TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME
BASED ON THE WORK OF
Dr. J. Richard Arthur
FAO Consultant on Quarantine and Health Certification
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
BANGKOK, 1998
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The Food and Agriculture Organization is greatly indebted to the organizations and individuals who assisted in the implementation of the project by providing information, advice and facilities.
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
2.0 Items related to Project Activities
2.1 Second Progress Review Committee Meeting
2.2 Planning Meeting for the First Public Seminar Workshop
2.3 Status of Project Research
2.4 Revision of Project Schedule
3.1 Participation in National Training Programs
3.2 Computing Capabilities at NARA
2.0 Progress Towards Establishing Quarantine and Certification for Aquatic Animals
2.1 The Animal Diseases Act, No. 59 of 1992
2.2 Other Agencies and Acts dealing with the Import/Export of Aquatic Animals and their Products
2.3 Current Practice
2.3.1 Exportation of Live Aquatic Animals and their Products
2.3.2 Importations of Live Aquatic Animals and their Products
2.3.3 Within Country Movements of Aquatic Animals3.0 Current Expertise and Facilities in Aquatic Animal Health
3.1.1 Ministry of Livestock Development, Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Investigation Centre
3.1.2 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development (MOFARD)
3.1.3 Universities and the Private Sector3.2 Government Research and Diagnostics Facilities Dedicated to Aquatic Animal Health
4.1 General Policy on Introductions and Transfers
4.2 Quarantine and Certification Policy5.0 Summary of Recommendations
6.0 References
7.0 List of Legal Documents Examined
Annex II Consultant's
Terms of Reference
Annex
III Itinerary, organization visited, and personnel met
Annex
IV Minutes of the 2nd Project Progress Review Committee Meeting
Annex V Revised Project Schedule
Annex VI Draft Program for the 1st Public Seminar Workshop
The consultant wishes to thank the following FAO staff for the logistical and briefing support required to complete this work: Dr. R.P. Subasinghe, FAO HQ; Mr. G.J. Bernard and Mr. K.P. Sugathapala, FAO Colombo; and Ms, D. Blessich, FAO Regional Office, Bangkok.
The many courtesies extended by Mr. A.M. Jayasekera, MOFARD AQD, and Dr. S. Siriwardena, NARA, and their efforts and patience in arranging and participating in the many meetings, discussions and field visits completed during this mission are gratefully acknowledged.
In this report, issues arising out of discussions with project staff relative to the status and needs of Project TCP/SRL/6614(A) are discussed and recommendations to FAO on long-term needs for an aquatic animal health certification and quarantine program for Sri Lanka, with a view of developing a major proposal for possible donor funding are outlined. An annex to this report (Annex I), prepared for FAO and the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development (MOFARD), Government of Sri Lanka provides detailed recommendations to the Government of Sri Lanka for development of a comprehensive national policy on the import and export of aquatic animals and the establishment of an aquatic animal health, quarantine and certification program for Sri Lanka. For background on the issues discussed below, please refer to the following FAO documents: (1) Project Document: Project No. TCP/SRL/6614(A) Disease Prevention and Health Management in Coastal Shrimp Culture. Sri Lanka; (2) Office Memorandum from Dr. R.P. Subasinghe to Dr. S. Garcia, Director, Fishery Resources Division, dated 31 March 1997 Back to Office Report on Travel to Thailand and Sri Lanka 24 February to 16 March 1997; and (3) TCP/SRL/6614 Field Document 1 (consultancy report of Dr. S.J. Funge-Smith).
The Terms of Reference for this consultancy are given in Annex II. A detailed itinerary for the consultancy, including institutes and organizations visited, personnel met, and matters discussed, is appended as Annex III.
2.1 Second Progress Review Committee Meeting
2.2 Planning Meeting for the First Public Seminar Workshop
2.3 Status of Project Research
2.4 Revision of Project Schedule
A number of project issues were discussed at the Second Progress Review Committee Meeting, held on 25 September, 1997 at the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development (MOFARD) (see Minutes, Annex IV). Project staff are enthusiastic and the project appears to be progressing adequately, although it is now behind schedule. A Project Co-ordinating Assistant has been appointed. The National Consultant (Legal) has left Sri Lanka; a replacement is to be recruited by FAO. Research has been initiated as far as possible pending receipt of equipment (equipment has been ordered by FAO and is beginning to arrive). Broodstock have been collected since August and are being held for analysis pending arrival of the PCR equipment. Four cycles of national training have been completed. The issue of lack of security at the Chilaw Extension Centre was discussed in light of the need to insure protection of newly acquired project equipment.
Separate meetings were held with senior staff of the Export Development Board (EDB) and the Development Finance Corporation of Ceylon (DFCC) to discuss planning of the first Public Seminar Workshop (see Annex V, Project Schedule, Item #25) and problems encountered with its financing. The Director (Project Management) of EDB indicated that the EDB was unable to provide direct funding for the workshop, due to policy and the current period of financial restraint. She offered only possible assistance with workshop organization, contingent upon favourable consideration by EDB's board of a proposal prepared by MOFARD.
Senior management at DFCC responded favourably to a request for financial assistance, the Deputy General Manager, Operations indicating that DFCC would be willing to partially fund the workshop. Support would be considered for auditorium rental, registration and accommodation costs for invited participants and other expenses, subsequent to receipt of a proposal (justification, preliminary program and budget, showing FAO and MOFARD contributions). The Deputy General Manager, Operations also indicated that DFCC could provide a speaker to give a presentation on financial aspects of shrimp farming in Sri Lanka.
Prior and subsequent to these meetings, discussions were held between the consultant and the National Project Director (NPD) to discuss the logistics of organizing the workshop. It was decided to propose a two-day workshop, to be held in March (dates to be determined depending on availability of a suitable venue), with participation of 100 attendees from government, private sector, NGOs and international agencies. The consultant prepared an outline of a program for a two day meeting, under the title "Shrimp Farming in Sri Lanka -Issues and Answers" (see Annex VI), to be modified by the NPD to accommodate suggestions made by EDB and DFCC, to serve as a proposal to be sent by MOFARD to EDB and DFCC, along with a formal request for organizational and financial support. Two potentially suitable venues have been located, both with suitable auditorium space to accommodate 100 participants. A rough budget was estimated at $200,000 RPS, not including FAO contributions for international consultancies and publication of the proceedings. The NPD is to revise the program and finalize the proposal document, including a more refined budget, and send these to EDB and DFCC along with a formal request for assistance.
The MOFARD will request FAO to take the following actions relative to the planning of the PSW:
· To coordinate scheduled visits by FAO international consultants No. 3 (FAO Legal Consultant), No. 5 (FAO Environmental Consultant) and No. 1 (Shrimp Health Consultant) and of the FAO/FIRI Fish Health Specialist so that they may attend and participate as invited speakers and discussants in the workshop.· To re-allocate funds to cover costs of publishing the workshop proceedings.
· To assist the MOFARD by re-allocating additional financial support for the workshop, should DFCC not be able to provide full contribution of the remaining funds needed.
Analyses for viral infection cannot be undertaken until the necessary PCR equipment has arrived and laboratory renovation at The National Aquatic Resources Agency (NARA) has been completed. This should be accomplished by January 1998. To initiate research, in August project staff began the collection of broodstock and the monitoring of grow-out in ponds. It should be noted that these samples have been preserved in alcohol and have a life span of only six months. Therefore it is urgent that the PCR equipment arrives and that the laboratory becomes functional as soon as possible so that this work will not be lost.
The Director, IARAD NARA and the FAO consultant reviewed, updated and revised the project schedule as given in the backstopping report of the FAO Fish Health Specialist dated 3 March, 1997, taking into account discussions held with the NPD. A revised Project Schedule is presented as Annex V. As the project is currently some three months behind schedule, and can be expected to be further delayed by slower than anticipated equipment arrival and laboratory renovations, the following modifications to the schedule were made:
· It is recommended that project termination be extended to December 1998. This will allow adequate time for completion of a full cycle of collections for PCR analysis (January to July 1998), and time for sample processing and data analysis (to be completed by October 1998) and for preparation of the terminal report. The NPD is to write FAO to formally request extension of the project.· The remaining local training workshops have been rescheduled and tentative dates fixed.
· The first Public Seminar Workshop has been rescheduled for March 1998 (see Section 2.2). To allow participation by international consultants, visits by Consultant 1 (Shrimp Health Consultant), Consultant 3 (International Legal Consultant) and Consultant 5 (FAO/FIRI Environmental Officer) and the midterm/second technical backstopping mission by the FAO/FIRI Fish Health Specialist are to be rescheduled to coincide with this activity.
· The Second Public Seminar Workshop is to be rescheduled to November 1998.
3.1 Participation in National Training Programs
3.2 Computing Capabilities at NARA
At the request of the NPD, TCP/SRL/6612(A), the FAO consultant presented a 1 1/2 hr lecture to new MOFARD extension workers and fisheries officers during a visit to the Freshwater Fish Breeding Centre at Udawalawe.
A scheduled fifth local training program for shrimp farmers, at which the consultant was scheduled to give a lecture on shrimp diseases and quarantine on 2 October, was unavoidably cancelled by MOFARD.
The FAO consultant was asked to evaluate the computing capabilities of NARA with the view of the institute's eventual participation in the Aquatic Animal Pathogen and Quarantine Information System (AAPQIS) being set up by FAO and the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA).
NARA is well equipped with personal computers (IBM compatibles, with 486 or Pentium processors) and has e-mail. An Internet connection is expected to be available in 1998. With provision of funds for a high speed modem and appropriate software for data analysis, these computers would be suitable for linking Sri Lanka into AAPQIS and the data gathering and analysis envisioned under the FAO TCP Project Development of National and Asia Regional Guidelines on Certification and Quarantine for the Responsible Movement of Aquatic Animals (hereafter referred to as the FAO/NACA TCP Project). It should be noted, however, as the mandate for implementation of quarantine and certification lies with the Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH), an AAPQIS linkage with this department is also extremely important.
The following section outlines specific areas where the Government of Sri Lanka might request FAO to provide direct assistance towards developing policy and expertise in aquatic animal health, quarantine and certification. A more detailed background and discussion of policy and development needs of the Government of Sri Lanka as perceived by the FAO consultant can be found in Annex I of this document.
A major outcome of the consultancy is the finding that there are a number of government agencies other than the MOFARD with interest and jurisdiction in areas touching on aquatic animal health, quarantine and certification, and the international trade in living aquatic animals and their products. The agencies involved include:
Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH) - Mandated to perform inspection, quarantine and certification of imports and exports of animals, including all aquatic organisms.Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development (MOFARD) - mandated to protect aquatic resources; involved with establishing breeding and distribution of food fishes for stocking in inland waters; through its research arm, NARA, conducts applied research on fisheries development problems.
