, over 6 percent of bodyweight per
 171: day.</p>
 172: 
 173: <p>On 5.12.85 all were checked again and the four most promising were
 174: placed in the 60 m<sup>2</sup> spawning pond in the corner of pond 3.  This had been
 175: recently repaired and filled.  Next day six males were put into the spawning
 176: pond, with added pine branches.  No eggs were seen the following day, but the
 177: day after that a few hundred eggs were seen to have been produced (probably
 178: on the first night) but already to have been covered with fungus.  The
 179: following night there was a partial collapse of the area of the dike containing
 180: the outlet and overflow pipe, with the loss of two females and three
 181: males.  The remaining fish were replaced in their ripening ponds.</p>
 182: 
 183: <p>On 17.12.85 all females were again checked.  Thirteen unripe fish were
 184: put into pond 3 (also about 2 000 m<sup>2</sup>).  Eight somewhat-promising fish went
 185: into the spawning pond and the most promising fish (which had a distinct
 186: asymmetry or lump on one side but also appeared ripe) went into the newly-dug
 187: 50 m<sup>2</sup> holding pond A (see map 2) in which were placed three males.  By this
 188: time a small amount of <u>Arenga</u> <u>pinnata</u> fibre had been obtained.  The fibre was
 189: made into kakabans (Fig. 5) by being clamped between strips of wood or
 190: bamboo to make 180 &times; 40 cm egg catchers.  Casuarina branches, long-needled
 191: pine branches and two kakabans were arranged as egg substrate.  No spawning
 192: occurred on the following 3 nights.  On 20.12.85 the pond was emptied.  The females,
 193: the 3 males and the spawning substrates were all transferred to the spawning
 194: pond in the hope of provoking breeding of the eight somewhat-promising fish.
 195: Nothing happened during the following three nights.  On 23.12.85 the
 196: 3 males and the female were taken to the hatchery.  The males were placed
 197: in a running water tank of 600 1 at about 19&deg;C.  The female was put into
 198: a 2 800 1 outdoor static water tank covered with clear plastic which was at
 199: about 22&ndash;26&deg;C.  On 27.12.85 the female was examined and found to have spawned
 200: while alone 2&ndash;3 days previously.</p>
 201: 
 202: <p>The fish in pond 3 and the spawning pond continued to be fed (at a
 203: somwehat lower rate) using demand feeders.  On 2.1.86 the spawning pond was
 204: lowered.  Two fish were missing.  One 600 g female was transferred to the
 205: hatchery and placed in a 600 1 tank standing inside a larger covered tank
 206: as a water bath to stabilise the temperature.  The following day the
 207: female received about 0.2 mg dried carp pituitary at 2.45 p.m. and about
 208: 2 mg at 10.30 p.m., when males also received half doses.  Overnight temperatures
 209: were about 24&deg;C.  At 10 a.m. the next day a few eggs could be obtained,
 210: at 11.10 she was stripped.  The eggs came out easily enough but not well
 211: separated and with quite a lot of blood and other tissue.  They were fertilized
 212: with sperm from 2 males, washed using Woynarovich and Woynarovich's
 213: modified method described by Rothbard (1981) and incubation attempted in
 214: 3 containers.  These consisted of 2 sheet-metal conical incubators, one
 215: connected directly to the main water supply and one connected via an improvised
 216: constant-head tank.  There was also a conical net incubator connected
 217: directly to the water supply and immersed in a tank.  Only the last was
 218: capable of keeping the eggs in motion.  There was no hatching.</p>
 219: 
 220: <p>On 14.1.86 the following arrangements were made.  A hapa was placed in
 221: holding pond A with 1 female and 2 males.  Three females and 5 males were
 222: placed directly in A.  Another hapa was placed in pond 1 with 3 males and
 223: 2 females (one of only 200.g which had been found by one of the labourers
 224: while sorting fish from pond 4 to have easily-expressed eggs).  A hapa
 225: with 1 female and 2 males was placed in the spawning pond, and free in the
 226: spawning pond were the remaining 14 females plus 3 males.  Substrates consisted
 227: of the kakabans plus casuarina in pond 1, casuarina and pine in the
 228: remaining sites.  Spawning occurred only in the hapa in pond 1, and was estimated
 229: by eye as having produced 10 000&ndash;15 000 eggs, of which most were good.
 230: Hatching started on 17.1.86 and substrates were removed the next day.
 231: On 20.1.86 the larvae were stocked in pond 3, but amounted to only 2 500 in
 232: number.</p>
 233: 
 234: <p>Guessing that the superior clarity of the water in pond 1 may have been
 235: an important factor, the female and 2 males from the hapa in holding pond
 236: A were transferred to another hapa in pond 1 on 15.1.86.  All the free fish
 237: were removed from holding pond A which was then refilled and left for several
 238: days to see whether the water clarity would improve (it didn't).  The best
 239: of these females were taken to the 2 800 1 aerated static water covered
 240: tank outside the hatchery with 2 males and pine substrate.  Other females
 241: went into the spawning pond (where there were still 3 males).  There was no
 242: spawning at any site.  On 17.1.86 females in the tank by the hatchery,
 243: the hapa in the spawning pond and the hapa in pond 1 were all injected in
 244: the morning (8 &ndash; 9 a.m.) with approximate 0.3 mg/kg preparatory doses of
 245: carp pituitary.  Between 3 &ndash; 4.30 p.m. females received second doses of
 246: about 3 &ndash; 4 mg/kg and one male of each site received around 1.5 mg/kg.
 247: Casuarina was replaced by kunai grass (<u>Imperata</u> <u>cylindrica</u>) but pine
 248: remained.  Next morning the fish in the two hapas had failed to spawn.  On
 249: checking at 10.30 a.m. the female in the hapa in the spawning pond dribbled
 250: eggs.  She could perhaps have been stripped there and then on to wet substrate
 251: and milt washed over the eggs.  Even better might have been to try the use of
 252: diluted urine as a substitute for weak solution (Appendix 3, section 3.2.3).
 253: Unfortunately these ideas only came later.  In the event the female and one
 254: male companion were put into the hapa in pond 1 with the fish which had also
 255: failed to spawn after injection, to give them one more night together.  They
 256: again failed to spawn.</p>
 257: 
 258: <p>Numbers of eggs were seen on both substrates in the hatchery
 259: tank, estimated as 70 percent good, with a total of 2 &ndash; 5 000.  Incubation
 260: took place in the same tank with aeration and low flow of water (about
 261: 4 1/min).  Due to the small egg numbers seen it was decided to prepare only
 262: the 60 m<sup>2</sup> holding pond A for fry rearing and to transfer all females to
 263: pond 2.  Hatching started on 21.1.86; the next day the substrates were
 264: removed and a little hard-boiled eggyolk fed in the evening.  On 23.1.86
 265: the fry were siphoned out of the tank into a cloth lined fish trough,
 266: transferred to plastic bags and taken down to the ponds.  The total number
 267: turned out to be 27 000.  There was no choice but to stock the bulk of them
 268: with the 2 500 fry in pond 3, which were 3 days older.</p>
 269: 
 270: <p>On 4.2.86 the females were transferred from pond 2 to hapas in the
 271: spawning pond and examined.  Two females (of about 1.2 kg and 0.85 kg
 272: respectively) were put into a hapa in pond 1, in which were put 4 kakabans
 273: (a large quantity of <u>Arenga</u> <u>pinnata</u> fibre having been obtained) and 5
 274: small males.  Both females spawned that night.  Egg numbers were estiimated
 275: by eye as about 10 000 of which about three quarters appeared to be good
 276: and fertilized (i.e., they were clear and yellowish the following day).
 277: One female (1 150 g) and 3 males were put into a covered, aerated, stagnant
 278: water tank of about 2 800 1 standing outside the hatchery, also with 4
 279: kakabans.  They failed to spawn on the following two nights.  Therefore on
 280: 6.2.86 the female received about 0.3 mg carp hypophysis at 7.15 a.m.
 281: and about 4 mg at 2.45 p.m., when two of the males were also injected
 282: with about 1.2 mg hypophysis each.  There was no spawning in the following
 283: two nights so the fish were returned to the ponds.</p>
 284: 
 285: <p>In the hapa in pond 1, hatching started on 7.2.86.  Kakabans were
 286: removed on 9.2.86 and a suspension of one whole egg (prepared by method A
 287: described by Rothbard, 1982) was given.  This was repeated the following
 288: morning.  (when hard-boiled egg-yolk is dispersed into water through
 289: cloth discrete particles can be seen in the water, and larvae clearly eat
 290: them.  However, the whole-egg suspension method produces particles which are
 291: extremely tiny, and fish were not seen to have ingested them.  Thus despite
 292: comments in ADCP (1983) hard-boiled egg-yolk appears to be better.) That
 293: afternoon larvae were collected from the hapa and distributed into ponds 2,
 294: B, C and D.  A total of about 12 800 larvae were produced from this spawning.</p>
 295: 
 296: <p>Tentative conclusions therefore are as follows.  Fecundity seems to be
 297: quite low, but may improve.  A convenient and predictable routine system
 298: still has to be worked out.  Brood females increased in average size from
 299: 600 g to about 1 200 g in 2&frac12; months.  If they continue to be held at low
 300: density separate from males, spawning should become much easier in the
 301: future.  It may still be necessary to resort to injections to induce
 302: spawning if nothing happens after one or two nights under good conditions,
 303: but stripping and artificial fertilization are not envisaged as being carried
 304: out routinely.  It seems that the water turbidity in any ponds with fish or
 305: with muddy pond floors inhibits spawning.  Possible solutions might be one
 306: of the following.  Keep a grassy-floored pond just for spawning (Dubisch
 307: style).  This would have to be left empty for the rest of the time, since it
 308: would otherwise become muddy.  Spawning could then be carried out inside it,
 309: or in a hapa placed in it.  Arrange concrete or plastic tanks for spawning
 310: by the hatchery (outdoors, static and covered with clear plastic for warmth).
 311: This has the convenience of mains electricity but the considerable inconvenience
 312: of distance from the ponds.  Bring down or build tanks by the ponds, perhaps
 313: with a small accumulator-powered aquarium aerator or two.  This last is
 314: recommended; as well-designed tanks would have a variety of uses.  One design
 315: is shown in Figs 2 and 3 and described in section 4.8.  Kunai grass and pine
 316: seemed better than casuarina as a substrate, but kakabans are more convenient
 317: than either.  The site now has about a dozen kakabans.  The fibre should
 318: last for years, though the wood or bamboo may need periodic replacement.</p>
 319: 
 320: <p>Some of the larger fingerlings in pond 4 should be considered as candidate
 321: broodstock.  If the best of these were stocked in one large
 322: fertilized pond at low density (not more than 1 fish per 20 m<sup>2</sup>) and well
 323: fed, the site should have plenty of broodstock within a few months.  Males
 324: and females (and fish of as yet indeterminate sex) could be included in this
 325: group, with the likely bonus of fry production by uncontrolled breeding.
 326: Pond 1 would be well sutied for this use.</p>
 327: 
 328: <p>5.  FRY REARING</p>
 329: 
 330: <p>Fry were reared in two ponds (pond 3 and holding pond A) for about
 331: 3 weeks.  At the end of this period, those in pond 3 were almost ready for
 332: harvesting and transfer to a fingerling pond, averaging about 0.5 g each.
 333: Those in pond A grew more slowly due to the higher density of stocking.
 334: Four ponds (ponds 2, B, C, D) were stocked with larvae just before the
 335: consultant left.</p>
 336: 
 337: <p>Pond 3 was drained on 13.1.86 in order to catch and check the female
 338: broodstock.  Some work was done on repairing the banks and filling started
 339: 2 days later.  The following day, 200 kg of cow manure collected from nearby
 340: fields were mixed with water and distributed in the pond.  Seven kilograms
 341: of NPK fertilizer (12, 12, 17) were placed on a small try immersed near the
 342: water inlet.  On 17.1.86 another 13 kg NPK were added.  By this time the
 343: water depth averaged about 50 cm.  The next day 1 litre of Dipterex was poured
 344: into the pond water at various places around the edge.  On 20.1.86, 2 500
 345: larvae from the natural spawning in the hapa in pond 1 were stocked in pond 3.
 346: Three days later, about another 21 300 larvae from the induced spawning in
 347: the hatchery tank were distributed (total stocking density 11.9 larvae/m<sup>2</sup>).
 348: Small numbers of rotifers were first seen in the plankton that day.  Quite a
 349: number of back-swimmers (notonectids) were also seen.  Feeding was started
 350: using 0.5 kg ground broiler feed distributed as a slurry in the morning and
 351: afternoon around the pond edges.  To save time spent in grinding and sifting
 352: feed, this was altered next day to a mixture of half chicken feed and half
 353: wheat flour amounting to a total of 1 kg/day.  On the morning of 25.1.86, about
 354: 2.25 1 of kerosine were spread over the water surface, mainly around the
 355: edges, by mixing the kerosine with sand and scattering the mixture.  On
 356: 27.1.86 the feeding rate was increased to 1.5 kg daily of ground and sifted
 357: broiler feed plus what flour (half and half).  About 20 kg of 2-month-old
 358: compost (cow manure plus grass) was also mixed with water and dispersed.
 359: On 28.1 kerosine (about 1.75 1) was again spread in the calm of the morning.
 360: On 31.1.86 pond 3 received an additional 30 kg compost, 30 kg cow manure,
 361: 2.5 kg NPK and 1 kg urea.  The morning feed was increased to 1 kg (but
 362: the afternoon feed inadvertently forgotten).  Thereafter the pond received
 363: 2 kg of feed per day.  Wheat flour was not used from 3.2.86, the whole
 364: quantity being made up of ground and sifted broiler feed.  From 4.2.86
 365: this was sometimes spread as a dust on the water surface if the weather
 366: was calm, rather than as a slurry.  On 7.2.86 an additional 50 kg cow
 367: manure was given.  By 11.2.86, the average fry weight was about 0.5 g.
 368: Fry were plentiful and active but were not harvested due to lack of a
 369: fingerling pond available for further growing.  The size difference
 370: between the two age-groups was still perceptible.</p>
 371: 
 372: <p>The 70 m<sup>2</sup> holding pond A was refilled after a brief draining on 15.1.86.
 373: On 19.1.86 it received a double dose of cow manure (14 kg) and fertilizer
 374: (700 g NPK and 300 g urea).  On 22.1.86 it received 50 ml Dipterex and the
 375: following day about 5 400 larvae (77/m<sup>2</sup>) from the induced spawning in the
 376: hatchery were released.  On 24.1.86 feeding of one dispersed egg-yolk in
 377: the morning and one in the evening commenced, and the next day a small
 378: quantity of fine chicken feed plus wheat flour slurry was also given morning
 379: and evening.  Around 0.25 1 of kerosine was spread in the morning.  The
 380: feeding rate was increased to 0.25 kg mixed powders plus one egg yolk,
 381: given morning and evening, on 27.1.86.  A second kerosine treatment (0.25&ndash;
 382: 0.5 1) was given the next morning, and rotifers were first seen in the
 383: plankton the same day at about 2/ml.  On 31.1.86, the morning feed was
 384: increased to 0.5 kg and egg feeding ceased, but the afternoon feed was
 385: forgotten.  Thereafter, the daily ration was 1 kg (0.5 kg in the morning,
 386: 0.5 kg in the afternoon).  On 3.2.86 flour was left out and the feed from
 387: then on consisted only of ground and sifted broiler pellets.  From the
 388: following day, this was generally given as a dust on the surface rather
 389: than as a slurry.  The plankton on 6.2.86 was full of what were either rotifers
 390: or very large, slow-moving ciliates.  The next day an additional 10 kg of
 391: compost were dispersed.  Fry were plentiful and active, but on 11.2.86 still
 392: very much smaller than those in pond 3, estimated at about 0.1&ndash;0.2 g
 393: average weight.</p>
 394: 
 395: <p>On 3.2.86, the small holding ponds B (21 m<sup>2</sup>), C (49 m<sup>2</sup>) and D (45 m<sup>2</sup>)
 396: were fertilized.  They had recently been emptied but had refilled by seepage,
 397: etc.  Considering &ldquo;standard&rdquo; fertilization as consisting of 100 g/m<sup>2</sup> cow
 398: manure plus 10 g/m<sup>2</sup> of NPK (12, 12, 17), B received a single dose (210 g
 399: NPK and 2.1 kg cow manure), C received a triple dose (1 470 g NPK and
 400: 14.7 kg manure) and D a six-times normal treatment (2 700 g NPK and 27 kg
 401: manure).  On 9.2.86 B received about 10 ml Dipterex and the other two
 402: ponds around 30 ml each.  All were stocked the following afternoon with
 403: larvae from the second natural spawning in a hapa in pond 1, at a rate of
 404: 35&ndash;38 larvae/m<sup>2</sup> (i.e., B received some 740, C 1 850 and D 1 660).</p>
 405: 
 406: <p>Pond 2 was emptied on 4.2.86 to enable female broodstock to be checked,
 407: and refilling started the same day.  On 7.2.86, it received 300 kg cow manure
 408: and 1.5 kg urea.  On 9.2.86 it was treated with 1 000 ml Dipterex and the
 409: following afternoon some 8 500 larvae (4.3/m<sup>2</sup>) from the natural spawning
 410: in the hapa in pond 1 were distributed.</p>
 411: 
 412: <p>6.  CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF SMALL EXPERIMENTAL PONDS</p>
 413: 
 414: <p>Three ponds of 10 m<sup>2</sup> each were dug in a vacant area above pond 4 in
 415: January 1986.  Digging all three took perhaps six man-days, and outlet and
 416: overflow systems about another three, using bamboo pipes.  Some mistakes
 417: were made.  Outlet pipes were not low enough and had to be replaced.  Grass
 418: was not removed before soil was piled up to form banks.  This grassy layer
 419: leaks somewhat and limits the depth for static water conditions to 50 cm.
 420: In one pond this has been made good by cutting out a V-shaped strip of
 421: earth to one spade's depth around the pond at this height and refilling it
 422: with good clay.  This may be worth doing in the other two ponds when next
 423: they are drained.  Meanwhile, however, all three ponds are capable of
 424: maintaining flowing or static water conditions with a depth of about 50 cm
 425: and with complete and easy drainage.  A fourth similar pond was constructed
 426: in February, and there is room for more.  Private farmers' ponds in PNG
 427: average less than 100 m<sup>2</sup> each.  Therefore preliminary trials on management
 428: of village-style ponds may be carried out in these 10 m<sup>2</sup> units.  However
 429: promising results should be re-tested in ponds of 50&ndash;200 m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
 430: 
 431: <p>A small experiment was started, looking at the growth of carp in
 432: stagnant water without feeding under moderately high manuring rates.
 433: This experiment was designed to give as much data in as short a time
 434: as possible and to be somewhat protected against predation or other fish
 435: losses.</p>
 436: 
 437: <p>Each pond was stocked with 10 fish covering a range of sizes and
 438: of different colours.  Therefore, if all fish are weighed regularly, it is
 439: hoped that each will be identifiable.  Therefore, each fish should produce
 440: a measurable growth rate figure at each weighing; ten figures per pond
 441: per growth period instead of just one average.  Although all ponds were
 442: stocked at the same numerical rate of one fish/m<sup>2</sup>, the biomass in each
 443: pond was very different.  They were supposed to represent conditions in
 444: one particular pond at different stages in the growing process.  Thus it
 445: is hoped that some information representing what might be a year's growth
 446: can be obtained within a few months.  At the beginning all ponds are receiving
 447: the same rate of manuring.  However, if this is seen to be too low for the
 448: ponds with the higher biomass of fish (as judged by the growth rates) the
 449: operator can increase the rate of manure application or harvest some of the
 450: big fish and replace them by small ones, as an intelligent farmer might also
 451: decide to do.  The main thing of course is to weigh the fish in all the ponds
 452: regularly (every 2&ndash;4 weeks) and to keep good records of all measurements,
 453: harvests, inputs and changes.</p>
 454: 
 455: <p>The starting rate of manure application is 1 kg of moist cow manure/pond/day,
 456: on a 5-day week basis.  It is therefore equivalent to about 100&ndash;150 kg dry
 457: matter/ha/week.  This is low by intensive manuring standards discussed in
 458: Appendix 4, section 5.3.  It was chosen to fall somewhere between what was
 459: thought might give maximum production and what it was felt that PNG villagers
 460: might be persuaded to try.</p>
 461: 
 462: <p>Data from the first &ldquo;growth&rdquo; period of this experiment is shown below.</p>
 463: 
 464: <TABLE WIDTH="90%" cellspacing="0" border="1" cellpadding="3">
 465: <colgroup>
 466: <col span="1" valign="top">
 467: <col span="2" align="center" valign="top">
 468: <col span="1" valign="top">
 469: <col span="2" align="center" valign="top">
 470: <col span="1" valign="top">
 471: <col span="2" align="center" valign="top">
 472: </colgroup>
 473: <TR><TD width="20%">&nbsp;</TD><TD align="center" COLSPAN="2">fish wt (g)</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD align="center" COLSPAN="2">fish wt (g)</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD align="center" COLSPAN="2">fish wt (g)</TD></TR>
 474: <TR><TD><u>Pond E1</u></TD><TD><u>22.1.86</u></TD><TD><u>10.2.86</u></TD><TD width="15%"><u>Pond E2</u></TD><TD><u>22.1.86</u></TD><TD><u>10.2.86</u></TD><TD width="20%"><u>Pond E3</u></TD><TD align="center"><u>22.1.86</u></TD><TD align="center"><u>10.2.86</u></TD></TR>
 475: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>210</TD><TD>200</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>580</TD><TD>530</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>720</TD><TD>670</TD></TR>
 476: <TR><TD>long red- gold</TD><TD>165</TD><TD>140</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>320</TD><TD>330</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>610</TD><TD>610</TD></TR>
 477: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>77</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>200</TD><TD>190</TD><TD>pale gold</TD><TD>500</TD><TD>470</TD></TR>
 478: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>65</TD><TD>66</TD><TD>red-gold</TD><TD>160</TD><TD>155</TD><TD>long brown</TD><TD>350</TD><TD>340</TD></TR>
 479: <TR><TD>red-gold</TD><TD>63</TD><TD>60</TD><TD width="15%">red-gold, scar</TD><TD>50</TD><TD>46</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>280</TD><TD>260</TD></TR>
 480: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>45</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>45</TD><TD>42</TD><TD width="25%">pale yellow, small eyes</TD><TD>210</TD><TD>220</TD></TR>
 481: <TR><TD>red-gold</TD><TD>37</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>45</TD><TD>46</TD><TD>long red-gold</TD><TD>200</TD><TD>180</TD></TR>
 482: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>25</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>22</TD><TD>27</TD><TD>pale gold</TD><TD>190</TD><TD>160</TD></TR>
 483: <TR><TD>brown</TD><TD>22</TD><TD>25</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>22</TD><TD>22</TD><TD>brown</TD><TD>65</TD><TD>63</TD></TR>
 484: <TR><TD>gold</TD><TD>6</TD><TD>6</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>10</TD><TD>9</TD><TD>gold</TD><TD>45</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 485: <TR><TD>total wt</TD><TD>715 g</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>total wt</TD><TD>1 454 g</TD><TD>1 397</TD><TD>total wt</TD><TD>3 270 g</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 486: <TR><TD>weight of fish which survived</TD><TD>509</TD><TD>497</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>weight of fish which survived</TD><TD>3 125</TD><TD>2 973</TD></TR>
 487: <TR><TD>biomass loss</TD><TD>12 g</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>57 g</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>152 g</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 488: </TABLE>
 489: 
 490: <p>In pond El four fish disappeared (and the smallest died during the catching
 491: and weighing process).  The row &ldquo;weight of fish which survived&rdquo; shows the
 492: total biomass of those fish which were weighed on both occasions.  Into pond
 493: 3 a number of small fish had entered by jumping out of a hapa which had been
 494: standing in that pond when the experiment was first set up.  The excess fish
 495: were removed on weighing but unfortunately among them was one of the fish
 496: originally weighed.  Therefore only 9 fish contributed to the biomass loss
 497: figure.  However, these difficulties illustrate the value of using identifiable
 498: fish of different sizes in small growth trials.  Had this experiment been
 499: based only on average weight increase or decrease such losses would have prevented
 500: any information being obtained.  In this case, useful information was
 501: obtained.</p>
 502: 
 503: <p>Fish lost weight during the period, and weight loss increased as the
 504: stocking biomass increased.  Possible explanations are insufficient manuring
 505: (in new ponds with little topsoil) and/or excessive turbidity due to the clay
 506: nature of the soil.  Unfortunately the ponds were harvested by draining, so
 507: any fertility which may have developed in the water was lost.  It is suggested
 508: that the experiment be continued for one or two periods more of about a month
 509: each.  The manuring rate should be doubled after weighing if little or no
 510: growth has occurred.  If growth continues poor despite very high manuring
 511: rates, the next thing to try might be a comparison of growth rates using different
 512: manures; poulty waste, compost and coffee pulp, perhaps at somewhat lower
 513: fish biomass levels.</p>
 514: 
 515: <p>Future experimental ponds should be built with more sloping banks.  This
 516: will tend to make them slightly more productive and perhaps a little warmer;
 517: it will also result in lower erosion.  There is room for at least 6 ponds
 518: of 50 m<sup>2</sup> each near to the holding ponds C and D, all of which can be drained
 519: through the pipe passing beneath pond 4 which has just been completed.  Care
 520: should be taken to remove the topsoil layer, grass and roots from the area
 521: where soil is piled up to make banks, as otherwise this grassy layer will
 522: leak.</p>
 523: 
 524: <p>7.  USING A LAMP TO CATCH INSECTS FOR FISH FEED</p>
 525: 
 526: <p>Filewood (1967) states: &ldquo;Insects are probably the cheapest and most available
 527: protein source in the highlands; they can be collected by a night-light hung
 528: over the pond or used as an insect-trap&rdquo;.  Similarly Glucksman (1971) says:
 529: &ldquo;Cheap local sources of protein include maggots, ants and ant eggs and insects
 530: captured at night with a light&rdquo;.  This has been embodied in advice to farmers.
 531: The government's extension booklet &ldquo;Grow good carp book 2B, Management of
 532: pond with supplementary feeding&rdquo; (1970) shows a man with a simple kerosine-burning
 533: wick lamp with the caption, &ldquo;Insects are good food for carp.  Hang
 534: a lamp over the pond at night.  Insects will fly into the light and fall into
 535: the pond&rdquo;.</p>
 536: 
 537: <p>A small experiment was carried out to see how effective this advice might
 538: be.  A kerosene lamp (Dietz D-lite No. 90) with an adjustable wick inside
 539: a glass envelope was placed with its base just at water level inside a glass