Sri Lanka Wildlife Department - regulates what species of animals can be imported and exported. Lists a number of indigenous fishes and other aquatic organisms as "restricted" or "prohibited" for export.
Sri Lanka Ministry of Health - regulates standards for food destined for human consumption, including imported aquatic animals destined for food.
Sri Lanka Customs - Inspects shipments of aquatic animals being imported or exported for necessary permits and certificates, including health certificates for aquatic organisms. Performs spot-checks for correct identity; liaises with the DAPH Quarantine Division and the Wildlife Department.
It should be recognized that establishment of an effective quarantine and certification program for Sri Lanka must be linked to the development of a comprehensive national program on aquatic animal health. Such a program would involve the following components:
(a). Development of a comprehensive quarantine and certification program within the DAPH Quarantine Division, including development or enhancement of expertise, equipment and infrastructure for routine diagnostics, including histopathology and pathogen identification. Such a program would need to fully implement a risk management approach designed to target aquatic animal species or products posing a high risk of transmitting disease to aquaculture and native fish populations. The need for quarantine facilities to adequately house high risk importations will need to be evaluated and addressed.(b). Development of a national lead centre for research on aquatic animal health. Such a centre, which would need to be staffed by highly trained scientists with expertise in such fields as histopathology, bacteriology, mycology, epidemiology, parasitology, and toxicology, and would be mandated to conduct applied research on diseases of aquatic animals. It would be essential that such a centre be required, on a first priority basis, to provide expert support to the central diagnostics laboratory of the Quarantine Division in the identification of pathogens encountered in imported and exported aquatic animals and assessment of the level of risk posed. The centre would also be expected to provide research support to the MOFARD AQD in identifying pathogens present in MOFARD fish breeding centres, and developing ways for their control and eradication. Such an Aquatic Animal Health Research Centre could be developed within NARA, or within DAPH; however, in either case, a formal mechanism (Memorandum of Understanding) would have to be developed to ensure full linkage and cooperation between DAPH, NARA and AQD.
(c). Enhancement of fish diagnostics capability within MOFARD AQD. Expertise and facilities at several of the fish breeding and extension centres (Chilaw, Uda Walawe and Dambulla) are required to permit MOFARD to eliminate disease problems in hatchery broodstock prevent contamination of fry and fingerlings, and provide consultancy to the private sector. This is particularly important, as MOFARD is hoping to greatly increase the production and distribution fry and juveniles for stocking in tanks and reservoirs throughout Sri Lanka. At the same time, work by Sri Lankan scientists has shown that parasites and other exotic disease agents are being introduced into new areas of the country along with these fish, posing a threat to both existing aquaculture and native fish.
It is essential that the DAPH, as the key agency for Sri Lanka through its Quarantine and Animal Health Divisions, be fully involved in the FAO/NACA TCP Project for the development of regional guidelines for the quarantine and certification of aquatic animals. In doing so, Sri Lanka will participate in the development of regional guidelines for aquatic animal quarantine and certification. These staff can then adapt these regional guidelines to form the basis of an improved national quarantine and certification system.
It is recommended that FAO establish linkages with DAPH through formal contact with its Director (Dr. S.S.E. Ranawana, Department of Animal Production and Health, Getembe, Peradeniya - telephone 08-388195) as soon as possible and that a key person from this department be invited to participate in the FAO/NACA workshop being held in Bangkok in January. It should be noted that Dr. Ranawana is Sri Lanka's Chief Veterinary Officer for purposes of reporting to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). It may thus be possible to request OIE to sponsor his attendance.
The implementation of a comprehensive aquatic animal health program for Sri Lanka can be expected to require a time frame of 5-7 years and considerable donor support ($500,000 -750,000 US). The Government of Sri Lanka might request FAO to assist by identifying potential donors and in the preparation of a detailed proposal for donor consideration. Such a proposal could be prepared by a joint working group involving DAPH, MOFARD AQD and NARA, assisted by FAO's Fish Health Specialist and/or by an international consultant in fish health.
It must be noted that aquatic animal health is only one component of a suite of issues surrounding the transfer and introduction of aquatic organisms. At present, there is no standardized procedure for the evaluation of candidate species proposed for introduction into Sri Lanka, and such introductions are done in a haphazard manner without critical evaluation of potential benefits vs. risks due to ecological and environmental, disease, and genetic impacts. The Government of Sri Lanka needs to establish a standardized procedure for the evaluation of all proposed introductions and transfers, using a cross-departmental committee of experts to evaluate the individual merits of each candidate species. It is recommended that the Government of Sri Lanka request the FAO to provide advice and guidance on the establishment of such procedures, and particularly, with the implementation, as far as feasible, of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and similar guidelines.
As previously mentioned, there are at least four government departments with mandates having implications for the importation and exportation of aquatic animals and their products. These Acts and Regulations granting these powers are often overlapping and occasionally contradictory or unenforceable. It is recommended that the Government of Sri Lanka request the FAO to assist by assigning as tasks to the National and International Legal Consultants providing legal expertise to the Government of Sri Lanka under FAO's TCP/SRL/6614(A) to review and summarize the various acts and regulations dealing with the import and export of aquatic animals and any of their products posing a health risk to aquatic organisms, with the goal of providing guidance for the harmonization and clarification of these laws, so that an effective quarantine and certification system for aquatic animals may be more readily established.
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Progress Towards Establishing Quarantine and Certification for Aquatic Animals
3.0 Current Expertise and Facilities in Aquatic Animal Health
4.0 Policy Recommendations
5.0 Summary of Recommendations
6.0 References
7.0 List of Legal Documents Examined
Recommendations for the Development of a Policy on the Import and Export of Aquatic Animals and the Establishment of an Aquatic Animal Health, Quarantine and Certification Program for Sri Lanka
A Report Prepared by
J. Richard Arthur
FAO Consultant on Quarantine and Certification
In Sri Lanka, as in many countries in Asia, severe economic losses have occurred in aquaculture production facilities due to diseases of apparent exotic origin. The shrimp culture industry in particular has suffered major epizootics due to viral infections. In 1988-1989, Monodon Baculovirus (MBV) affected many farms in the northwest, causing losses of 10-70%. More recently, Systemic Ectodermal and Mesodermal Baculovirus (SEMBV), aggravated by poor culture conditions resulting from self-pollution and inappropriate management strategies, has almost caused the collapse of the industry in Sri Lanka, losses since the outbreak of disease in May, 1996 amounting to more than US$ 26 million. Both of these diseases appear to have been introduced into the country through the importation of infected postlarvae and/or broodstock shrimp.
The possibility of preventing the international spread of aquatic animal pathogens through quarantine and certification has received little serious attention by government policy makers in the region. However, the recent devastating losses caused by viral diseases in shrimp culture, and the spread of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome, a disease of fresh- and brackishwater fishes that has caused serious losses to aquaculture and artisanal fisheries throughout much of Asia, has brought home the potential economic and social benefits to be gained through protecting wild fisheries and the aquaculture industry from exotic pathogens. As a result, a number of countries in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines) are actively working to establish procedures, expertise and facilities for the quarantine and certification of fish and invertebrates.
An additional impetus to the development of expertise in aquatic animal health is the more rigorous standards of performance required of national aquatic animal health quarantine systems under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The GATT requires, for example, that the decision by a potential importing country to prevent the importation of aquatic animals or their products from an exporting country must be based on transparent and defensible grounds. This necessitates that each importation or exportation decision must be based on sound risk assessment procedures, which in turn necessitates that trading partners have access to detailed information on disease epidemiology and host and geographic distributions in the world.
Recently, member countries of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) have mandated NACA to assist them in developing practical guidelines for the quarantine and certification of aquatic animals. This effort has broad support from a number of international and national agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Government of Japan (Fisheries Agency), the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the Government of Australia (through the Chief Veterinary Office), The British Department of International Development (DFID), and the Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute (AAHRI) of the Thai Department of Fisheries. Sri Lanka, through the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development (MOFARD), is participating in this effort, and in the associated regional data gathering and information sharing effort, the Aquatic Animal Pathogen and Quarantine Information System. (AAPQIS). These efforts are both timely and highly relevant to Sri Lanka's need to develop a comprehensive policy and infrastructure to deal effectively with the international and national spread of aquatic animal disease. Sri Lanka is, in some respects, in an enviable position with regards to the possibility of implementing effective measures to prevent the introduction of exotic pathogens. This is due to:
· Its relatively small size, which would make enforcement relatively easy.· The fact that Sri Lanka, being an island country, is protected to a large extent by a geographic barrier, the Strait of Palk, against the natural movement of aquatic animals, particularly freshwater fishes and invertebrates, and their accompanying pathogens. Similarly, overland transport of infected fish and other aquatic organisms cannot occur, rendering importation regulations easier to enforce, as only entrance by air and sea is possible.
· The fact that freshwater fish culture in Sri Lanka is currently conducted on a relatively small scale, most production arising from the stocking of fry raised in government hatcheries into local tanks and reservoirs. There is at present little private sector involvement, and consequently there is little if any importation of freshwater food fishes for aquaculture, other than the occasional need for broodstock for government hatcheries.
· The fact that the ornamental fish trade is heavily export oriented, and thus the threat to Sri Lankan aquaculture and native fishes posed by imported fishes destined for the aquarium fish trade is relatively low at present.
· The fact that the major disease problems which have recently hit the prawn farming industry in Sri Lanka have made growers aware of the dangers posed by unrestricted movements of live shrimp. They are thus likely to view regulations restricting the importation of shrimp and shrimp products favourably and to cooperate in their enforcement.
· The fact that the Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH), through the Animal Diseases Act, No. 59 of 1992, has a clear mandate to implement quarantine and inspection of aquatic animals.
This report, an Annex to FAO TCP/SRL/6614(A), Field Document 2, Disease Prevention and Health Management in Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture - Sri Lanka, sets out the suggestions and recommendations of the FAO Consultant (Quarantine and Certification) to the Government of Sri Lanka on how to initiate development of a comprehensive policy and program on aquatic animal health, quarantine and certification.