 540: aquarium (69 cm &times; 38 cm &times; 29 cm) filled with water to a depth of about 10 cm.
 541: This was arranged on an open area of lawn, unobstructed in all directions
 542: except for one small bush at one side.  There were no electric lights left
 543: on in the near vicinity.  The lamp was lit at dusk and left burning overnight.
 544: In the morning the insects which had fallen into the water were collected
 545: using an aquarium handnet and weighed (without drying) on a digital balance.
 546: The volume of kerosene burned was measured.  This was carried out on three
 547: separate nights.  One of these nights was wet and had noticeably abundant
 548: insect life (as judged by riding a motorcycle during the evening).  The results
 549: were as follows:</p>
 550: 
 551: <TABLE WIDTH="95%" cellspacing="0" border="0" cellpadding="3">
 552: <TR><TD width="15%" valign="top">2 &ndash; 3.1.86</TD><TD>lamp burned from 7 pm to 7 am insect weight caught:</TD><TD>0.08 g (6 small moths, 1 small cranefly, 1 flying ant)</TD></TR>
 553: <TR><TD valign="top">3 &ndash; 4.1.86</TD><TD>lamp burned from 7 pm to 7 am insect weight caught:</TD><TD>0.34 g (4 moths, 2 flying ants, 1 earwig, various gnats)</TD></TR>
 554: <TR><TD valign="top">6 &ndash; 7.1.86</TD><TD>lamp burned from 7.30 pm to 6.30 am insect weight caught:</TD><TD>0.32 g</TD></TR>
 555: </TABLE>
 556: 
 557: <p>Fuel used over 3 night 1 050 ml, to catch 0.74 g wet weight of insects.</p>
 558: 
 559: <p>On the basis of this very preliminary trial, the fuel cost of insects as a
 560: fish food works out at slightly over 500 Kina/kg (i.e., more than one thousand
 561: times the price of manufactured livestock feeds).</p>
 562: 
 563: <p>8.  PELLETS AND FLAKES</p>
 564: 
 565: <p>Pellets may be a convenient and economical way of presenting feeds under
 566: certain circumstances, e.g., when feeding broodstock held at
 567: high densities, when using bait rod demand feeders (see Fig. 1) or when feeding
 568: fish in tanks.  As a simple way to make small quantities of pellets, broiler
 569: grower was powdered by passing through a small hand-powered mincing machine
 570: (hole diameter about 2 mm).  Wheat flour or dried powdered sweet potato were
 571: mixed with the powdered feed at two levels to test their effectiveness as
 572: binders.  Measured quantities of water were added to the dry powders and well
 573: mixed in.  Then the resulting pastes were pelleted through the same mincing
 574: machine.  Pellets were spread out until dry to the touch and then tested for
 575: cohesion by soaking in cups of water with occasional swirling.  Visual estimates
 576: were made of the percentage of the material in each cup which retained its
 577: pelleted from after different periods of immersion.  The results are tabulated
 578: below (quantities in grams).</p>
 579: 
 580: <TABLE WIDTH="80%" cellspacing="0" border="1">
 581: <CAPTION></CAPTION>
 582: <colgroup>
 583: <col span="1">
 584: <col span="6" align="center">
 585: </colgroup>
 586: <TR><TD align="center" COLSPAN="4"><u>Pellet composition</u></TD><TD align="center" COLSPAN="3"><u>Period of immersion</u></TD></TR>
 587: <TR><TD align="center">broiler</TD><TD align="center">wheat flour</TD><TD align="center">sweet potato powder</TD><TD align="center">water</TD><TD align="center">90 min</TD><TD align="center">130 min</TD><TD align="center">250 min</TD></TR>
 588: <TR><TD>1000</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>500</TD><TD>50%</TD><TD>40%</TD><TD>40%</TD></TR>
 589: <TR><TD>1000</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>900</TD><TD>70%</TD><TD>50%</TD><TD>50%</TD></TR>
 590: <TR><TD>1000</TD><TD>100</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>500</TD><TD>80%</TD><TD>70%</TD><TD>60%</TD></TR>
 591: <TR><TD>1000</TD><TD>200</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>600</TD><TD>90%</TD><TD>85%</TD><TD>60%</TD></TR>
 592: <TR><TD>1000</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>150</TD><TD>750</TD><TD>50%</TD><TD>50%</TD><TD>30%</TD></TR>
 593: <TR><TD>1000</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>500</TD><TD>1 000</TD><TD>40%</TD><TD>40%</TD><TD>25%</TD></TR>
 594: </TABLE>
 595: 
 596: <p>Clearly wheat flour slightly improved the quality of the pellets while
 597: sweet potato slightly lowered it.  However, pellets which consisted just of
 598: broiler feed, without any binder, seemed very satisfactory.  As wheat flour
 599: is dearer than the chicken feed and has a lower protein level, its use increases the
 600: cost and lowers the value of the feed, and is therefore not recommended.</p>
 601: 
 602: <p>Flakes are useful for feeding fish in aquaria and for feeding small fish
 603: in tanks.  As they float on the surface of the water they provide a way of
 604: making food available for a long time without the use of a feeder and they
 605: encourage the early feeding of those small fish which do not like to feed
 606: off the floor.  Flakes were produced by grinding broiler starter in the handpowered
 607: mincing machine and seiving the resulting powder through a fine cloth
 608: (pore size about 1/4 mm).  The fine powder was then mixed with one quarter its
 609: weight of wheat flour.  Water was added to form a wet paste.  This was spread
 610: by hand as thinly as possible onto polythene sheeting and then left to dry
 611: (initially indoors, later in a small solar drier).  The resulting flakes were
 612: rather variable in thickness but had excellent cohesion, lasting for many
 613: hours in water.  It would be worth experimenting with differing amounts of
 614: water in the paste, and with lower levels of wheat flour.</p>
 615: 
 616: <p>Residue from the seiving appeared to consist largely of maize particles.
 617: It was kept and used for feeding fish being held at low densities (below
 618: about 500 kg/ha), which benefit most from additions of energy to their diet
 619: but receive adequate protein from natural food.</p>
 620: 
 621: <p>9.  COLLECTION OF MULLETS</p>
 622: 
 623: <p>Mullets were collected from the Labu Batu area opposite the wharf at
 624: Lae, on 29 &ndash; 30 January 1986.  Considerable help was received from Marco Sappu
 625: who works at Unitech in the Department of Chemical Technology.  He made contact
 626: with the Kidd family at Gumao village who provided fishing assistance, a place
 627: to stay, canoes, their beach seine and a fish cage.</p>
 628: 
 629: <p>Fish which were caught in the sea were placed in a net cage standing
 630: in front of the village.  They were placed in a hapa standing in a natural
 631: freshwater pond if they came from one of several such ponds or from the Markham
 632: river mouth.  They were carried in large plastic bags to the wharf where the
 633: DPI vehicle waited with an oxygen cylinder.  There the bags were filled with
 634: oxygen.  In both cases the fish were transported in water of the same salinity
 635: as they had been held in.</p>
 636: 
 637: <p>About 300 fish reach Aiyura alive, of which about half appeared to be
 638: in reasonable condition.  A little malachite green was put into the water
 639: in their bags, and they were hung inside the water of pond 1 for the temperatures
 640: to equilibrate.  Pond water was added gradually to the water in the
 641: bags over about 30 minutes until the temperature difference had been reduced
 642: from about 4&deg;C to about 1&deg;C and the fish were then allowed to swim out into
 643: the pond.  They were counted as they did so.  By this time the salinity of
 644: those bags containing salt water had also dropped (from a taste-estimated
 645: 10&ndash;15 ppt to perhaps one third of this level).  Fish sizes ranged from about
 646: 1.6 cm (0.05 g) to over 12 cm (15 g) each.  No identification as to species
 647: was attempted due to the absence of identification keys, but samples were
 648: preserved in 4 percent formalin, for possible future study.</p>
 649: 
 650: <p>Mullets, although resistant to an extremely wide temperature and salinity
 651: range (if the change is not too sudden) very easily lose their scales and
 652: become susceptible to infection if handled roughly.  A few fry were caught
 653: in a smaller 5 m x 1.20 m seine made of fine nylon cloth (pore size about
 654: 1 mm &times; 1 mm).  This seemed less likely to damage them than the large beach
 655: seine.  A factor which made the journey difficult was the uncertain nature
 656: of the boat connexion between the village and the Lae wharf.  Various delays
 657: led to the journey back through the Markham valley being made in the heat
 658: of the day.  Though shaded, the bags were not well insulated so that water
 659: temperatures rose to about 30&deg;C.  An unknown number of fish died at Labu Butu
 660: (due largely to inexperienced handling) and about 35 percent of those packed
 661: were dead on arrival.</p>
 662: 
 663: <p>If there is interest in mullets in future, the following might help improve
 664: their survival.  In whatever net they are caught they should be allowed to
 665: remain in the water, carefully concentrated in the centre and then lifted
 666: out, preferably using an aquarium handnet.  A seine of fine netting of 5&ndash;10 m
 667: length and 1&ndash;1&frac12; m depth made of a cloth of pore size 1&ndash;2 mm might be very
 668: useful, especially about a month or two earlier in the year when smaller fry
 669: should be about.  Push nets, either square or triangular, operated by one
 670: person going around with his own bucket (and a torch if at night) might work
 671: out as fast as using one seine net between six people, and a great deal gentler
 672: to the fish.  (This is how <u>Mugil cephalus</u> of 1.5&ndash;2 cm length are caught in
 673: Israel.)  With good handling, more than 80 percent should survive the journey.</p>
 674: 
 675: <p>It might be worth putting malachite at a low rate (0.1&ndash;0.2 ppm)
 676: into the water before the bags are filled with oxygen.  It
 677: might also be worth packing the bags in an insulated
 678: box into which ice could be put from time to time to keep the temperature
 679: fairly constant.  The position of the sea cage in front of the village turned
 680: out to have a very variable salinity with changing tides.  Further up one
 681: of the creeks might have been better, especially if a place could be found
 682: where tidal currents are not so strong.  Cages or seines for larger fingerlings
 683: would be better made out of knotless nylon which causes less fish damage.</p>
 684: 
 685: <p>It should be possible on a well-planned trip to catch and bring home
 686: a few thousand fish at a cost of a few toia each.  There must be some thought
 687: given in advance as to where they are to be stocked.  Care must be taken to
 688: minimize temperature shocks, particularly if the fish are also undergoing
 689: a big salinity change.  Mullets generally do well in manured polyculture ponds
 690: where they live largely on detritus (partly-decayed material), algae and zooplankton.
 691: They are not known as predators and do not breed in freshwater.</p>
 692: 
 693: <p>10.  TILAPIA BREEDING</p>
 694: 
 695: <p>A group of small tilapia was found in a tank at the hatchery.  They had
 696: apparently been caught in the Ramu river at Yonki several months previously.
 697: On 27.12.85 they were sexed as far as possible and a group of 9 males, 14
 698: females and 4 unidentified (average weight of whole group 19 g) was placed
 699: in a round tank.  This was of 285 cm diameter.  The floor had been covered with
 700: about 200 kg of sand, and it had been filled with water to a depth of about
 701: 60 cm.  It was outdoors, without flow but covered with clear plastic sheeting,
 702: so that temperatures were generally in the range of 24&ndash;28&deg;C.  Five carp of
 703: about 10 g each were also put into the tank, which was fed (once or twice
 704: on most days) with small amounts of flaked food made from broiler grower and
 705: wheat flour (Appendix 5, section 8).</p>
 706: 
 707: <p>At the same time an indoor aquarium was set up with an airlift aerator
 708: set into a layer of sand on the floor.  One male and two females (unweighed)
 709: were introduced.  It was placed in the sunniest corner of the hatchery and
 710: covered with clear plastic sheeting.  However temperatures remained low, 18&ndash;
 711: 24&deg;C.</p>
 712: 
 713: <p>Within about 10 days a disease developed in the aquarium (ichthyopthyriasis
 714: perhaps) and the male and 1 female had died.  The second female was bathed in 50 ppt
 715: salt solution, left for 10 hours in 10 ppt salt and the aquarium finally refilled
 716: so that it remained slightly brackish (about 2 ppt).  Small amounts of malachite
 717: green were also added occasionally.  The female survived and another male
 718: was introduced later but no breeding took place.</p>
 719: 
 720: <p>On 20.1.86 the outdoor tank was drained and the mouths of all females
 721: checked for fry or eggs.  Four were found to have bred and their mouth contents
 722: were washed out.  190 free-swimming fry were obtained and an uncounted number
 723: (about 200) of newly-hatched or just-hatching eggs.  The free-swimming fish
 724: were placed in a 600 l outdoor tank, covered with clear plastic and partly
 725: filled with water from the tilapia breeding tank.  They survived and grew,
 726: receiving small quantities of egg-yolk and finely-powdered flakes.  The nonswimming
 727: larvae were put into various floating baskets and an upwelling airlift
 728: system but none reached a free-swimming stage and all had died by the end
 729: of the month.</p>
 730: 
 731: <p>If this work is to be continued it is suggested that the period between
 732: checking the females be increased to about a month or six weeks.</p>
 733: 
 734: 
 735: <hr><p align="center">
 736: <a href = 'R9972E10.htm'><img src="back.GIF" width="43" height="35" border="0"  alt="Previous Page"></a>
 737: <a href="#TopOfPage" target="_top"><img src="top.GIF" width="43" height="35" border="0"  alt="Top of Page"></a>
 738: <a href = 'R9972E12.htm'><img src="next.GIF" width="43" height="35" border="0"  alt="Next Page"></a>
 739: </p></body></html>

--------------------------------------------------

[CSE] Warning number 1:
Possibly misspelled words (143, 65 unique): ADCP (1x),
Aquaculture (1x), Batu (1x), Bundaira (1x), Butu (1x),
cephalus (1x), ciliates (1x), colours (1x), cranefly (1x),
cylindrica (1x), DPI (1x), Dubisch (1x), eggyolk (1x),
estiimated (1x), Filewood (1x), formalin (1x), Glucksman
(1x), Gumao (1x), handpowered (1x), ichthyopthyriasis (1x),
Imperata (1x), Kidd (1x), Kina (1x), labourers (1x), libitum
(1x), Mugil (1x), nonswimming (1x), notonectids (1x),
polythene (1x), poulty (1x), Ramu (1x), Sagom (1x), Sappu
(1x), Secchi (1x), somwehat (1x), sutied (1x), toia (1x),
Unitech (1x), upplied (1x), upwelling (1x), Woynarovich
(1x), Woynarovich's (1x), Yonki (1x), Arenga (2x), handnet
(2x), hapas (2x), hypophysis (2x), kunai (2x), Labu (2x),
Lae (2x). List limited to first 50 unique words.

[CSE] Message number 1:
[72] [73] To disable the section 508 accessibility messages,
disable flag 72. To disable this message, disable flag 73.

[CSE] Message number 2 for the tag beginning in line 2:4:
[9] The "align" attribute is deprecated in HTML 4.01 in
favor of using style sheets.

[CSE] Warning number 2 in line 3:9:
Spaces found around the character '='.

[CSE] Warning number 3 in line 5:9:
Spaces found around the character '='.

[CSE] Message number 3 for the tag beginning in line 7:21:
[7] Underlining text may confuse your visitors because most
browsers use underlining to emphasize hyperlinks.

[CSE] Message number 4 for the tag beginning in line 7:21:
[9] The "u" element is deprecated in HTML 4.01 in favor of
using style sheets. This element may become obsolete in the
future.

[CSE] Message number 5 for the tag beginning in line 12:2:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).

[CSE] Message number 6 for the tag beginning in line 12:2:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).

[CSE] Message number 7 for the tag beginning in line 12:2:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "TABLE"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this element is not widely
supported.

[CSE] Message number 8 for the tag beginning in line 12:2:
[5] The "TABLE" element is an HTML 4.01 element but may not
be supported by older or nongraphical browsers. Furthermore,
nongraphical browsers that do support tables may not support
them the way that you expect. However, most browsers used
today should support this element.

[CSE] Message number 9 for the tag beginning in line 12:47:
[9] The "align" and "bgcolor" attributes for the "TABLE"
element are deprecated in HTML 4.01 in favor of using style
sheets.

[CSE] Message number 10 for the tag beginning in line 13:2:
[1] The "col" and "colgroup" elements are HTML 4.01 elements
but are currently only supported by Internet Explorer. For
instance, Netscape 4.0 does not support these elements.

[CSE] Message number 11 for the tag beginning in line 17:9:
[9] The "bgcolor", "height", "nowrap", and "width"
attributes for the "TD" and "th" elements are deprecated in
HTML 4.01 in favor of using style sheets.

[CSE] Message number 12 for the tag beginning in line 41:3:
[44] Consider using a "caption" element to describe the
nature of this table. Use this element immediately after the
"table" start tag.

[CSE] Message number 13 for the tag beginning in line 50:2:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).

[CSE] Message number 14 for the tag beginning in line 50:2:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).

[CSE] Message number 15 for the tag beginning in line 50:2:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "TABLE"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this element is not widely
supported.

[CSE] Message number 16 for the tag beginning in line 68:3:
[44] Consider using a "caption" element to describe the
nature of this table. Use this element immediately after the
"table" start tag.

[CSE] Message number 17 for the tag beginning in line 107:2:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).

[CSE] Message number 18 for the tag beginning in line 107:2:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).

[CSE] Message number 19 for the tag beginning in line 107:2:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "TABLE"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this element is not widely
supported.

[CSE] Message number 20 for the tag beginning in line
118:47:
[7] You should use the "alt", "height", and "width"
attributes with the "img" element. Using these attributes is
considered to be good style. Using the "height" and "width"
attributes may also cause pages to render faster and more
smoothly (without "jumping"). Use alt="" when alternate text
is not appropriate, such as when images are intended to
format a page.

[CSE] Message number 21 for the tag beginning in line
120:60:
[7] You should use the "alt", "height", and "width"
attributes with the "img" element. Using these attributes is
considered to be good style. Using the "height" and "width"
attributes may also cause pages to render faster and more
smoothly (without "jumping"). Use alt="" when alternate text
is not appropriate, such as when images are intended to
format a page.

[CSE] Message number 22 for the tag beginning in line
123:57:
[7] You should use the "alt", "height", and "width"
attributes with the "img" element. Using these attributes is
considered to be good style. Using the "height" and "width"
attributes may also cause pages to render faster and more
smoothly (without "jumping"). Use alt="" when alternate text
is not appropriate, such as when images are intended to
format a page.

[CSE] Message number 23 for the tag beginning in line
126:87:
[7] You should use the "alt", "height", and "width"
attributes with the "img" element. Using these attributes is
considered to be good style. Using the "height" and "width"
attributes may also cause pages to render faster and more
smoothly (without "jumping"). Use alt="" when alternate text
is not appropriate, such as when images are intended to
format a page.