International trade in aquatic animals and their products is highly important to Sri Lanka. The culture of black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in Sri Lanka is an industry which is completely export oriented. Current shrimp culture began in 1985, and by 1995 4,000 mt were being produced by some 900 farms occupying an estimated 10,000 acres (Rosenbury 1996). In 1996, some 40,000 people were estimated to be employed by the shrimp farming sector, 20,000 working directly in the industry. However, in the spring of 1996 the industry was severely affected by SEMBV, a viral disease believed to have entered the country with the importation of shrimp postlarvae from India. The resulting epizootic caused heavy losses to all farms and resulted in many closures. Production in 1996 was expected to be less that 2000 mt.
The culture and export of ornamental fishes, both fresh water and marine, has grown rapidly in recent years and is expected to increase further. In 1994, this sector accounted for about Rs. 250,000,000 in foreign exchange earnings for the country (Anon. 1995). The success of this industry is dependant on maintaining the health of broodstock, which could be threatened by exotic pathogens, and on ensuring that fish bred in Sri Lanka for export meet the health certification criteria set out by importing countries.
The inland fishery of Sri Lanka is also heavily dependent upon the importation of exotic fishes, which are used for broodstock in the government fish breeding stations. At least 18 species of exotic freshwater fishes have been introduced into Sri Lanka, the majority (eight species) being cyprinids introduced for aquaculture purposes (Balasuriya 1987; FishBase 96). Beginning in the 1950s the government carried out a program to enhance inland fish production through stocking of exotic fishes (tilapias, Indian major carps, and Chinese carps) in perennial reservoirs and seasonal tanks. This program gained impetus in 1979, with the creation of a separate division in the Ministry of Fisheries, and by 1990 11 freshwater breeding stations, two brackishwater aquaculture stations and a shrimp hatchery complex were being operated by the Inland Fisheries Division (Anon. 1995). These efforts led to an increase offish seed production from 2 million in 1979 to 10 million in 1989, and an increase in inland fish production from 13,000 mt in 1979 to 40,000 mt in 1989. In 1990, state support for inland fisheries was withdrawn and the fish breeding centres were leased to the private sector. However, they were not used as intended, and, as a result, inland fish production declined rapidly to only 12,000 mt in 1994. The present government has given high priority to increasing aquaculture production, creating the MOFARD in October 1994.
Balasuriya (1987) estimated that disease accounted for 37% of all losses suffered at government fish breeding stations, disease-related mortalities affecting more than three million fry valued at some US$68,000 annually. At present, two of the original fish breeding stations (Dambulla and Uda Walawe) have been returned to MOFARD and efforts are being made to rapidly expand production of fry and fingerlings. The success of this effort will be highly dependent on maintaining the health of broodstock and ensuring that healthy pathogen-free fry are stocked in natural waters. Proper fish health management in government hatcheries will also ensure that wild indigenous fishes are not inadvertently infected by exotic pathogens as a result of government stocking programs.
The high economic and social importance of the prawn industry, the ornamental fish trade, and the inland fishery to Sri Lanka justify strong measures to protect these sectors from additional losses due to the international transfer of exotic pathogens.
2.1 The Animal Diseases Act, No. 59 of 1992
2.2 Other Agencies and Acts dealing with the Import/Export of Aquatic Animals and their Products
2.3 Current Practice
2.4 Risk Associated with Current Practices
Progress towards the establishment of a system of quarantine and certification of aquatic animals for Sri Lanka has been summarized by Subasinghe and Balasuriya (1987), Anon. (1991) and Arthur (1996). Prior to 1992, there was no legal framework for the quarantine and certification of aquatic animals and no attempt had been made to adopt procedures for the quarantine and inspection of imported fishes, the DAPH requiring only that the importer have a certificate of health from the country of origin stating that the fish were free of disease, and the fish being released immediately upon arrival (Subasinghe and Balasuriya 1987).
A legal framework for the quarantine of imported aquatic animals was established by the Animal Diseases Act, No. 59 of 1992, "An act to provide for the control and prevention of contagious diseases in animals; for the control of the import and export of animals, animal products and veterinary drugs and veterinary biological products; and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto." Authority to administer the act is given to the Director of Animal Production and Health (Department of Animal Production and Health). Among other aspects, the Act mandates the DAPH to:
- provide recommendations to the Controller of Imports and Exports on the issuance of permits for the import of animals (including fish) and animal products into Sri Lanka; to specify port of entry, to require prior notification of date and time of arrival and vessel; and to require a certificate of health issued by appropriate veterinary officials of the country of origin.- require the quarantine of every animal imported into Sri Lanka for a minimum period of 30 days at the expense of the importer.
- destroy, at the discretion of the Director, any animal subject to quarantine that is found to be diseased.
- control the importation of animal products deemed to present a veterinary health risk.
Under the Act, the term "animal" includes "fish" and "...any other animal domesticated or wild whether kept in captivity or under control or otherwise," and "fish" is defined as including "...all varieties offish, crab, prawn, lobster, turtle, marine and well as fresh water fish, whether cooked, canned, dried or smoked."
The Act also contains provisions authorizing the DAPH to take measures to eradicate or limit the in-country spread of certain contagious diseases. These contagious diseases of concern ("specified diseases") are listed in the "First Schedule". Among these is only one disease of aquatic animals, Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN), a viral disease of salmonid fishes. When the occurrence of a specified disease is reported to the Director, the Director may request the sealing of the infected premises, the seizure and destruction of any infected animal or animal product, the disinfection of premises, and the restriction of the movement of animals into and out of the infected area.
Although the Act is defined as including provisions for the export of animals, animal products and veterinary drugs and biological products, there are no sections dealing specifically with the inspection and certification of exported aquatic animals and their products.
It is thus clear that the DAPH has the necessary powers to implement an effective quarantine and inspection system to control the entrance of aquatic animal diseases into Sri Lanka and to control and eradicate certain important contagious diseases within the country when outbreaks occur.
Besides the DAPH, there are a number of agencies whose mandates touch on the import or export of aquatic animals or their products. These agencies and acts include:
The Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (Chapter 469) and the Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 1993
The Sri Lanka Wildlife Department, through the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (Chapter 469) and the Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 1993, regulates what species of animals can be imported and exported. The Act lists 12 species of endemic freshwater fishes and 7 species of marine fishes (under Schedule IV), and a large number of marine invertebrates (under Schedule IVA) whose export is prohibited. Earlier legislation in place since 1940 includes an additional five species of fishes classified as "restricted" whose export is by permit only (Mr. R.L. Gunasekera, Sri Lanka Customs, pers. comm.)
Section 39 of the Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 1993 repeals and replaces sections 37-42 of the original enactment.
New Section 37 prohibits the import of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates without permit.
New Section 38 (a) specifies that regulations may be made requiring importers to provide a certificate from an approved authority stating that an imported animal (mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish or invertebrate) is free from disease or infection. Section 38 (b) prohibits the release into the wild of animals imported under Section 37.
New Section 40 (1) prohibits export of any animal, whether alive or dead or its parts except under permit. Section 40 (2) states that "Such permit shall not be issued except for the promotion of scientific knowledge including supplies to foreign museums, foreign zoological gardens in exchange for supplies to local museums or local zoological gardens.
Both Sections 37 and 40 do not apply to domestic animals; Section 37 does not apply to "tropical aquarium fishes", defined as any species of freshwater fish specified in Schedule IV of the Act; Section 40 also does not apply to any animal which is not indigenous to Sri Lanka. Both sections 37 and 40 have effect as if they formed part of the Customs Ordinance.
The Fisheries and Resources Act, No. 2 of 1996 and the Fishing Operations Regulations of 1996
The MOFARD, through this legislation, is mandated to enforce regulations dealing with capture fisheries, aquaculture and the protection and conservation of fish and other aquatic resources.
"Part IV. Protection of Fish and Aquatic Resources", Section 30 permits the Director to regulate the import and export of aquatic animals and their products ("fish" as defined in the Act includes all aquatic organisms). Under Section 30 (1), the Minister may, in consultation with the Minister in charge of the subject of Trade, by Order published in Gazette, and having regard to the need to protect the aquatic resources of Sri Lanka, prohibit or regulate the export from, or import into, Sri Lanka of any species of fish including live fish and roe or spawn, or any products prepared from such fish, roe or spawn or other aquatic resources for such a period of time as specified in the Order. This section has effect as though it formed part of the Customs Ordinance.
Among other powers, the Act permits the Minister to make regulations related to the protection of the aquatic medium; the management, regulation and protection of fisheries reserves; the management and regulation of aquaculture; and the management of inland fisheries.
The Food Act, No. 26 of 1980
The Food Act, No. 26 of 1980 regulates and controls the manufacture, importation, sale and distribution of food. Part I, Section 2 (1) prohibits the manufacture, import, selling or distribution of any food that contains any natural or added deleterious substance which renders it injurious to health; that is unfit for human consumption; or that is in whole or in part unclean, putrid, repugnant, decayed, decomposed or diseased. This act allows the Sri Lanka Ministry of Health to regulate standards for food destined for human consumption, including imported aquatic animals and their products destined for food.
Customs Ordinance
Sri Lanka Customs, through the Customs Ordinance and the authority vested in the above acts, inspects shipments of aquatic animals being imported for export and import as to necessary permits and certificates, including health certificates for aquatic organisms. Customs officers perform spot-checks for correct identity; and liaise with the DAPH Quarantine Division and the Sri Lanka Wildlife Department.
Other Acts and International Agreements
There are a number of other acts and international agreements which may have bearing on the import/export of aquatic animals and their products, and of other potential sources of aquatic animal disease (e.g., aquatic animal feeds, contaminated equipment such as nets and tanks (fomites), ballast water) (e.g., the Import and Export Control Act). These acts need to be identified and their implications relative to a quarantine and certification program for aquatic animals and efforts to prevent international and within country disease transfer investigated.
Sri Lanka is a signatory to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). However, no specific legislation has been enacted to enforce the CITES agreement.
2.3.1 Exportation of Live Aquatic Animals and their Products
2.3.2 Importations of Live Aquatic Animals and their Products
2.3.3 Within Country Movements of Aquatic Animals
Ornamental Fishes
The trade in ornamental fishes is entirely within the private sector, seven or eight large companies producing most of the fish exported. The bulk of freshwater fishes exported by these companies is produced by breeding at company hatcheries. These fish are then supplied under sole contract to outgrowers who raise them from fry to adult, and resell them to the large companies. Sri Lanka currently exports a large quantity of freshwater ornamental fishes and a smaller quantity of marine aquarium fishes, mainly to Germany, Japan and the United States.