[CSE] Message number 24 for the tag beginning in line
129:89:
[7] You should use the "alt", "height", and "width"
attributes with the "img" element. Using these attributes is
considered to be good style. Using the "height" and "width"
attributes may also cause pages to render faster and more
smoothly (without "jumping"). Use alt="" when alternate text
is not appropriate, such as when images are intended to
format a page.

[CSE] Message number 25 for the tag beginning in line
132:54:
[7] You should use the "alt", "height", and "width"
attributes with the "img" element. Using these attributes is
considered to be good style. Using the "height" and "width"
attributes may also cause pages to render faster and more
smoothly (without "jumping"). Use alt="" when alternate text
is not appropriate, such as when images are intended to
format a page.

[CSE] Message number 26 for the tag beginning in line
133:86:
[7] You should use the "alt", "height", and "width"
attributes with the "img" element. Using these attributes is
considered to be good style. Using the "height" and "width"
attributes may also cause pages to render faster and more
smoothly (without "jumping"). Use alt="" when alternate text
is not appropriate, such as when images are intended to
format a page.

[CSE] Message number 27 for the tag beginning in line 144:3:
[44] Consider using a "caption" element to describe the
nature of this table. Use this element immediately after the
"table" start tag.

[CSE] Message number 28 for the tag beginning in line 146:2:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).

[CSE] Message number 29 for the tag beginning in line 146:2:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).

[CSE] Message number 30 for the tag beginning in line 146:2:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "TABLE"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this element is not widely
supported.

[CSE] Message number 31 for the tag beginning in line 158:3:
[44] Consider using a "caption" element to describe the
nature of this table. Use this element immediately after the
"table" start tag.

[CSE] Message number 32 for the tag beginning in line 464:2:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).

[CSE] Message number 33 for the tag beginning in line 464:2:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).

[CSE] Message number 34 for the tag beginning in line 464:2:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "TABLE"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this element is not widely
supported.

[CSE] Message number 35 for the tag beginning in line 488:3:
[44] Consider using a "caption" element to describe the
nature of this table. Use this element immediately after the
"table" start tag.

[CSE] Message number 36 for the tag beginning in line 551:2:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).

[CSE] Message number 37 for the tag beginning in line 551:2:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).

[CSE] Message number 38 for the tag beginning in line 551:2:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "TABLE"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this element is not widely
supported.

[CSE] Message number 39 for the tag beginning in line 555:3:
[44] Consider using a "caption" element to describe the
nature of this table. Use this element immediately after the
"table" start tag.

[CSE] Message number 40 for the tag beginning in line 580:2:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).

[CSE] Message number 41 for the tag beginning in line 580:2:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).

[CSE] Message number 42 for the tag beginning in line 580:2:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "TABLE"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this element is not widely
supported.

[CSE] Warning number 4 in line 736:9:
Spaces found around the character '='.

[CSE] Warning number 5 in line 738:9:
Spaces found around the character '='.

[CSE] Comment number 1:
You are using an unregistered, evaluation version of CSE
HTML Validator Professional and have validated 59 documents.
You may validate up to 41 more documents.

[CSE] Comment number 2:
You can allow spaces to surround equal signs by turning on
the option to allow spaces around '='. This option is in CSE
HTML Validator's Validator Options. If allowed, attributes
such as ALIGN =CENTER and ALIGN = CENTER will not generate
error messages.

[CSE] Comment number 3:
[25] This document is approximately 50847 bytes. Some people
may consider this document to be too large. It is generally
a good idea to limit the size of HTML documents so that they
do not contain too much information and also so that they
load faster. This message displays for documents over 30,000
bytes.

[CSE] Comment number 4:
[8] <meta name="description" content="(actual description)">
should be used in the "head" section to provide a brief
description of what is contained on this page. This
information is used by many search engines when indexing a
site. If you are using HTML Validator's integrated editor,
you can add this from the Tags menu and/or from the Tag
Inserter.

[CSE] Comment number 5:
[8] <meta name="keywords" content="(actual keyword list)">
should be used in the "head" section to provide a list of
keywords that are relevent to this page. This information is
used by many search engines when indexing a site. If you are
using HTML Validator's integrated editor, you can add this
from the Tags menu and/or from the Tag Inserter.