Although Sri Lanka Customs requires that information on species identity, number, and destination accompany exported shipments, record keeping is done by total shipment weight, including shipping water, and thus no precise figures as to the quantities of fishes exported by species and destination are readily available. A rough estimate of the total volume of the freshwater aquarium trade can be derived from figures provided by Keells Aquariums (Pvt) Ltd., Sri Lanka's largest ornamental fish grower. This company exports approximately 1 million live fish per month, (guppies accounting for about 80% of the total), and is estimated to control at least 20% of the total trade. A very rough estimate would thus be that 5 million ornamental fishes are exported each month from Sri Lanka, or 60 million fish per year. Sixty five of the 80 species of indigenous freshwater fishes found in Sri Lanka are exported. Included are 25 of the 26 non-prohibited endemic species. A total of 8,500 native freshwater fishes are exported by Keells Aquariums (Pvt) Ltd. each month. Some of these are bred in captivity; however there is also a significant quantity originating from small-scale collectors of indigenous wild fishes.
A wider variety but lower volume of marine fishes and some marine invertebrates are exported for the aquarium fish trade. All are wild caught, mostly from Sri Lankan waters. Some marine fishes are imported from the Maldives, held temporarily, and transhipped with locally caught fish of the same species.
Food Fishes
No freshwater food fishes are currently exported live; however, there is a trade in fry of grouper and seabass, these fish being shipped mainly to Hong Kong for grow-out in marine cages. Although destined for aquaculture, they are shipped as "ornamental fishes."
Non-Living Fish and Shellfish
Sri Lanka also exports non-living fish and shellfish destined for human consumption, the prawn culture industry in particular being almost 100% export oriented.
Export Procedures
As previously noted, although the Animal Protection Act is defined as including provisions for the export of animals and animal products there are no sections dealing specifically with their inspection and certification for disease status. Most importing countries require a certificate of health stating the fish to be exported are clinically free from disease, originate from a facility from which disease or certain specified diseases have not been observed, or, less frequently, have been tested and found free from specified diseases.
Health Certificates provided by the importer are completed by the exporter and signed by the Veterinary Officer located at the Bandaranaike International Airport, Colombo. Prior to shipment large companies, such as Keells Aquarium Ltd conduct internal inspections to ensure that the fish show no clinical signs of disease. The fish are then packed in oxygenated plastic bags, placed in Styrofoam boxes and delivered to the airport where Sri Lanka Customs verifies the invoice and the required packing list, which states the scientific and common names of the species being exported and quantities being shipped, and checks for the presence of a health certificate issued by the Quarantine Service. Occasionally, shipments are visually inspected for species identity and in cases where the identity is questionable, assistance from the National Aquatic Resources Agency (NARA) may be requested to confirm identity.
The amount of importation of living aquatic animals into Sri Lanka appears to be small in relation to that seen for other countries in the region.
There has been no attempt to implement the procedures outlined in the ICES Code of Practice on the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (ICES 1995).
Fish and Shellfish Destined for Freshwater Aquaculture
The MOFARD is the sole importer of fish destined for freshwater aquaculture, occasionally importing broodstock of Indian major carps, Chinese carps, and tilapia to be used for production of fry at the MOFARD fish breeding centres at Uda Walawe and Dambulla. Giant river prawn (Macrobranchium rosenbergii) have also been imported. To date the MOFARD has paid little attention to the possible introduction of disease along with these broodstock, and as a result, a number of parasites and pathogens have been introduced into the country (Subasinghe and Balasuriya 1987). These parasites have transferred to fry produced at government hatcheries, and have subsequently been spread to natural waters through the stocking of fry in reservoirs and seasonal tanks. Prior to the curtailment of government support to aquaculture, Subasinghe and Balasuriya (1987) estimated that some eight million juvenile cyprinids were transported annually between fish breeding centres.
Decisions regarding permission to import for cultured species are made by the Director, Inland Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture Division, NARA, on an ad hoc basis, the Director referring to colleagues for information in cases when necessary.
Ornamental Fishes and Invertebrates
The aquarium industry imports some ornamental freshwater fishes to establish breeding programs. A small quantity is also sold to local aquarists. Some marine ornamentals are also imported. Although most of these marine fish are held in Sri Lanka only for a short period prior to transhipment, some are sold locally. At least two species of exotic freshwater ornamental fishes have been reported from natural waters (Mr. H.D. Ratanayaka, Sri Lanka Department of Wildlife, pers. comm.), their presence resulting from accidental escapes or deliberate release by aquarists.
Importations for Research
In Sri Lanka, as in many other countries in the region, many species have been imported for "scientific research." This activity can lead to the establishment of undesirable species, both through intentional introduction and by escapes from poorly designed research ponds.
Importation of Living Penaeid Shrimp
In 1994, the Minister of MOFARD placed a ban on the importation of shrimp postlarvae (Penaeus spp.). However, this action appears to have been taken too late, outbreaks of SEMBV occurring in 1996. This disease, believed to have been introduced into the country with postlarvae originating from India, has had a devastating effect on cultured shrimp production. Since this ban was initiated there has been at least one unsuccessful attempt to import penaeid postlarvae into the country.
Importation of Non-Living Fish and Shellfish and their Products
There appears to be little, if any, importation of fresh or frozen fish or shellfish into Sri Lanka. Importation of fresh or frozen penaeid shrimps would be of concern, as recent research has shown that viral diseases of shrimp such as SEMBV and yellowhead virus are resistant to freezing.
Most of the feeds used in the shrimp farming industry are imported, and thus may represent a potential source of infection if fish or shrimp by-products are used in their manufacture. The danger, if any, posed by this trade has not been evaluated.
Other Potential Source's of Disease Entry
Disease organisms may also be transferred internationally by such means as illegal importations, the movement of fomites (contaminated equipment such as nets and tanks), by ballast water carried in ships' hulls, and by the natural movements of aquatic animals, birds and mammals. The importance of these other sources has not been evaluated.
Importation Procedures
Bandaranaike International Airport and the Port of Colombo are the only official ports of entry for imported living aquatic animals. However, there is little or no entry through the Port of Colombo.
A health certificate issued by the appropriate veterinary authority of the country of origin is required to accompany imported shipments. Shipments are checked for identity by the Veterinary Inspection Service, which has a Veterinary Surgeon and six Quarantine Inspectors who provide a 24 hr presence at the airport. Certain species of fishes are prohibited from entering the country.
Prior to 1990 there was considerable movement of fry and fingerlings of exotic species (Indian major carps, Chinese carps and tilapias) produced in government fish breeding stations for stocking in perennial reservoirs and seasonal tanks. However, the withdrawal of government support to aquaculture saw an end to this traffic. With the change in government, and the creation of the MOFARD Aquaculture Department in October 1994, production has recommenced at two stations (Uda Walawe and Dambulla). As a result, the within-country transfer of fish can be expected to increase rapidly, as high priority is given to increasing production from inland waters.
The following is an arbitrary ranking, based on the FAO Consultant's assessment of the relative level of risk of introducing new diseases into Sri Lanka, of the various current importation practices, giving that inspection and certification procedures used are those currently practised in Sri Lanka and in the rest of South and Southeast Asia.
It is based on assessment of the likelihood of disease transfer occurring, the probability that an exotic disease will become established in cultured and wild stocks once introduced, and the potential economic impact a serious pathogen might cause once established.
High Risk Activities
- Importation of living shrimp or postlarvae
- Importation of living freshwater fishes for aquaculture in inland waters
Moderate Risk Activities
- Importation of living freshwater aquarium fishes- Importation of fresh or frozen penaeid shrimp for human consumption
- Export of ornamental and food fishes (may be high risk to importing countries, but are of no disease risk and only potential moderate economic risk to Sri Lanka).
Low Risk Activities
- Importation of marine aquarium fishes
- Importation of feeds and equipment
The implementation of the recommendations given in this report would lower, but not entirely eliminate these risks. It must be emphasized that any movement of living aquatic animals entails and element of risk of disease transfer, the amount of risk being largely dependent upon knowledge of the disease history of the imported animal and its facility of origin, the extent and thoroughness of quarantine an inspection utilized, the availability and accuracy of the diagnostic tests employed, and the skill and experience of the diagnostician.
3.1 Expertise
3.2 Government Research and Diagnostics Facilities Dedicated to Aquatic Animal Health
3.1.1 Ministry of Livestock Development, Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Investigation Centre
3.1.2 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development (MOFARD)
3.1.3 Universities and the Private Sector
Currently there exists little expertise in fish health and related disciplines in Sri Lanka.
Dr. (Mrs.) G. R. Rajapaksha, Veterinary Surgeon at the Veterinary Investigation Centre, Welisara., has received some training in fish disease diagnosis at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. She is the only staff member of DAPH with expertise in fish diseases.
Aquaculture Development Division (AQD)
Mr. M. Kulatilake, Fish Health Officer, has recently received an M. Sc. degree through the Tropical Fish Health Programme at the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. In 1997, he undertook short-term training in the form of the Shrimp Health Management Training Course (one week) and training in PCR given by the Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute (AAHRI) in Bangkok and training in the use of the Rapid Cycler (PCR) machine (two weeks) given in Dr. Mhd. Shariff's laboratory, UPM under Project TCP/SRL/6614(A). Mr. Kulatilake is currently assigned to the Aquaculture Extension Centre at Chilaw.
National Aquatic Resources Agency (NARA)
Ms. Priyanalie Wijegoonawardena has a B.Sc. in Science and M. Sc. in ecotoxicology. She received short-term training related to shrimp diseases, including the two week Shrimp Pathology Short Course given by Dr. Donald Lightner at the University of Arizona, Tucson; the Shrimp Health Management Training Course (one week) and training in PCR given in Bangkok in 1997 and training in the use of the Rapid Cycler (PCR) machine (two weeks) given in Dr. Shariff's laboratory, UPM. Ms. Wijegoonawardena is the principal technical staff responsible for conducting the research program of Project TCP/SRL/6614(A).
Mr. Palitha Kithsiri has an M. Sc. in larval rearing of molluscs. He is primarily involved in water quality analyses.
One other NARA staff, Mr. Kumarasena Godagedar, participated in the AAHRI Shrimp Health Management Training Course under Project TCP/SRL/6614(A). Bacteriological expertise exists in the Post Harvest Division of NARA, however no work is presently conducted on bacterial diseases of aquatic animals.
Dr. Neelakanthi Neelakariyasam holds a Ph.D. in fisheries parasitology given by the University of Stirling, Scotland.
Dr. Asoka Pathiratne, lecturer in the Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, has expertise in fish health. She was a participant in the "ACIAR Master Class -Epidemiology in Tropical Aquaculture," which was held in Bangkok, in July 1996.
Staff in the Department Veterinary Medicine, Peradynia University, Peradynia, have also recently begun to conduct research on fish diseases and are providing some assistance to the Veterinary Investigation Centre.
Microbiological expertise related to animal feeds exists in the private sector, at Ceylon Grain Elevators Ltd. This private company has been providing free bacteriological analyses of samples of freshwater fish to the VIC.
Some expertise in basic diagnosis and treatment of common fish diseases is also present within the ornamental fish culture industry.
At present there are no linkages between the university and private sectors and the staff of MOFARD and NARA.
Aside from the PRC machine to be installed at NARA, and a minimal amount of equipment to conduct very basic diagnostic studies (microscope and a microtome) to be used at the Extension Centre at Chilaw, to be purchased through Project TCP/SRL/6614(A), MOFARD lacks the equipment necessary to conduct basic research in fish pathology and related disciplines (parasitology, virology, bacteriology, mycology).
Capability to provide support services in basic water quality analyses exists at NARA (Dr. Jayasinghe). More sophisticated analyses, such as for heavy metal and pesticide content, are not available within NARA but can be arranged via contracting with other agencies located in Sri Lanka.
NARA possesses a post-harvest bacteriology laboratory, which could be expanded to provide support services for aquatic animal health research. NARA is well equipped with personal computers (IBM compatibles, with 486 or Pentium processors) and has e-mail. An Internet connection is expected to be available in 1998. With provision of funds for a high speed modem, and equipping with appropriate software for data analysis, these computers would be suitable for linking Sri Lanka into AAPQIS and the data gathering and analysis envisioned under the FAO/NACA TCP Project.
The NARA library contains only a few monographs dealing with aquatic animal health. There are no current subscriptions to scientific journals relating to this subject.
Facilities and equipment available at the DAPH Veterinary Investigation Centre are minimal and are inadequate to permit even basic disease diagnosis for aquatic animals.
4.1 General Policy on Introductions and Transfers
4.2 Quarantine and Certification Policy
Aquatic animal health is only one component of a suite of issues surrounding the transfer and introduction of aquatic organisms. At present, there is no standardized procedure for the evaluation of candidate species proposed for introduction into Sri Lanka, and such introductions are done in a haphazard manner without critical evaluation of potential benefits vs. risks. The Government of Sri Lanka needs to establish a standardized procedure to evaluate the individual merits of any proposed introduction or transfer of an aquatic animal. It is recommended that the Government of Sri Lanka establish a formal mechanism to evaluate objectively any proposals to introduce new species or strains of aquatic animals into Sri Lankan waters. It is recommended that a permanent interdepartmental committee be established to review current policy and regulations regarding the introduction and transfer of aquatic organisms, and to make recommendations on the adoption or adaptation for Sri Lanka of the ICES Code of Practice on the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms and similar guidelines. This committee should also be mandated to review all requests to import exotic fishes destined for aquaculture or for stocking in natural waters, and to make recommendations to the Ministry as to whether individual requests are to be approved. Such a committee should be composed of experts who can evaluate the various issues surrounding the desirability of proposed introductions, including likely benefits, both social and economic, and possible adverse impacts, such as effects on native and existing cultured species (e.g., possible ecological, environmental, genetic and disease impacts).
Need for an Integrated Program on Aquatic Animal Health Research
The development of a policy and program for the quarantine and certification of aquatic animals should be linked to the development of research capability to provide expertise in pathogen identification and treatment. At present, there is little basic information on the parasites and diseases of both cultured and wild aquatic animals in Sri Lanka. Lack of such knowledge makes difficult the evaluation of potential impacts parasites and microbes encountered in imported aquatic animals are likely to have on native and cultured fishes and invertebrates. There is thus a need to strengthen basic research capability in both the MOFARD and in national universities.
The establishment of an effective quarantine and certification program for Sri Lanka must be linked to the development of a comprehensive national program on aquatic animal health. The following components are recommended:
(a). Development of a comprehensive quarantine and certification program for aquatic animals within the DAPH, including development or enhancement of expertise and infrastructure for routine diagnostics, including histopathology and pathogen identification. Such a program would need to fully implement a risk management approach designed to target aquatic animal species or products posing a high risk of transmitting disease to aquaculture and native fish populations. The need for quarantine facilities to adequately house high risk importations would need to be evaluated and addressed.(b). Development of a national lead centre for research on aquatic animal health. Such a centre would need to be staffed by highly trained (M.Sc. and Ph.D. level) scientists with expertise in such fields as histopathology, bacteriology, mycology, epidemiology, parasitology, and toxicology, and would be mandated to conduct applied research on diseases of aquatic animals. It would be essential that such a centre be required, on a first priority basis, to provide expert support to the central diagnostics laboratory of the Quarantine Service in the identification of pathogens encountered in imported and exported aquatic animals and the assessment of the level of risk posed. It would also be expected to provide research support to the MOFARD AQD in identifying pathogens present in MOFARD fish breeding centres, and developing ways for their control and eradication.
(c). Enhancement of diagnostics capability within MOFARD AQD. Expertise and facilities at several of the fish breeding and extension centres (Chilaw, Uda Walawe and Dambulla) are required to permit MOFARD to eliminate disease problems in hatchery broodstock, prevent contamination of fry and fingerlings, and provide diagnostic services to private aquaculturists. This is particularly important, as MOFARD is hoping to greatly increase the production and distribution of fry and juveniles for stocking in tanks and reservoirs throughout Sri Lanka. At the same time, previous work. by Sri Lankan scientists has shown that parasites and other exotic disease agents have been introduced into new areas of the country along with these fish, posing a threat to both existing aquaculture and native fish stocks. Even should Sri Lanka choose not to implement a program for the quarantine of imported aquatic animals, this component would seem necessary.
The implementation of a comprehensive aquatic animal health programme for Sri Lanka can be expected to require a time frame of 5-7 years and considerable donor support ($500,000-750,000 US). It is recommended that the Government of Sri Lanka request the FAO to assist by identifying potential donors and in the preparation of a detailed proposal for donor consideration. It is further recommended that a joint working group involving DAPH, MOFARD AQD and NARA be established to prepare such a proposal. Expert assistance could be sought from the FAO Fish Health Specialist or from an international consultant expert in fish health and quarantine.
Legal Framework
As previously mentioned, there are at least four governmental departments with legislation having implications for the importation and exportation of aquatic animals and their products. These acts and regulations are often overlapping and occasionally contradictory or unenforceable. There exists a number of apparent inconsistencies and overlapping authorities relative to the movement and inspection of aquatic animals. For example, both the Animal Diseases Act and the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act give authority to the DAPH and MOFARD, respectively to inspect and register hatcheries. It is recommended that the Government of Sri Lanka review the various acts and regulations dealing with the import and export of aquatic animals and any of their products posing a health risk to aquatic organisms, with the goal of harmonizing and clarifying these laws, so that an effective quarantine and certification system for aquatic animals may be more readily established. It is further recommended that the Government request the FAO to assist by assigning this task to the National and International Legal Consultants providing legal expertise to the Government of Sri Lanka under FAO TCP/SRL/6614(A).
Participation in the FAO/NACA TCP Project and AAPQIS
The on-going FAO TCP Project Development of National and Regional Technical Guidelines on Health Certification and Quarantine for the Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic Animals is an important regional initiative which should lead to the harmonization of procedures for the quarantine and certification of aquatic animals. The guidelines expected to arise from this series of workshops involving 19 regional countries will form an agreed upon recommended protocol for the establishment of quarantine and certification systems for aquatic animals in Asia and the Pacific. To further develop Sri Lankan expertise for the establishment of quarantine and certification policy and procedures, it is recommended that MOFARD participate fully in the FAO/NACA TCP Project. It is recommended that the National Coordinator for Sri Lanka for the FAO/ NACA TCP Project (The Director, Aquaculture Division) head a national committee on quarantine and certification, which would be charged with reviewing the FAO/NACA guidelines with the goal of adapting them to the Sri Lankan situation. The committee could be composed of representatives from MOFARD AQD, NARA, DAPH, the universities and the aquaculture industry.
A component of the FAO/NACA TCP Project is the establishment of a national data base on the pathogens of aquatic animals for each country in the region. In such a way, the geographic and host distributions of important pathogens occurring in the region will become known, and decisions on the risks posed by shipments of aquatic animals more easily evaluated. It is recommended that Sri Lanka participate fully in this information gathering effort by designating staff responsible to establish and continuously update a national database on diseases of aquatic animals. Such an effort could initially draw upon a country bibliography for Sri Lanka being prepared by FAO and the Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, as a component of a Fish Health Bibliography for South Asia.
Intel-ministerial Cooperation
It is essential that the Department of Animal Production and Health, as the key implementing agency for Sri Lanka through its Quarantine and Animal Health Divisions, be fully involved in the effort to develop a comprehensive policy and program for aquatic animal health and quarantine and certification. It is recommended that the Government of Sri Lanka seek support from NACA, FAO, OIE or another donor agency to support full participation of DAPH staff in the FAO/NACA TCP Project. Further, it is recommended that the MOFARD consult with the DAPH to establish a formal linkage or understanding between the two agencies. Such a linkage would initially involve an agreement to develop a comprehensive proposal for a National Aquatic Animal Health Program for Sri Lanka, and later, to formally develop a working relationship linking a national research unit, if developed within NARA, with the Quarantine Division, to provide taxonomic identifications, assessment of potential risks, and recommendations on possible treatments to the Quarantine Division on a first priority basis.
The OIE is an international veterinary organization charged with tracking and reporting important animal diseases, including those affecting aquatic species. Reporting to OIE on disease status is done through the Head Veterinary Officer of each member country. However, in Sri Lanka, as in many Asian countries, it is the national fisheries department which investigates disease outbreaks in aquatic systems. It is recommended that MOFARD initiate discussions with the Head Veterinary Officer to establish a mechanism to ensure that diseases of aquatic animals are reported to the OIE in an accurate and timely manner. As NACA has agreed to serve as a regional coordinating centre for Asia-Pacific for reporting to the OIE on diseases of aquatic animals, MOFARD's participation in the FAO/NACA TCP Project may provide the necessary reporting mechanism.