--------------------------------------------------

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| | | </TR> (36) 
| | | <TR> (37) 
| | | | <TD> (37) 
| | | | </TD> (37) 
| | | | <TD> (37) 
| | | | | &ndash; (37) 
| | | | </TD> (37) 
| | | </TR> (37) 
| | | <TR> (38) 
| | | | <TD> (38) 
| | | | </TD> (38) 
| | | | <TD> (38) 
| | | | | &ndash; (38) 
| | | | </TD> (38) 
| | | </TR> (38) 
| | | <TR> (39) 
| | | | <TD> (39) 
| | | | </TD> (39) 
| | | | <TD> (39) 
| | | | | &ndash; (39) 
| | | | </TD> (39) 
| | | </TR> (39) 
| | | <TR> (40) 
| | | | <TD> (40) 
| | | | </TD> (40) 
| | | | <TD> (40) 
| | | | | &ndash; (40) 
| | | | </TD> (40) 
| | | </TR> (40) 
| | </TABLE> (41) 
| | <p> (43) 
| | </p> (43) 
| | <p> (45) 
| | </p> (48) 
| | <TABLE> (50) 
| | | <colgroup> (51) 
| | | | <col> (52) <col> (53) 
| | | </colgroup> (54) 
| | | <TR> (55) 
| | | | <TD> (55) 
| | | | </TD> (55) 
| | | | <TD> (55) 
| | | | </TD> (55) 
| | | | <TD> (55) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (55) 
| | | | </TD> (55) 
| | | </TR> (55) 
| | | <TR> (56) 
| | | | <TD> (56) 
| | | | </TD> (56) 
| | | | <TD> (56) 
| | | | </TD> (56) 
| | | </TR> (56) 
| | | <TR> (57) 
| | | | <TD> (57) 
| | | | </TD> (57) 
| | | | <TD> (57) 
| | | | | <sup> (57) 
| | | | | </sup> (57) 
| | | | </TD> (57) 
| | | </TR> (57) 
| | | <TR> (58) 
| | | | <TD> (58) 
| | | | </TD> (58) 
| | | | <TD> (58) 
| | | | | <sup> (58) 
| | | | | </sup> (58) 
| | | | </TD> (58) 
| | | </TR> (58) 
| | | <TR> (59) 
| | | | <TD> (59) 
| | | | </TD> (59) 
| | | | <TD> (59) 
| | | | </TD> (59) 
| | | </TR> (59) 
| | | <TR> (60) 
| | | | <TD> (60) 
| | | | </TD> (60) 
| | | | <TD> (60) 
| | | | | <sup> (60) 
| | | | | </sup> (60) 
| | | | </TD> (60) 
| | | </TR> (60) 
| | | <TR> (61) 
| | | | <TD> (61) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (61) 
| | | | </TD> (61) 
| | | </TR> (61) 
| | | <TR> (62) 
| | | | <TD> (62) 
| | | | </TD> (62) 
| | | | <TD> (62) 
| | | | </TD> (62) 
| | | | <TD> (62) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (62) 
| | | | </TD> (62) 
| | | </TR> (62) 
| | | <TR> (63) 
| | | | <TD> (63) 
| | | | </TD> (63) 
| | | | <TD> (63) 
| | | | </TD> (63) 
| | | </TR> (63) 
| | | <TR> (64) 
| | | | <TD> (64) 
| | | | </TD> (64) 
| | | | <TD> (64) 
| | | | | <sup> (64) 
| | | | | </sup> (64) 
| | | | </TD> (64) 
| | | </TR> (64) 
| | | <TR> (65) 
| | | | <TD> (65) 
| | | | </TD> (65) 
| | | | <TD> (65) 
| | | | | <sup> (65) 
| | | | | </sup> (65) 
| | | | </TD> (65) 
| | | </TR> (65) 
| | | <TR> (66) 
| | | | <TD> (66) 
| | | | </TD> (66) 
| | | | <TD> (66) 
| | | | </TD> (66) 
| | | </TR> (66) 
| | | <TR> (67) 
| | | | <TD> (67) 
| | | | </TD> (67) 
| | | | <TD> (67) 
| | | | | <sup> (67) 
| | | | | </sup> (67) 
| | | | </TD> (67) 
| | | </TR> (67) 
| | </TABLE> (68) 
| | <p> (70) 
| | | <sup> (72) 
| | | </sup> (72) 
| | </p> (76) 
| | <p> (78) 
| | </p> (83) 
| | <p> (85) 
| | </p> (85) 
| | <p> (87) 
| | | <sup> (89) 
| | | </sup> (89) 
| | | &ndash; (90) &ndash; (91) 
| | | <sup> (91) 
| | | </sup> (91) 
| | | &ndash; (91) &ndash; (96) 
| | </p> (99) 
| | <p> (101) 
| | </p> (105) 
| | <TABLE> (107) 
| | | <colgroup> (108) 
| | | | <col> (109) <col> (110) <col> (111) <col> (112) 
| | | </colgroup> (113) 
| | | <TR> (114) 
| | | | <TD> (114) 
| | | | | <u> (114) 
| | | | | | &ndash; (114) 
| | | | | </u> (114) 
| | | | </TD> (114) 
| | | | <TD> (114) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (114) 
| | | | </TD> (114) 
| | | | <TD> (114) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (114) 
| | | | </TD> (114) 
| | | | <TD> (114) 
| | | | | <u> (114) 
| | | | | </u> (114) 
| | | | </TD> (114) 
| | | | <TD> (114) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (114) 
| | | | </TD> (114) 
| | | | <TD> (114) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (114) 
| | | | </TD> (114) 
| | | | <TD> (114) 
| | | | | <u> (114) 
| | | | | </u> (114) 
| | | | </TD> (114) 
| | | | <TD> (114) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (114) 
| | | | </TD> (114) 
| | | </TR> (114) 
| | | <TR> (115) 
| | | | <TD> (115) 
| | | | </TD> (115) 
| | | | <TD> (115) 
| | | | </TD> (115) 
| | | | <TD> (115) 
| | | | </TD> (115) 
| | | | <TD> (115) 
| | | | </TD> (115) 
| | | | <TD> (115) 
| | | | </TD> (115) 
| | | | <TD> (115) 
| | | | </TD> (115) 
| | | | <TD> (115) 
| | | | </TD> (115) 
| | | | <TD> (115) 
| | | | </TD> (115) 
| | | </TR> (115) 
| | | <TR> (116) 
| | | | <TD> (116) 
| | | | </TD> (116) 
| | | | <TD> (116) 
| | | | </TD> (116) 
| | | | <TD> (116) 
| | | | | &rarr; (116) 
| | | | </TD> (116) 
| | | | <TD> (116) 
| | | | </TD> (116) 
| | | | <TD> (116) 
| | | | </TD> (116) 
| | | | <TD> (116) 
| | | | | &rarr; (116) 
| | | | </TD> (116) 
| | | | <TD> (116) 
| | | | </TD> (116) 
| | | | <TD> (116) 
| | | | </TD> (116) 
| | | </TR> (116) 
| | | <TR> (117) 
| | | | <TD> (117) 
| | | | </TD> (117) 
| | | | <TD> (117) 
| | | | </TD> (117) 
| | | | <TD> (117) 
| | | | | &rarr; (117) 
| | | | </TD> (117) 
| | | | <TD> (117) 
| | | | </TD> (117) 
| | | | <TD> (117) 
| | | | </TD> (117) 
| | | | <TD> (117) 
| | | | | &rarr; (117) 
| | | | </TD> (117) 
| | | | <TD> (117) 
| | | | </TD> (117) 
| | | | <TD> (117) 
| | | | </TD> (117) 
| | | </TR> (117) 
| | | <TR> (118) 
| | | | <TD> (118) 
| | | | </TD> (118) 
| | | | <TD> (118) 
| | | | </TD> (118) 
| | | | <TD> (118) 
| | | | | <img> (118) 
| | | | </TD> (118) 
| | | | <TD> (118) 
| | | | </TD> (118) 
| | | | <TD> (118) 
| | | | </TD> (118) 
| | | | <TD> (118) 
| | | | | &rarr; (118) 
| | | | </TD> (118) 
| | | | <TD> (118) 
| | | | </TD> (118) 
| | | | <TD> (118) 
| | | | </TD> (118) 
| | | </TR> (118) 
| | | <TR> (119) 
| | | | <TD> (119) 
| | | | </TD> (119) 
| | | | <TD> (119) 
| | | | </TD> (119) 
| | | | <TD> (119) 
| | | | </TD> (119) 
| | | | <TD> (119) 
| | | | </TD> (119) 
| | | | <TD> (119) 
| | | | | &rarr; (119) 
| | | | </TD> (119) 
| | | | <TD> (119) 
| | | | </TD> (119) 
| | | | <TD> (119) 
| | | | </TD> (119) 
| | | </TR> (119) 
| | | <TR> (120) 
| | | | <TD> (120) 
| | | | </TD> (120) 
| | | | <TD> (120) 
| | | | </TD> (120) 
| | | | <TD> (120) 
| | | | | <img> (120) 
| | | | </TD> (120) 
| | | | <TD> (120) 
| | | | </TD> (120) 
| | | | <TD> (120) 
| | | | </TD> (120) 
| | | | <TD> (120) 
| | | | | &rarr; (120) 
| | | | </TD> (120) 
| | | | <TD> (120) 
| | | | </TD> (120) 
| | | | <TD> (120) 
| | | | </TD> (120) 
| | | </TR> (120) 
| | | <TR> (121) 
| | | | <TD> (121) 
| | | | </TD> (121) 
| | | | <TD> (121) 
| | | | </TD> (121) 
| | | | <TD> (121) 
| | | | </TD> (121) 
| | | | <TD> (121) 
| | | | </TD> (121) 
| | | | <TD> (121) 
| | | | | &rarr; (121) 
| | | | </TD> (121) 
| | | | <TD> (121) 
| | | | </TD> (121) 
| | | | <TD> (121) 
| | | | </TD> (121) 
| | | </TR> (121) 
| | | <TR> (122) 
| | | | <TD> (122) 
| | | | </TD> (122) 
| | | | <TD> (122) 
| | | | </TD> (122) 
| | | | <TD> (122) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (122) 
| | | | </TD> (122) 
| | | | <TD> (122) 
| | | | </TD> (122) 
| | | | <TD> (122) 
| | | | </TD> (122) 
| | | | <TD> (122) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (122) 
| | | | </TD> (122) 
| | | | <TD> (122) 
| | | | </TD> (122) 
| | | | <TD> (122) 
| | | | </TD> (122) 
| | | </TR> (122) 
| | | <TR> (123) 
| | | | <TD> (123) 
| | | | </TD> (123) 
| | | | <TD> (123) 
| | | | </TD> (123) 
| | | | <TD> (123) 
| | | | | <img> (123) 
| | | | </TD> (123) 
| | | | <TD> (123) 
| | | | </TD> (123) 
| | | | <TD> (123) 
| | | | </TD> (123) 
| | | | <TD> (123) 
| | | | | &rarr; (123) 
| | | | </TD> (123) 
| | | | <TD> (123) 
| | | | </TD> (123) 
| | | | <TD> (123) 
| | | | </TD> (123) 
| | | </TR> (123) 
| | | <TR> (124) 
| | | | <TD> (124) 
| | | | </TD> (124) 
| | | | <TD> (124) 
| | | | </TD> (124) 
| | | | <TD> (124) 
| | | | </TD> (124) 
| | | | <TD> (124) 
| | | | </TD> (124) 
| | | | <TD> (124) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (124) 
| | | | </TD> (124) 
| | | | <TD> (124) 
| | | | </TD> (124) 
| | | | <TD> (124) 
| | | | </TD> (124) 
| | | </TR> (124) 
| | | <TR> (125) 
| | | | <TD> (125) 
| | | | </TD> (125) 
| | | | <TD> (125) 
| | | | </TD> (125) 
| | | | <TD> (125) 
| | | | </TD> (125) 
| | | | <TD> (125) 
| | | | </TD> (125) 
| | | | <TD> (125) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (125) 
| | | | </TD> (125) 
| | | | <TD> (125) 
| | | | </TD> (125) 
| | | | <TD> (125) 
| | | | </TD> (125) 
| | | </TR> (125) 
| | | <TR> (126) 
| | | | <TD> (126) 
| | | | </TD> (126) 
| | | | <TD> (126) 
| | | | </TD> (126) 
| | | | <TD> (126) 
| | | | </TD> (126) 
| | | | <TD> (126) 
| | | | </TD> (126) 
| | | | <TD> (126) 
| | | | | <img> (126) 
| | | | </TD> (126) 
| | | | <TD> (126) 
| | | | </TD> (126) 
| | | | <TD> (126) 
| | | | </TD> (126) 
| | | </TR> (126) 
| | | <TR> (127) 
| | | | <TD> (127) 
| | | | </TD> (127) 
| | | | <TD> (127) 
| | | | </TD> (127) 
| | | | <TD> (127) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (127) 
| | | | </TD> (127) 
| | | | <TD> (127) 
| | | | </TD> (127) 
| | | | <TD> (127) 
| | | | </TD> (127) 
| | | | <TD> (127) 
| | | | </TD> (127) 
| | | | <TD> (127) 
| | | | </TD> (127) 
| | | </TR> (127) 
| | | <TR> (128) 
| | | | <TD> (128) 
| | | | </TD> (128) 
| | | | <TD> (128) 
| | | | </TD> (128) 
| | | | <TD> (128) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (128) 
| | | | </TD> (128) 
| | | | <TD> (128) 
| | | | </TD> (128) 
| | | | <TD> (128) 
| | | | </TD> (128) 
| | | | <TD> (128) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (128) 
| | | | </TD> (128) 
| | | | <TD> (128) 
| | | | </TD> (128) 
| | | | <TD> (128) 
| | | | </TD> (128) 
| | | </TR> (128) 
| | | <TR> (129) 
| | | | <TD> (129) 
| | | | </TD> (129) 
| | | | <TD> (129) 
| | | | </TD> (129) 
| | | | <TD> (129) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (129) 
| | | | </TD> (129) 
| | | | <TD> (129) 
| | | | </TD> (129) 
| | | | <TD> (129) 
| | | | </TD> (129) 
| | | | <TD> (129) 
| | | | | <img> (129) 
| | | | </TD> (129) 
| | | | <TD> (129) 
| | | | </TD> (129) 
| | | | <TD> (129) 
| | | | </TD> (129) 
| | | </TR> (129) 
| | | <TR> (130) 
| | | | <TD> (130) 
| | | | </TD> (130) 
| | | | <TD> (130) 
| | | | </TD> (130) 