Inland Fisheries Development
In the past, broodstock of exotic fishes were imported for inland fisheries development without due concern for the possible introduction of pathogens, and as a result a number of exotic parasites and diseases were introduced into Sri Lanka. Further, these were spread to other regions of the country through the interchange of fry between stations and the distribution and stocking of fry in permanent reservoirs. As the MOFARD is currently in the process of rebuilding inland aquaculture production, it is recommended that this window of opportunity be taken to disinfect existing broodstock and ensure that precautions are taken to prevent the infection of fry and fingerlings during rearing at the fish breeding centres, so that within country spread of pathogens can be minimized. It also recommended that any further importations of broodstock be subjected to strict inspection and quarantine to internationally recognized standards, both before shipment and after arrival, to minimize the chance of introducing new diseases.
Documentation of Imports and Exports of Living Aquatic Animals
The current methods used to track shipments of living aquatic animals, based on the total weight of shipments, including ballast water, is inadequate to provide a clear picture of the extent and nature of this international trade. It is recommended that the Government adopt a system for recording the basic information on each shipment (importer/exporter, country of origin/destination, scientific and common name of species shipped, number of fish shipped by species, date, etc.) so that an accurate picture of the extent and nature of this trade can be obtained. To assist in the formulation of policy and in the analysis of risks posed by the trade in living aquatic animals, this information should be collated, analysed and published on an annual basis.
Importation of Fresh and Frozen Fish and Shellfish for Direct Human Consumption
The trade in fish, both live and dead, destined for direct human consumption via restaurants and markets, and of certain frozen products (particularly frozen penaeid shrimps), as well as in feeds containing fish and shrimp by-products poses a potential risk to aquaculture and native aquatic animals through the transfer of parasites and diseases. For example, the laboratory of Dr. Donald Lightner (University of Arizona) has recently verified the presence of viable virus particles (SEMBV and yellowhead virus) in frozen Penaeus monodon imported into the US from Thailand. It is recommended that the extent of such trade be documented, so that an accurate assessment of the risk such products pose to Sri Lanka can be accurately evaluated.
Shrimp Disease Prevention
The shrimp farming industry has been the sector the most severely affected by the introduction of exotic pathogens. Shrimp farmers clearly recognize the threat posed by the importation of postlarvae and broodstock, and are unlikely to choose importation if sufficient supplies of locally produced postlarvae are available. It is strongly recommended that MOFARD continue to take steps to ensure that the supply of broodstock in Sri Lankan waters is protected from overfishing and from possible disease introduction due to development of shrimp farming in adjacent areas, to ensure that broodstock supply will be adequate to meet the needs of the shrimp farming industry. It is also recommended that MOFARD continue to monitor and if necessary enhance local hatchery production capacity to ensure that there will exist no need for growers to illegally import postlarvae.
It is recommended:
· That the Government establish a permanent interdepartmental committee mandated to review current policy and regulations regarding the introduction and transfer of aquatic organisms, to make recommendations on the adoption or adaptation of the ICES Code of Practice on the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms and other similar guidelines, and to review and make recommendations on all requests to import exotic aquatic animals destined for aquaculture or stocking in natural waters.· That the Government request FAO assistance with the identification of potential donors and in the preparation of a detailed proposal for the development of expertise and infrastructure for aquatic animal health research and quarantine and certification for donor consideration, and that a joint working group involving DAPH, MOFARD AQD and NARA be established to prepare such a proposal.
· That the Government initiate a review of the various acts and regulations dealing with the import and export of aquatic animals and any of their products posing a health risk to aquatic organisms, with the goal of harmonizing and clarifying these laws, and that FAO be requested to assist by assigning this task to the National and International Legal Consultants providing legal expertise to the Government of Sri Lanka under FAO TCP/SRL/6614(A). '
· That MOFARD participate fully in the FAO/NACA TCP Project, and that the National Coordinator for Sri Lanka head a national committee on quarantine and certification, which would be charged with reviewing the NACA/FAO guidelines with the goal of adapting them to the Sri Lankan situation.
· That Sri Lanka participate fully in the Aquatic Animal Pathogen and Quarantine Information System (AAPQIS) by designating staff to establish and continuously update a national database on diseases of aquatic animals.
· That the Government seek the support of NACA, FAO, OIE or another donor agency to ensure full participation of DAPH staff in the FAO/NACA TCP Project.
· That MOFARD consult with the DAPH to establish a formal linkage or understanding between the two agencies.
· That MOFARD initiate discussions with the Head Veterinary Officer to establish a mechanism ensuring that diseases of aquatic animals are reported to the OIE in an accurate and timely manner.
· That MOFARD disinfect existing broodstock and ensure that precautions are taken to prevent the infection of fry and fingerlings during rearing at the fish breeding centres, so that within country spread of pathogens can be minimized.
· That further importations of broodstock by MOFARD be subjected to strict inspection and quarantine to internationally recognized standards, both before shipment and after arrival, to minimize the chance of introducing new diseases.
· That the Government adopt a system for recording the basic information on each shipment of imported or exported aquatic animals (importer/exporter, country of origin/destination, scientific and common name of species shipped, number of fish shipped by species, date, etc.) so that an accurate picture of the extent and nature of this trade can be obtained. To assist in the formulation of policy and in the analysis of risks posed by the trade in living aquatic animals, this information should be collated, analysed and published on an annual basis.
· That the extent of existing importations of fresh and frozen aquatic animals destined for direct human consumption be documented, so that an accurate assessment of the risk such products pose to Sri Lanka can be evaluated.
· That MOFARD ensure that the supply of shrimp broodstock in Sri Lankan waters is protected from overfishing and from possible disease introduction due to development of shrimp farming in adjacent areas.
· That MOFARD monitor and, if necessary, enhance local hatchery production of shrimp postlarvae, so that no need will exist for growers to illegally import postlarvae.
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Arthur, J. R. 1996. Fish and shellfish quarantine: the reality for Asia-Pacific, p. 11-28. In R.P. Subasinghe, J.R. Arthur and M. Shariff. (eds.) Health Management in Asian Aquaculture. Proceedings of the Regional Expert Consultation on Aquaculture Health Management in Asia and the Pacific. FAO Fish. Technical Paper No. 360, 142 p.
Balasuriya, L.K.S.W. 1987. Current fish disease problems in Sri Lanka, p. 36-40. In J.R. Arthur (ed.) Fish Quarantine and Fish Diseases in South and Southeast Asia: 1986 Update. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Publication. No. 1.
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A Reprint of the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (Chapter 469) as amended by Acts Nos. 44 of 1964 and 1 of 1970. Department of Government Printing, Ceylon, 47 p.
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Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 1993. Published as a Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of October 22, 1993. Department of Government Printing, Sri Lanka, 59 p.
Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act, No. 2 of 1996. Published as a Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of January 12, 1996. Department of Government Printing, Sri Lanka, 35 p.
Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Aquaculture Management Regulations of 1996. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Extraordinary. No. 948/25, November 7, 1996, Part I, Sect. I, p. 55A-62A.
International Consultant Expert in Quarantine and Health Certification
Under the overall responsibility of the Chief, Operations Group, RAPR, under the technical supervision of the Inland Fisheries Division of FAO, and in close collaboration and consultation with the Government counterparts and relevant Government authorities, the Consultant will:
· Review, analyse and evaluate the existing aquatic animal health certification and quarantine guidelines in Sri Lanka;· Develop appropriate and practical guidelines on aquatic animal health certification and quarantine for Sri Lanka, taking into consideration the infrastructure capabilities of the country and the existing regulations and procedures for terrestrial animal quarantine and health certification;
· Produce a policy paper on aquatic animal health certification and quarantine for the Government of Sri Lanka;
· Advise FAO on long-term needs for an aquatic animal health certification and quarantine program for Sri Lanka, with a view to developing a major proposal for possible donor funding;
· Participate as a resource person in local training sessions;
· Present a report, addressed to the project operations officer at RAPA (hard copy together with diskette in Word).
|
DATE |
VENUE/PERSONNEL ACTIVITY |
|
|
20 Sept |
Depart Fernie/Cranbrook |
10:30/13:10 |
|
21 Sept |
Arrive Rome |
15:45 |
|
22 Sept |
FAO Headquarters |
Pre-mission briefing |
|
23 Sept |
FAO Headquarters |
Pre-mission briefing; |
|
24 Sept |
Depart Rome |
09:05 |
|
25 Sept |
Arrive Colombo |
06:00 |
|
Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development (MOFARD) |
Briefing; preliminary development of itinerary |
|
|
Second Project Progress Review Committee Meeting |
Review of project staffing, equipment procurement, national training programmes, planning for the 1st Public Seminar Workshop, research status, international consultants, and security issues) |
|
|
26 Sept |
FAO |
Briefing; payment of partial DSA |
|
Mr. Sugathapala |
Itinerary development; briefing on NARA; review of expertise and facilities relative to aquatic animal health |
|
|
27 Sept |
Document review |
|
|
28 Sept |
Document review |
|
|
29 Sept |
FAO |
Briefing |
|
NARA |
Itinerary development, discussions on structure of MOFARD and NARA |
|
|
MOFARD |
Finalization of itinerary and appointments, discussions on MOFARD and AQD organization and capabilities |
|
|
30 Sept |
Field travel to Udawalawe |
Presentation of lecture on fish health management for freshwater fish culture during national training for aquaculture extension workers and fisheries officers |
|
1 October |
Udawalawe Fish Breeding Centre |
Review offish culture operations and within country movements of live fish relative to disease control |
|
2 October |
Return travel to Colombo |
|
|
3 October |
Field Travel to the Northwest Province |
Visit to Sri Lanka's largest shrimp grower; visits to medium and small-scale farms near Chilaw and Mundal |
|
Mr. N.N.E. Cooray (NARA) |
Brief visit to Chilaw Aquaculture Extension Centre (MOFARD) |
|
|
Mr. A.M.S. Pushpananda (NARA) |
|
|
|
4 October |
Travel to Hambantota |
|
|
5 October |
Rural Aquaculture Development Centre, Bandagiriya |
Tour of Centre and visits to small-scale rural fish culture projects of SFF |
|
6 October |
NARA |
Review of research project status; revision of project schedule; |
|
Keells Aquariums (Pvt) Ltd, Ekala, Ja-Ela |
Visit to Sri Lanka's largest private ornamental fish operation; |
|
|
7 October |
Sri Lanka Customs Department |
Briefing and review of customs regulations and operational procedures related to import/export of live aquatic |
|
MOFARD |
Discussion of export issues relative to aquatic animal diseases |
|
|
8 October |
Sri Lanka Export Development Board |
Discussion of organization and financing for the project's first |
|
Development Finance Corporation of Ceylon |
Discussion of organization and financing for the project's first Public Seminar Workshop |
|
|
Department of Animal Production and Health, Animal Quarantine |
Review of departmental mandate and procedures relative to quarantine
and certification of aquatic animals; |
|
|
MOFARD |
Courtesy call; briefing and discussion of project activities, issues
and needs |
|
|
9 October |
Document review |
|
|
10 October |
Veterinary Investigation Centre, Welisara |
Review of VIC expertise and facilities relative to aquatic animal quarantine
and certification; |
|
MOFARD |
Courtesy call and briefing |
|
|
FAO |
Mission debriefing |
|
|
Department of Wildlife |
Discussion on international trade in aquatic animals |
|
|
NARA |
Courtesy call and briefing |
|
|
11 October |
Document review |
|
|
12 October |
Depart Colombo/Arrive Bangkok |
04:10/08:50 |
|
13 October |
FAO/RAPR |
Mission debriefing -) |
|
Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute |
Informal discussions on FAO and AAHRI activities relevant to quarantine and certification |
|
|
Depart Bangkok |
23:59 |
|
|
14 October |
Arrive Rome |
08:35 |
|
14-15 Oct. |
FAO Headquarters |
Mission debriefing |
|
16 October |
Depart Rome/Arrive Cranbrook/Fernie |
11:05/21:05/22:30 |
TCP/SRL/6614(A) - DISEASE PREVENTION HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL SHRIMP CULTURE
Minutes of the 2nd Progress Review Committee Meeting held on 25.09.97 at the Conference Room of the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development.