| | | | <TD> (130) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (130) 
| | | | </TD> (130) 
| | | | <TD> (130) 
| | | | </TD> (130) 
| | | | <TD> (130) 
| | | | </TD> (130) 
| | | | <TD> (130) 
| | | | </TD> (130) 
| | | | <TD> (130) 
| | | | </TD> (130) 
| | | </TR> (130) 
| | | <TR> (131) 
| | | | <TD> (131) 
| | | | </TD> (131) 
| | | | <TD> (131) 
| | | | </TD> (131) 
| | | | <TD> (131) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (131) 
| | | | </TD> (131) 
| | | | <TD> (131) 
| | | | </TD> (131) 
| | | | <TD> (131) 
| | | | </TD> (131) 
| | | | <TD> (131) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (131) 
| | | | </TD> (131) 
| | | | <TD> (131) 
| | | | </TD> (131) 
| | | | <TD> (131) 
| | | | </TD> (131) 
| | | </TR> (131) 
| | | <TR> (132) 
| | | | <TD> (132) 
| | | | </TD> (132) 
| | | | <TD> (132) 
| | | | </TD> (132) 
| | | | <TD> (132) 
| | | | | <img> (132) 
| | | | </TD> (132) 
| | | | <TD> (132) 
| | | | </TD> (132) 
| | | | <TD> (132) 
| | | | </TD> (132) 
| | | | <TD> (132) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (132) 
| | | | </TD> (132) 
| | | | <TD> (132) 
| | | | </TD> (132) 
| | | | <TD> (132) 
| | | | </TD> (132) 
| | | </TR> (132) 
| | | <TR> (133) 
| | | | <TD> (133) 
| | | | </TD> (133) 
| | | | <TD> (133) 
| | | | </TD> (133) 
| | | | <TD> (133) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (133) 
| | | | </TD> (133) 
| | | | <TD> (133) 
| | | | </TD> (133) 
| | | | <TD> (133) 
| | | | | <img> (133) 
| | | | </TD> (133) 
| | | | <TD> (133) 
| | | | </TD> (133) 
| | | | <TD> (133) 
| | | | </TD> (133) 
| | | </TR> (133) 
| | | <TR> (134) 
| | | | <TD> (134) 
| | | | </TD> (134) 
| | | | <TD> (134) 
| | | | </TD> (134) 
| | | | <TD> (134) 
| | | | </TD> (134) 
| | | | <TD> (134) 
| | | | </TD> (134) 
| | | | <TD> (134) 
| | | | </TD> (134) 
| | | | <TD> (134) 
| | | | </TD> (134) 
| | | </TR> (134) 
| | | <TR> (135) 
| | | | <TD> (135) 
| | | | </TD> (135) 
| | | | <TD> (135) 
| | | | </TD> (135) 
| | | | <TD> (135) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (135) 
| | | | </TD> (135) 
| | | | <TD> (135) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (135) 
| | | | </TD> (135) 
| | | | <TD> (135) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (135) 
| | | | </TD> (135) 
| | | | <TD> (135) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (135) 
| | | | </TD> (135) 
| | | | <TD> (135) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (135) 
| | | | </TD> (135) 
| | | </TR> (135) 
| | | <TR> (136) 
| | | | <TD> (136) 
| | | | </TD> (136) 
| | | | <TD> (136) 
| | | | </TD> (136) 
| | | | <TD> (136) 
| | | | </TD> (136) 
| | | | <TD> (136) 
| | | | </TD> (136) 
| | | | <TD> (136) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (136) 
| | | | </TD> (136) 
| | | | <TD> (136) 
| | | | </TD> (136) 
| | | | <TD> (136) 
| | | | </TD> (136) 
| | | </TR> (136) 
| | | <TR> (137) 
| | | | <TD> (137) 
| | | | </TD> (137) 
| | | | <TD> (137) 
| | | | </TD> (137) 
| | | | <TD> (137) 
| | | | </TD> (137) 
| | | | <TD> (137) 
| | | | </TD> (137) 
| | | | <TD> (137) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (137) 
| | | | </TD> (137) 
| | | | <TD> (137) 
| | | | </TD> (137) 
| | | | <TD> (137) 
| | | | </TD> (137) 
| | | </TR> (137) 
| | | <TR> (138) 
| | | | <TD> (138) 
| | | | </TD> (138) 
| | | | <TD> (138) 
| | | | </TD> (138) 
| | | | <TD> (138) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (138) 
| | | | </TD> (138) 
| | | | <TD> (138) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (138) 
| | | | </TD> (138) 
| | | | <TD> (138) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (138) 
| | | | </TD> (138) 
| | | | <TD> (138) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (138) 
| | | | </TD> (138) 
| | | | <TD> (138) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (138) 
| | | | </TD> (138) 
| | | </TR> (138) 
| | | <TR> (139) 
| | | | <TD> (139) 
| | | | </TD> (139) 
| | | | <TD> (139) 
| | | | </TD> (139) 
| | | | <TD> (139) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (139) 
| | | | </TD> (139) 
| | | | <TD> (139) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (139) 
| | | | </TD> (139) 
| | | | <TD> (139) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (139) 
| | | | </TD> (139) 
| | | | <TD> (139) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (139) 
| | | | </TD> (139) 
| | | | <TD> (139) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (139) 
| | | | </TD> (139) 
| | | </TR> (139) 
| | | <TR> (140) 
| | | | <TD> (140) 
| | | | </TD> (140) 
| | | | <TD> (140) 
| | | | </TD> (140) 
| | | | <TD> (140) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (140) 
| | | | </TD> (140) 
| | | | <TD> (140) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (140) 
| | | | </TD> (140) 
| | | | <TD> (140) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (140) 
| | | | </TD> (140) 
| | | | <TD> (140) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (140) 
| | | | </TD> (140) 
| | | | <TD> (140) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (140) 
| | | | </TD> (140) 
| | | | <TD> (140) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (140) 
| | | | </TD> (140) 
| | | </TR> (140) 
| | | <TR> (141) 
| | | | <TD> (141) 
| | | | </TD> (141) 
| | | | <TD> (141) 
| | | | </TD> (141) 
| | | | <TD> (141) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (141) 
| | | | </TD> (141) 
| | | | <TD> (141) 
| | | | </TD> (141) 
| | | | <TD> (141) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (141) 
| | | | </TD> (141) 
| | | | <TD> (141) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (141) 
| | | | </TD> (141) 
| | | | <TD> (141) 
| | | | </TD> (141) 
| | | | <TD> (141) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (141) 
| | | | </TD> (141) 
| | | </TR> (141) 
| | | <TR> (142) 
| | | | <TD> (142) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (142) 
| | | | </TD> (142) 
| | | | <TD> (142) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (142) 
| | | | </TD> (142) 
| | | | <TD> (142) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (142) 
| | | | </TD> (142) 
| | | | <TD> (142) 
| | | | </TD> (142) 
| | | | <TD> (142) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (142) 
| | | | </TD> (142) 
| | | | <TD> (142) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (142) 
| | | | </TD> (142) 
| | | | <TD> (142) 
| | | | </TD> (142) 
| | | | <TD> (142) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (142) 
| | | | </TD> (142) 
| | | </TR> (142) 
| | | <TR> (143) 
| | | | <TD> (143) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (143) 
| | | | </TD> (143) 
| | | | <TD> (143) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (143) 
| | | | </TD> (143) 
| | | | <TD> (143) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (143) 
| | | | </TD> (143) 
| | | | <TD> (143) 
| | | | </TD> (143) 
| | | | <TD> (143) 
| | | | </TD> (143) 
| | | | <TD> (143) 
| | | | | &rarr; (143) 
| | | | </TD> (143) 
| | | | <TD> (143) 
| | | | </TD> (143) 
| | | | <TD> (143) 
| | | | </TD> (143) 
| | | </TR> (143) 
| | </TABLE> (144) 
| | <br> (145) 
| | <TABLE> (146) 
| | | <colgroup> (147) 
| | | | <col> (148) <col> (149) <col> (150) <col> (151) 
| | | </colgroup> (152) 
| | | <TR> (153) 
| | | | <TD> (153) 
| | | | | <u> (153) 
| | | | | </u> (153) 
| | | | </TD> (153) 
| | | | <TD> (153) 
| | | | | <u> (153) 
| | | | | </u> (153) 
| | | | </TD> (153) 
| | | </TR> (153) 
| | | <TR> (154) 
| | | | <TD> (154) 
| | | | </TD> (154) 
| | | | <TD> (154) 
| | | | </TD> (154) 
| | | | <TD> (154) 
| | | | </TD> (154) 
| | | | <TD> (154) 
| | | | </TD> (154) 
| | | </TR> (154) 
| | | <TR> (155) 
| | | | <TD> (155) 
| | | | </TD> (155) 
| | | | <TD> (155) 
| | | | </TD> (155) 
| | | | <TD> (155) 
| | | | </TD> (155) 
| | | | <TD> (155) 
| | | | </TD> (155) 
| | | </TR> (155) 
| | | <TR> (156) 
| | | | <TD> (156) 
| | | | </TD> (156) 
| | | | <TD> (156) 
| | | | </TD> (156) 
| | | | <TD> (156) 
| | | | </TD> (156) 
| | | | <TD> (156) 
| | | | </TD> (156) 
| | | </TR> (156) 
| | | <TR> (157) 
| | | | <TD> (157) 
| | | | </TD> (157) 
| | | | <TD> (157) 
| | | | </TD> (157) 
| | | | <TD> (157) 
| | | | </TD> (157) 
| | | | <TD> (157) 
| | | | </TD> (157) 
| | | </TR> (157) 
| | </TABLE> (158) 
| | <p> (160) 
| | | <u> (160) 
| | | </u> (160) 
| | </p> (160) 
| | <p> (162) 
| | </p> (164) 
| | <p> (166) 
| | | &ndash; (166) 
| | | <sup> (168) 
| | | </sup> (168) 
| | </p> (171) 
| | <p> (173) 
| | | <sup> (174) 
| | | </sup> (174) 
| | </p> (181) 
| | <p> (183) 
| | | <sup> (184) 
| | | </sup> (184) 
| | | <sup> (187) 
| | | </sup> (187) 
| | | <u> (188) 
| | | </u> (188) 
| | | <u> (188) 
| | | </u> (188) 
| | | &times; (190) &deg; (197) &ndash; (199) &deg; (199) &ndash; (200) 
| | </p> (200) 
| | <p> (202) 
| | | &deg; (209) 
| | </p> (218) 
| | <p> (220) 
| | | &ndash; (229) 
| | </p> (232) 
| | <p> (234) 
| | | &ndash; (244) &ndash; (245) &ndash; (246) 
| | | <u> (247) 
| | | </u> (247) 
| | | <u> (247) 
| | | </u> (247) 
| | </p> (256) 
| | <p> (258) 
| | | &ndash; (259) 
| | | <sup> (262) 
| | | </sup> (262) 
| | </p> (268) 
| | <p> (270) 
| | | <u> (273) 
| | | </u> (273) 
| | | <u> (273) 
| | | </u> (273) 
| | </p> (283) 
| | <p> (285) 
| | </p> (294) 
| | <p> (296) 
| | | &frac12; (299) 
| | </p> (318) 
| | <p> (320) 
| | | <sup> (322) 
| | | </sup> (322) 
| | </p> (326) 
| | <p> (328) 
| | </p> (328) 
| | <p> (330) 
| | </p> (335) 
| | <p> (337) 
| | | <sup> (347) 
| | | </sup> (347) 
| | </p> (370) 
| | <p> (372) 
| | | <sup> (372) 
| | | </sup> (372) 
| | | <sup> (375) 
| | | </sup> (375) 
| | | &ndash; (381) &ndash; (392) 
| | </p> (393) 
| | <p> (395) 
| | | <sup> (395) 
| | | </sup> (395) 
| | | <sup> (395) 
| | | </sup> (395) 
| | | <sup> (395) 
| | | </sup> (395) 
| | | &ldquo; (397) &rdquo; (397) 
| | | <sup> (397) 
| | | </sup> (397) 
| | | <sup> (398) 
| | | </sup> (398) 
| | | &ndash; (404) 
| | | <sup> (404) 
| | | </sup> (404) 
| | </p> (404) 
| | <p> (406) 
| | | <sup> (409) 
| | | </sup> (409) 
| | </p> (410) 
| | <p> (412) 
| | </p> (412) 
| | <p> (414) 
| | | <sup> (414) 
| | | </sup> (414) 
| | | <sup> (427) 
| | | </sup> (427) 
| | | <sup> (428) 
| | | </sup> (428) 