Present
1. Mr. Lalith Hettiarachchi, Addl. SF - (Chairman)
2. Mr. A.M. Jayasekera, D/AQD
3. Mr. H.A.M. Kulatilake, FHO/AQD
4. Mr. A. Hettiarachchi, D/Export
5. Mr. W.H.S. Fernando, Director/NWP - Fisheries Ministry
6. Dr. P.P.G.S. Siriwardhana, Director/IARD-NARA
7. Mr. K.P. Sugathapala, Programme Assistant/FAO
8. Mr. K.S.B. Tennekoon, Shrimp Farmers & Exporters Association
9. Mr. Christy Perera/BAPFI
10. Dr. J.R. Arthur, International Consultant Expert in Quarantine & Health Certification
Excused
1. Mr. M.A. Seneviratne, Sr. Project Officer, DFCC
2. Dr. D.E.M. Weerakoon, Deputy Director/Products Management Division, EDB
The Chairman welcomed the members for the 2nd Progress Review Committee Meeting and introduced Dr. Richard Arthur, International Consultant on Quarantine and Health Certification who has been assigned by the FAO for the Project from 25.09.97 -12.10.97.
Matters discussed
1. Progress Review Committee
Mr. A.M. Jayasekera NPD stated that on a suggestion made by Mr. Seneviratne, Sr. Project Officer of the DFCC at the last meeting, invitations were sent to 3 Small Scale Farmers Organization to attend the Progress Review Committee Meeting.
2. Assignment of Staff
The NPD stated that in addition to the Fish Health Officer and two other officers at the Chilaw Extension Centre, FAO has made available the services of a Project Coordinating Assistant with effect from 15.08.97.
The Committee was informed by Mr. Sugathapala Programme Assistant of the FAO Office that it is not possible to pay an allowance to the officers implementing the Project as it is a Technical Corporation Programme.
3. Aquaculture Extension centre
The members were informed by the NPD that the services of the Aquaculture Extension Centre which has been located at the CFHC building in Chilaw are obtained by an increasing number of shrimp farmers and inland fishermen/fish farmers in Puttalam District. It is expected to provide a better service once the laboratory facilities have been established under the TCP.
4. Equipment
The equipment required for NARA and for the Extension Centre at Chilaw have been identified by Dr. Simon Smith, International Shrimp Health Management Consultant and submitted to the FAO. The Programme Assistant of the FAO office, Colombo stated that action is being taken to procure them.
5. National Training Program
Mr. Mahinda Kulatilaka, Fish Health Officer (FHO) stated that 4 training programs have been already completed as follows:-
|
5th May '97 |
Ambakandawila |
- 17 farmers |
|
27 August '97 |
Muthupanthiya |
- 23 farmers |
|
5th September '97 |
Thawila-Marawila |
- 13 farmers |
|
19th September '97 |
Pinkattiya |
- 25 farmers |
He also stated that the dates and venues have been fixed for the other training programs too. Mr. Jayasekera, NPD stated that the farmers have expressed their keen interest to participate in the training programme as the programs are practical oriented and are done at the farm sites itself. He stated that the Mr. N.D. Wannigama, Consultant, offers his services as a resource person along with NARA and AQD officials at these training programs. The funds for the first few training programmes were provided by the DFCC. EDB has also been requested to provide funds.
6. National Seminar Workshops
The NPD referring to the Project Document stated that the DFCC and EDB are expected to provide funds for the National Seminar and for group training programmes. However, he said that he has been made to understand that so far no firm decisions have been taken on the matter by both agencies and there is a difficulty in conducting training programmes and seminars as planned. As the representative of both agencies were not present for the meeting the Chairman decided to take up the matter separately with both DFCC and EDB.
7. Research Programme
On the request made by the Chairman Dr. P.P.G.S.N. Siriwardena Director/IARAD NARA explained the research component of the project. He stated that the main objectives of the research programmes are:
1. to investigate the route of infection of virus
2. to find out preventing measures
Already 5 farms have been identified for research work. Equipment required for the programme have been ordered. Dr. Siriwardene stated that there are some requests to keep the Polimarize Chain Reactor (PCR) equipment that is to be procured under the project at Chilaw but that is not possible as it has to be used for the research programme under the Project. Considering the environment in which it should be kept and the need for laboratory facilities with associated other equipment, keeping the equipment at Chilaw or Negambo is not feasible. He further stated that, a limited number of samples could be screened during the period of research programme. Having considered the matter in detail the Progress Review Committee accepted that the equipment should be kept at NARA. The NPD requested Dr. Siriwardene to send monthly progress reports of the research programmes to him. The Chairman stated that the research results should be made available in simple language for the benefit of the farmers.
8. Security for the Extension Office at Chilaw
The NPD stated that the Aquaculture Extension Office, CeyNor Sales outlet and the Fl Office of the Dept. of Fisheries are all located in the same building at Chilaw but no security service is available. As some valuable equipment are to be provided to the laboratory he emphasized the necessity to have watchers for the safety of equipment. Mr. Tennekoon suggested to seek the assistance of Police and have a system of mobile patrol. The NPD stated that the watchers are required to look after the place and to take the responsibility. However, due to lack of funds it is not possible to deploy security staff under the Aquaculture Development Division, and requested the FAO Office to consider providing funds to deploy watchers at least for a temporary period. Mr. Sugathapala stated that no provisions are available for such recruitments under the Project. The Chairman decided to take up the matter with other two institutions also and decide on the arrangement for security.
9. The Chairman thanked the Fisheries Director of the NWPC, representatives the Shrimp Farmers Organizations and others for their cooperation and assistance in the implementation of the Project.
A.M. JAYASEKERA
Director of Aquaculture DevelopmentOctober 10, 1997
Revised Table of Detailed Project Activities.
|
No. |
Activity |
Time Frame |
Responsibility |
Status |
|
1. |
Appointment of the National Project Director |
March 1997 |
MOFARD/NPD |
Completed |
|
2. |
NARA should identify the officers to be engaged in the project implementation. |
March 1997 |
NPD/NARA |
Completed |
|
3. |
Completion of the MOFARD's proposed Shrimp Farming Training and Extension Centre (SFTEC) at Chilaw |
March 1997 |
NPD |
Completed |
|
4. |
Transfer the MOFARD/AQD's Fish Health Officer (FHO) to the proposed centre at Chilaw |
Mid April 1997 |
NPD |
Completed |
|
5. |
FAO/FIRI Fish Health Specialist will visit the project to finalise/fine tune the project implementation arrangements. Duration two weeks. Terms of Reference annexed |
March 1997 |
FAO |
Completed |
|
6. |
Selection of sites for farmer training and field research programmes. The sites will be selected from private farms and this activity requires discussions between the SFASL, MOFARD/FHO, and NARA. |
April 1997 |
NPD/FAO/Dr Simon Smith |
Completed |
|
7. |
An international consultant on shrimp health management (Consultant 1) to be mobilised for one month. Terms of Reference annexed. Consultant 1 will finalise the selected sites and advise the NPD. FHO, SFASL, and NARA officers on establishing the relevant experiments at the selected experimental sites. The details of the pilot experiments to be conducted will be provided to the Consultant 1 by the FAO/FIRI Fish Health Specialist following his mission in March 1997. Consultant 1 will identify the equipment necessary to upgrade NARA and MOFARD Extension Centre at Chilaw (see Recommendations). |
April to May 1997 |
NPD/FAORAP/ FAO |
Completed |
|
8. |
Appointment and first meeting of the Progress Review Committee (see Recommendations). This meeting should coincide with the visit of the Shrimp Health Consultant, Dr Simon Smith. |
Early May 1997 |
NPD/Dr Smith |
Completed |
|
9. |
First local training workshop aimed at 50-70 farmers in a location/site selected by NPD/SLSFA/Dr Smith and as described. Workshop should coincide with the visit of Consultant 1 (see Recommendations). |
May 1997 |
NPD/SLSFA/Dr Simon Smith |
Completed |
|
10. |
Overseas training at AAHRI/Bangkok on shrimp health management for two officers (MOFARD/AQD and NARA) and PCR technology training for one technician from NARA (see Recommendations). |
Mid May 1997 |
FAORAP/NPD FAO/HQ |
Completed |
|
11. |
Second local training programme |
Early June 1997 |
NPD/SLSFA |
Completed |
|
12. |
Purchase of equipment including PCR equipment |
End June 1997 |
NPD/FAORAP |
Ordered; awaiting arrival |
|
13. |
Identification and recruitment of a national legal consultant (Consultant 2) for one month to collect and study the national regulations and legislation on aquaculture and to work together with international legal consultant during her mission (see Recommendations and new TOR) |
December 1997* |
NPD/FAORAP |
To be done |
|
14. |
Third local training programme |
Early July 1997 |
NPD/SLSFA |
Completed |
|
15. |
An international legal consultant (Consultant 3) to be identified and recruited. Consultant 3 will visit the project for a period of three weeks to review the aquaculture legislation, assess requirements, and present options. Consultant 3 will communicate and work with Consultant 2 before and during her visit to the project to maximise the efficiency. Terms of Reference are attached. Duration: 3 weeks + 1 week report writing (see Recommendations). |
March 1988; to be done in conjunction with #25* |
NPD/FAORAP |
To be done |
|
16. |
At the end of the consultancy. Consultant 3 will hold a short (half a days) seminar/workshop with the concerned senior government officials, together with the relevant MOFARD and NARA officials. |
March 1998; to be done in conjunction with #25* |
NPD/FAOLEGN |
To be done |
|
17. |
Third local training programme |
End July 1997 |
NPD/SLSFA |
Completed |
|
18. |
NARA research programme on PCR screening for SEMBV to be operational and activities to be continued until October 1998.* |