| | | &ndash; (429) 
| | | <sup> (429) 
| | | </sup> (429) 
| | </p> (429) 
| | <p> (431) 
| | </p> (435) 
| | <p> (437) 
| | | <sup> (442) 
| | | </sup> (442) 
| | | &ndash; (452) 
| | </p> (453) 
| | <p> (455) 
| | | &ndash; (456) 
| | </p> (460) 
| | <p> (462) 
| | | &ldquo; (462) &rdquo; (462) 
| | </p> (462) 
| | <TABLE> (464) 
| | | <colgroup> (465) 
| | | | <col> (466) <col> (467) <col> (468) <col> (469) <col> (470) <col> (471) 
| | | </colgroup> (472) 
| | | <TR> (473) 
| | | | <TD> (473) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (473) 
| | | | </TD> (473) 
| | | | <TD> (473) 
| | | | </TD> (473) 
| | | | <TD> (473) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (473) 
| | | | </TD> (473) 
| | | | <TD> (473) 
| | | | </TD> (473) 
| | | | <TD> (473) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (473) 
| | | | </TD> (473) 
| | | | <TD> (473) 
| | | | </TD> (473) 
| | | </TR> (473) 
| | | <TR> (474) 
| | | | <TD> (474) 
| | | | | <u> (474) 
| | | | | </u> (474) 
| | | | </TD> (474) 
| | | | <TD> (474) 
| | | | | <u> (474) 
| | | | | </u> (474) 
| | | | </TD> (474) 
| | | | <TD> (474) 
| | | | | <u> (474) 
| | | | | </u> (474) 
| | | | </TD> (474) 
| | | | <TD> (474) 
| | | | | <u> (474) 
| | | | | </u> (474) 
| | | | </TD> (474) 
| | | | <TD> (474) 
| | | | | <u> (474) 
| | | | | </u> (474) 
| | | | </TD> (474) 
| | | | <TD> (474) 
| | | | | <u> (474) 
| | | | | </u> (474) 
| | | | </TD> (474) 
| | | | <TD> (474) 
| | | | | <u> (474) 
| | | | | </u> (474) 
| | | | </TD> (474) 
| | | | <TD> (474) 
| | | | | <u> (474) 
| | | | | </u> (474) 
| | | | </TD> (474) 
| | | | <TD> (474) 
| | | | | <u> (474) 
| | | | | </u> (474) 
| | | | </TD> (474) 
| | | </TR> (474) 
| | | <TR> (475) 
| | | | <TD> (475) 
| | | | </TD> (475) 
| | | | <TD> (475) 
| | | | </TD> (475) 
| | | | <TD> (475) 
| | | | </TD> (475) 
| | | | <TD> (475) 
| | | | </TD> (475) 
| | | | <TD> (475) 
| | | | </TD> (475) 
| | | | <TD> (475) 
| | | | </TD> (475) 
| | | | <TD> (475) 
| | | | </TD> (475) 
| | | | <TD> (475) 
| | | | </TD> (475) 
| | | | <TD> (475) 
| | | | </TD> (475) 
| | | </TR> (475) 
| | | <TR> (476) 
| | | | <TD> (476) 
| | | | </TD> (476) 
| | | | <TD> (476) 
| | | | </TD> (476) 
| | | | <TD> (476) 
| | | | </TD> (476) 
| | | | <TD> (476) 
| | | | </TD> (476) 
| | | | <TD> (476) 
| | | | </TD> (476) 
| | | | <TD> (476) 
| | | | </TD> (476) 
| | | | <TD> (476) 
| | | | </TD> (476) 
| | | | <TD> (476) 
| | | | </TD> (476) 
| | | | <TD> (476) 
| | | | </TD> (476) 
| | | </TR> (476) 
| | | <TR> (477) 
| | | | <TD> (477) 
| | | | </TD> (477) 
| | | | <TD> (477) 
| | | | </TD> (477) 
| | | | <TD> (477) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (477) 
| | | | </TD> (477) 
| | | | <TD> (477) 
| | | | </TD> (477) 
| | | | <TD> (477) 
| | | | </TD> (477) 
| | | | <TD> (477) 
| | | | </TD> (477) 
| | | | <TD> (477) 
| | | | </TD> (477) 
| | | | <TD> (477) 
| | | | </TD> (477) 
| | | | <TD> (477) 
| | | | </TD> (477) 
| | | </TR> (477) 
| | | <TR> (478) 
| | | | <TD> (478) 
| | | | </TD> (478) 
| | | | <TD> (478) 
| | | | </TD> (478) 
| | | | <TD> (478) 
| | | | </TD> (478) 
| | | | <TD> (478) 
| | | | </TD> (478) 
| | | | <TD> (478) 
| | | | </TD> (478) 
| | | | <TD> (478) 
| | | | </TD> (478) 
| | | | <TD> (478) 
| | | | </TD> (478) 
| | | | <TD> (478) 
| | | | </TD> (478) 
| | | | <TD> (478) 
| | | | </TD> (478) 
| | | </TR> (478) 
| | | <TR> (479) 
| | | | <TD> (479) 
| | | | </TD> (479) 
| | | | <TD> (479) 
| | | | </TD> (479) 
| | | | <TD> (479) 
| | | | </TD> (479) 
| | | | <TD> (479) 
| | | | </TD> (479) 
| | | | <TD> (479) 
| | | | </TD> (479) 
| | | | <TD> (479) 
| | | | </TD> (479) 
| | | | <TD> (479) 
| | | | </TD> (479) 
| | | | <TD> (479) 
| | | | </TD> (479) 
| | | | <TD> (479) 
| | | | </TD> (479) 
| | | </TR> (479) 
| | | <TR> (480) 
| | | | <TD> (480) 
| | | | </TD> (480) 
| | | | <TD> (480) 
| | | | </TD> (480) 
| | | | <TD> (480) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (480) 
| | | | </TD> (480) 
| | | | <TD> (480) 
| | | | </TD> (480) 
| | | | <TD> (480) 
| | | | </TD> (480) 
| | | | <TD> (480) 
| | | | </TD> (480) 
| | | | <TD> (480) 
| | | | </TD> (480) 
| | | | <TD> (480) 
| | | | </TD> (480) 
| | | | <TD> (480) 
| | | | </TD> (480) 
| | | </TR> (480) 
| | | <TR> (481) 
| | | | <TD> (481) 
| | | | </TD> (481) 
| | | | <TD> (481) 
| | | | </TD> (481) 
| | | | <TD> (481) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (481) 
| | | | </TD> (481) 
| | | | <TD> (481) 
| | | | </TD> (481) 
| | | | <TD> (481) 
| | | | </TD> (481) 
| | | | <TD> (481) 
| | | | </TD> (481) 
| | | | <TD> (481) 
| | | | </TD> (481) 
| | | | <TD> (481) 
| | | | </TD> (481) 
| | | | <TD> (481) 
| | | | </TD> (481) 
| | | </TR> (481) 
| | | <TR> (482) 
| | | | <TD> (482) 
| | | | </TD> (482) 
| | | | <TD> (482) 
| | | | </TD> (482) 
| | | | <TD> (482) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (482) 
| | | | </TD> (482) 
| | | | <TD> (482) 
| | | | </TD> (482) 
| | | | <TD> (482) 
| | | | </TD> (482) 
| | | | <TD> (482) 
| | | | </TD> (482) 
| | | | <TD> (482) 
| | | | </TD> (482) 
| | | | <TD> (482) 
| | | | </TD> (482) 
| | | | <TD> (482) 
| | | | </TD> (482) 
| | | </TR> (482) 
| | | <TR> (483) 
| | | | <TD> (483) 
| | | | </TD> (483) 
| | | | <TD> (483) 
| | | | </TD> (483) 
| | | | <TD> (483) 
| | | | </TD> (483) 
| | | | <TD> (483) 
| | | | </TD> (483) 
| | | | <TD> (483) 
| | | | </TD> (483) 
| | | | <TD> (483) 
| | | | </TD> (483) 
| | | | <TD> (483) 
| | | | </TD> (483) 
| | | | <TD> (483) 
| | | | </TD> (483) 
| | | | <TD> (483) 
| | | | </TD> (483) 
| | | </TR> (483) 
| | | <TR> (484) 
| | | | <TD> (484) 
| | | | </TD> (484) 
| | | | <TD> (484) 
| | | | </TD> (484) 
| | | | <TD> (484) 
| | | | </TD> (484) 
| | | | <TD> (484) 
| | | | </TD> (484) 
| | | | <TD> (484) 
| | | | </TD> (484) 
| | | | <TD> (484) 
| | | | </TD> (484) 
| | | | <TD> (484) 
| | | | </TD> (484) 
| | | | <TD> (484) 
| | | | </TD> (484) 
| | | | <TD> (484) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (484) 
| | | | </TD> (484) 
| | | </TR> (484) 
| | | <TR> (485) 
| | | | <TD> (485) 
| | | | </TD> (485) 
| | | | <TD> (485) 
| | | | </TD> (485) 
| | | | <TD> (485) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (485) 
| | | | </TD> (485) 
| | | | <TD> (485) 
| | | | </TD> (485) 
| | | | <TD> (485) 
| | | | </TD> (485) 
| | | | <TD> (485) 
| | | | </TD> (485) 
| | | | <TD> (485) 
| | | | </TD> (485) 
| | | | <TD> (485) 
| | | | </TD> (485) 
| | | | <TD> (485) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (485) 
| | | | </TD> (485) 
| | | </TR> (485) 
| | | <TR> (486) 
| | | | <TD> (486) 
| | | | </TD> (486) 
| | | | <TD> (486) 
| | | | </TD> (486) 
| | | | <TD> (486) 
| | | | </TD> (486) 
| | | | <TD> (486) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (486) 
| | | | </TD> (486) 
| | | | <TD> (486) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (486) 
| | | | </TD> (486) 
| | | | <TD> (486) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (486) 
| | | | </TD> (486) 
| | | | <TD> (486) 
| | | | </TD> (486) 
| | | | <TD> (486) 
| | | | </TD> (486) 
| | | | <TD> (486) 
| | | | </TD> (486) 
| | | </TR> (486) 
| | | <TR> (487) 
| | | | <TD> (487) 
| | | | </TD> (487) 
| | | | <TD> (487) 
| | | | </TD> (487) 
| | | | <TD> (487) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (487) 
| | | | </TD> (487) 
| | | | <TD> (487) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (487) 
| | | | </TD> (487) 
| | | | <TD> (487) 
| | | | </TD> (487) 
| | | | <TD> (487) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (487) 
| | | | </TD> (487) 
| | | | <TD> (487) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (487) 
| | | | </TD> (487) 
| | | | <TD> (487) 
| | | | </TD> (487) 
| | | | <TD> (487) 
| | | | | &nbsp; (487) 
| | | | </TD> (487) 
| | | </TR> (487) 
| | </TABLE> (488) 
| | <p> (490) 
| | | &ldquo; (491) &rdquo; (491) 
| | </p> (501) 
| | <p> (503) 
| | </p> (513) 
| | <p> (515) 
| | | <sup> (518) 
| | | </sup> (518) 
| | </p> (522) 
| | <p> (524) 
| | </p> (524) 
| | <p> (526) 
| | | &ldquo; (526) &rdquo; (528) &ldquo; (529) &rdquo; (530) &ldquo; (531) &rdquo; (532) &ldquo; (533) &rdquo; (535) 
| | </p> (535) 
| | <p> (537) 
| | | &times; (540) &times; (540) 
| | </p> (549) 
| | <TABLE> (551) 
| | | <TR> (552) 
| | | | <TD> (552) 
| | | | | &ndash; (552) 
| | | | </TD> (552) 
| | | | <TD> (552) 
| | | | </TD> (552) 
| | | | <TD> (552) 
| | | | </TD> (552) 
| | | </TR> (552) 
| | | <TR> (553) 
| | | | <TD> (553) 
| | | | | &ndash; (553) 
| | | | </TD> (553) 
| | | | <TD> (553) 
| | | | </TD> (553) 
| | | | <TD> (553) 
| | | | </TD> (553) 
| | | </TR> (553) 
| | | <TR> (554) 
| | | | <TD> (554) 
| | | | | &ndash; (554) 
| | | | </TD> (554) 
| | | | <TD> (554) 
| | | | </TD> (554) 
| | | | <TD> (554) 
| | | | </TD> (554) 
| | | </TR> (554) 
| | </TABLE> (555) 
| | <p> (557) 
| | </p> (557) 
| | <p> (559) 
| | </p> (561) 
| | <p> (563) 
| | </p> (563) 
| | <p> (565) 
| | </p> (578) 
| | <TABLE> (580) 
| | | <CAPTION> (581) 
| | | </CAPTION> (581) 
| | | <colgroup> (582) 
| | | | <col> (583) <col> (584) 
| | | </colgroup> (585) 
| | | <TR> (586) 
| | | | <TD> (586) 
| | | | | <u> (586) 
| | | | | </u> (586) 
| | | | </TD> (586) 
| | | | <TD> (586) 
| | | | | <u> (586) 
| | | | | </u> (586) 
| | | | </TD> (586) 
| | | </TR> (586) 
| | | <TR> (587) 
| | | | <TD> (587) 
| | | | </TD> (587) 
| | | | <TD> (587) 
| | | | </TD> (587) 
| | | | <TD> (587) 
| | | | </TD> (587) 
| | | | <TD> (587) 
| | | | </TD> (587) 
| | | | <TD> (587) 
| | | | </TD> (587) 
| | | | <TD> (587) 
| | | | </TD> (587) 
| | | | <TD> (587) 
| | | | </TD> (587) 
| | | </TR> (587) 
| | | <TR> (588) 
| | | | <TD> (588) 
| | | | </TD> (588) 
| | | | <TD> (588) 
| | | | </TD> (588) 
| | | | <TD> (588) 
| | | | </TD> (588) 
| | | | <TD> (588) 
| | | | </TD> (588) 
| | | | <TD> (588) 
| | | | </TD> (588) 
| | | | <TD> (588) 
| | | | </TD> (588) 
| | | | <TD> (588) 
| | | | </TD> (588) 
| | | </TR> (588) 
| | | <TR> (589) 
| | | | <TD> (589) 
| | | | </TD> (589) 
| | | | <TD> (589) 
| | | | </TD> (589) 
| | | | <TD> (589) 
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| | </p> (739) 
| </body> (739) 
</html> (739) 