End July 1997; collections begun in August 1997; analyses to begin in January 1998* |
NPD/NARA |
Active |
|
19. |
Second Progress Review Committee |
Early August 1997 |
NPD |
Completed; September 1997* |
|
20. |
Fourth local training workshop |
17 October 1997* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
21. |
An international consultant on aquatic animal quarantine and health certification (Consultant 4) will visit the project for a period of three weeks. Consultant 4 will work closely with the MOFARD/FHO, NARA staff, and the SFASL in reviewing and developing the appropriate practical guidelines on aquatic animal quarantine and health certification. Terms of Reference annexed. |
Late August 1997 |
FAORAP/NPD FAOHQ |
Completed; September/ October 1997* |
|
22. |
Fifth local training workshop to coincide with the visit of Consultant 4. |
31 October 1997* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
23. |
FAO/FIRI environmental officer (Consultant 5) will visit the project for a period of three weeks to conduct an investigation to study the environmental problems with respect to shrimp farming in Sri Lanka with a view to providing advice and develop necessary guidelines to ensure the sector sustainability. The environmental officer will work with the NPD. FHO, and the relevant MOFARD/NARA officials. Terms of Reference annexed. Duration 3 weeks plus 1 week report writing. |
March 1998; to be done in conjunction with #25* |
NPD/FAORAP |
To be done |
|
24. |
Mid-term evaluation/second technical backstopping mission by the FAO/FIRI Fish Health Specialist. The specialist will review the progress of the project, with special reference to the research programme, and help the NARA and MOFARD officers to analyse the data. Terms of Reference will be developed by the FAO/FIRI Fish Health Specialist by August 1997. Duration two weeks. |
March 1998; to be done in conjunction with #25* |
NPD/FAORAP |
To be done |
|
25. |
Public Seminar Workshop on shrimp culture, the environment and health management. The workshop will be sponsored by DFCC and EDB with some financial inputs from FAO under training budget. Number of international experts including Consultants 4 and 5, FAO/FIRI fish health specialist will also act as resource persons. Duration 2 days. Terms of Reference for the Public Seminar will be developed by FAO/FIRI Fish Health Specialist, in consultation with NPD, DFCC, EDB, etc., by the end of May 1997. |
March 1998* |
NPD/FAOHQ |
To be done |
|
26. |
Sixth local training workshop to coincide with the visit of Consultant 5. |
7 November 1997* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
27. |
Third Progress Review Committee to coincide with the FAO Mid-term Review Mission |
December 1997* |
NPD |
To be done |
|
28. |
NARA Research continues |
October 1997 |
NPD/FHO/NARA |
To be done |
|
29. |
Seventh local training workshop |
21 November 1997* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
30. |
Eighth local training workshop |
5 December 1997* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
31. |
Ninth local training workshop |
19 December 1997* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
32. |
Fourth Progress Review Committee Meeting |
March 1998; to be done in conjunction with #25* |
NPD |
To be done |
|
33. |
Initiation of the split-centre PhD research/training programme with NARA and Mahidol University in Thailand. The candidate will travel to Thailand for a period of three months and return to Sri Lanka to conduct research at NARA. The completion of the research work is the responsibility of NARA and the candidate concerned (See Recommendations). The Government of Sri Lanka and MOFARD will secure funds from another source to provide travel and stipend for the candidate to travel to Bangkok for writing up the thesis. |
January 1998 |
NPD/NARA |
Cancelled |
|
34. |
A consultant (Consultant 6) on aquaculture product quality control and inspection (an officer from the FIIU) will visit the project for a period of two weeks to evaluate the actual status of the implementation of inspection and quality assurance of aquaculture products in Sri Lanka with a view to providing recommendations for corrections and improvements, if needed, and also to training a group of core personnel from the government and industry in the field of the design and application of the HACCP concept to aquaculture products. Consultant 6 will conduct a 3-4 day training programme on HACCP procedures. Duration 2 weeks. Terms of Reference annexed. |
February 1998 |
NPD/FAORAP |
To be done |
|
35. |
Special training workshop on HACCP will be conducted by Consultant 6 during his visit to the project. Duration one day. |
Mid February 1998 |
NPD/SECO |
To be done |
|
36. |
Tenth local training workshop |
9 January 1998* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
37. |
Short-term visit (two weeks) by Consultant 1 to the project to provide further advice. Consultant 1 will examine the research progress made by the NARA team. He will also study the necessity of further support for the sector and will advise the Government of Sri Lanka and FAO on formulating a project proposal for donor funding. Duration 2 weeks. |
March 1998 |
NPD/FAORAP |
To be done |
|
38. |
Eleventh local training workshop |
23 January 1998 |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
39. |
Fifth Progress Review Committee |
March 1998* |
NPD |
To be done |
|
40. |
Twelfth local training workshop |
6 February 1998* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
41. |
Thirteenth local training workshop |
27 February 1998* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
42. |
Fourteenth local training workshop |
6 March 1998* |
NPD/SLSFA |
To be done |
|
43. |
Second Public Seminar/Workshop on shrimp farming in Sri Lanka: past, present, and future, on the basis of the findings of the project. Duration 2 days. This workshop is to be coupled with the project terminal workshop to wrap up the project. Two officers from FAO/HQ will act as resource persons and DFCC and EDB will provide assistance to bring 2-3 resource persons from overseas. Regional Aquaculture Officer from FAO/RAP (Bangkok) will also join the workshop as a resource person. This final workshop will partly be sponsored by the EDB and DFCC and will discuss the alternate production strategies, environmental friendly shrimp culture and the future of shrimp health management in Sri Lanka. Duration 2 days. Terms of Reference will be developed towards the end of the project. |
November 1998* |
NPD/FAOHQ |
To be done |
|
44. |
Sixth and final Progress Review Committee Meeting to coincide with the Project Terminal Workshop. |
November 1998* |
NPD |
To be done |
|
45. |
Project termination |
December 1998* |
NPD/FAORAP |
To be done |
* indicates activity which has been rescheduled.
A preliminary document provided to the NPD, MOFARD by the FAO Consultant
SHRIMP FARMING IN SRI LANKA - ISSUES AND ANSWERS
A Public Seminar/Workshop Sponsored by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development (MOFARD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Dates: March 1998 (two days)
Venue: Sri Lankan Institute for Development Administration, Colombo
Number of Participants: 100
Budget required: 200,000 RPS
Justification: The proposed meeting will bring together stakeholders, government officials, and international experts to review the status of the shrimp farming industry and to discuss ways to develop an environmentally friendly, socially equitable and sustainable shrimp farming industry in Sri Lanka.
Proposed Program
|
Day-1 |
|
|
|
08:45 |
Arrival of Invitees and Participants |
|
|
09:00 |
Inauguration of the Workshop by the Honourable Minister of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Honoured Guests |
|
|
0:905-09:55 |
Addresses of Welcome |
|
|
09:55 |
Vote of Thanks |
|
|
10:00-10:30 |
Tea |
|
|
11:00 |
Commencement of the Workshop |
|
|
11:00-11:30 |
History and Current Status of Shrimp Culture in Asia |
|
|
1100:-12:00 |
History and Current Status of Shrimp Culture in Sri Lanka |
|
|
12:00-01:00 |
Lunch |
|
|
01:00-01:30 |
Environmental Issues in Shrimp Culture in Asia (FAO Environmental Consultant, FAO, Rome) |
|
|
02:00-02:30 |
Environmental Issues in Shrimp Culture in Sri Lanka (FAO Shrimp Health Consultant) |
|
|
02:30-03:00 |
Tea |
|
|
03:00-0:3:30 |
Global Health Issues in Penaeid Shrimp Culture (FAO Fish Health Specialist, FAO, Rome) |
|
|
03:30-04:00 |
Current Research on Penaeid Shrimp Diseases in Sri Lanka Results of the, MOFARD/FAO Project (Project Staff, NARA) |
|
|
04:30-05:00 |
Shrimp Farming in Sri Lanka - Legal Issues (FAO Legal Consultant, FAO, Rome) |
|
|
DAY 2 |
|
|
|
09:00-09:30 |
Economics of Shrimp Farming in Sri Lanka |
|
|
09:30-10:00 |
Future Prospects for Shrimp Farming in Sri Lanka |
|
|
10:00-10:30 |
Tea |
|
|
10:30-11:00 |
Government Policy for Shrimp Farming - Past, Present and Future |
|
|
11:00-11:30 |
Sri Lankan Shrimp Farming - the Producer's View on Problems and Solutions |
|
|
11:30-12:00 |
Sri Lankan Shrimp Farming - the Environmentalist's View on Problems and Solutions |
|
|
12:00-01:00 |
Lunch |
|
|
01:00-02:55 |
Shrimp Farming Forum: How Can an Environmentally Friendly, Socially Equitable, Sustainable Shrimp Farming Industry be Developed? (7 commentaries of 15 min each, and 10 min for questions at end) |
|
|
Discussants from: |
||
|
|
MOFARD |
|
|
|
FAO |
|
|
|
SLSF |
|
|
|
Small Scale Producers |
|
|
|
NGOs |
|
|
|
EDB or DFCC |
|
|
02:55-03:00 |
Summary |
|
|
03:00-03:30 |
Tea |
|
|
03:30-04:45 |
Open Discussion |
|
|
04:45-05:00 |
Chairman's Summary |
|
|
05:00-05:10 |
Closure |
|
Workshop Budget Items
Costs to be covered by DFCC and/or participant registration fees
Auditorium rental
Equipment rentals (projector, overhead, laser pointer)
Accommodation (1 night for each of 60 participants)
Food: (2 lunches for each of 100 participants; 1 breakfast, 1 dinner additional for 60 participants staying in local accommodation)
Tea (2 sessions for 2 days = 4 sessions x 100 participants)
Entertainment (cultural show or music)
Organizational Costs:
Mailings: printing (invitations, name tags, program), postage, envelopes, etc.
Decorations (posters, etc.)
Vehicles (gas)
Organizational staff honorarium or overtime costs?
Costs to be covered by FAO
Proceedings publication
International Consultants (4 consultants)