The economy of Tanzania is highly dependent on agriculture, with 90% of its people living in rural areas, half the country's domestic product generated by the agricultural sector and more than three quarters of its exports accounted for by agricultural commodities.

Agricultural productivity, however, is heavily dependent on the vagaries of the weather and Tanzania experienced successive droughts in the 1970s and early 1980s. With vast untapped resources of water, much emphasis has been placed on the role of irrigated agriculture as an important strategy in socio-economic development, particularly to achieve food self-sufficiency and food security.

Successive governments since the 1950s have given high priority to irrigation development, and a considerable amount of public resources has gone into the development and management of government-sponsored schemes. Although their effectiveness has at times been doubted, irrigated agriculture has never been abandoned as a means of economic growth.

The potential for irrigated agricultural development throughout Tanzania is considerable. FAO and other organizations have undertaken studies over the last three decades from which over 1 000 000 ha have been identified as suitable for irrigation. With only 150 000 ha under government and smallholder irrigation schemes there is ample scope to expand irrigation potential. In the Usangu Plains an estimated potential of 65 000 ha could be irrigated by run-of-river supplies. Development so far has only achieved about 10 000 ha.

However, the Government did not have the criteria required to identify priority areas for the development of large and small-scale irrigation projects. A national strategy and plan for the development of irrigation was therefore formulated by the UNDP/FAO project "Institutional Support to Irrigation Development (Phase I-B) URT/90/016" and the Government confirmed its commitment to the rehabilitation and upgrading of village irrigation schemes, including those in the Usangu Plains.

Phase I of the Usangu Village Irrigation Project (UVIP) URT/80/011 began in 1984/85, with a duration of four years. The report of the Joint Evaluation Mission in May 1987 commended the project on the progress made on the construction of the Majengo Irrigation Scheme (530 ha) and on agronomic trials conducted by personnel with no previous experience in irrigation development, posted to the project from the Ministry of Agriculture.

The Mission recommended that the UVIP be extended to a second phase, which would focus on the development of economically sound and socially viable approaches to upgrading village irrigation schemes in the Usangu Plains. This would provide a basis for future investment and support in the area and an important input into the overall assessment of irrigation potential and exploitation.

1.2 OUTLINE OF OFFICIAL ARRANGEMENTS

The Project Document for project URT/91/005 Development of Usangu Village Irrigation (Phase II) was signed on 24 May 1991 by the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, and on 29 May 1991 by UNDP and FAO. The project became operational in July 1991 and had a scheduled duration of 30 months. Funding commitment amounted to T Sh 129 757 000 from the Government and $US 2 063 060 from UNDP, and the Food and Agriculture Organization was designated as the executing agency. After the first Tripartite Project Review (TPR) in September 1992, the project was extended to December 1993, with UNDP covering government funding shortfalls. A further one-year extension was made after the second TPR in October 1993. The third TPR extended the project once more, to December 1995, with funds deriving in part from the sale of surplus project vehicles/equipment and in part from UNDP and the Government. In May and July 1995 the project received T Sh 18 000 000 from the government counterpart funds.

The fourth TPR decided to extend the project for a further three months from January to March 1996. For this extension UNDP agreed to provide $US 46 767. It also agreed to contribute $US 8 370 to cover salaries for staff and other normal overhead costs. In March 1996 a small-scale (fifth) TPR decided to extend the project for another six months from April to September 1996. In December 1996 the sixth TPR recommended that the project be extended for ten months to the end of October 1997. UNDP then requested that a budget revision covering all costs for completing the project be prepared.

During the course of the project UNDP made 14 budget revisions to reflect changes in budget lines and in the extension period.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The immediate objectives of the project were to implement five village irrigation schemes in the project area (Mswiswi, Motombaya, Ipatagwa, and Meta-Lunwa), enhancing the participation of farmers and village communities in the planning, implementation, operation and maintenance of upgraded village irrigation schemes, and to disseminate appropriate packages of crop husbandry practices for the improvement of the rice-based cropping system in the project villages. It was also planned to complete and hand over the Majengo Scheme, to enhance the operational capabilities of the project staff in all aspects of village irrigation development and to enable them to undertake the upgrading of village irrigation schemes. Finally, the project aimed at developing guidelines on conservation-based land use and catchment protection in the project areas.

2. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

2.1 DESIGNS AND PLANS FOR UPGRADING FIVE SCHEMES

2.1.1 Contour mapping

During Phase I, topographical surveys were undertaken for Mswiswi and Motombaya and the Ardhi Institute in Dar-es-Salaam was given a contract to survey and prepare contour maps of Ipatagwa in 1986. The project survey teams undertook topographical surveys of Lunwa (90%) and Meta (40%).

The workplan prepared by the design engineer and planner (DEP) indicated that these surveys could be updated and used as general layouts for the designs for canals and structures. The layouts were prepared for Mswiswi and Motombaya, although without appropriate ground coordinates and bench marks.

2.1.2 Farmers' involvement in preliminary designs

Project design and survey teams developed good linkages with farmer committee groups in each of the schemes during the preliminary designs of canals and structures. The farmer groups were actively involved in decision-making and the project teams frequently changed canal routes and structures to reach agreement with the farmers.

2.1.3 Hydro-meteorological data

A meteorological station was set up at Igurusi during Phase I. Data from this station and nearby schemes at Mbarali, Kapunga and Chimala were used to estimate crop water requirements. River-flow data from seven stations serving the five schemes were analysed to confirm water resources for each of the schemes and entered into a data base developed by the project.

2.1.4 Detailed designs and plans

A design workshop set up by the DEP, with support from the DEP of the Institutional Support to Irrigation Development (ISID) project and the senior irrigation officer (SIA), was undertaken at both Igurusi and Mbeya in May 1993. A total of 11 participants from the Usangu Village Irrigation Project (UVIP), the Mbeya Zonal Irrigation Unit (MZIU), Iringa and Rukwa regions attended. The workshop adopted a learning-by-doing approach and remarkable achievements were made. During the month's course, 202 structures were designed and 67 drawings prepared. The participants were paid an incentive allowance for attending the workshop.

By the end of 1993 the DEP had prepared a final design report listing canals, structures, civil works cost estimates and design drawings for all five schemes, with the exception of general layouts for Ipatagwa, Meta and Lunwa.

2.1.5 Development standards and guidelines

The project focused on low-cost technology, using local materials and developing construction methods that beneficiary farmers could undertake with little training and that were easy to maintain. The first standard structures were designed and built at Mswiswi using mass concrete, block work and gabions. Block work of sand, aggregates and cement, as well as concrete culvert pipes, were manufactured on site. Farmers offering their labour free-of-charge participated in all construction activities. Canals were designed and built involving minimum earthworks and access roads were formed from canal excavation. Several design modifications were made as construction proceeded at Mswiswi. When the design workshop was undertaken in May 1993 standards for all structures and earthworks had been developed by the DEP under close liaison with the DEP of ISID URT/90/016 and the SIA. Standard drawings were sent to ISID in Dar-es-Salaam, which was responsible for compiling standards and guidelines for rehabilitation of village irrigation schemes throughout Tanzania.

2.2 STATUS OF SCHEMES

2.2.1 Mswiswi

Before the project was extended by one year in 1994, all construction efforts had centred on Mswiswi. The headworks, which had been started before Phase II began, became operational in December 1993. Construction activities were severely constrained by a number of factors, above all the lack or delayed allocation of government funds, obliging UNDP to make a series of special bridging provisions. The lack of funds created shortages in materials, fuel, spares and transport. Furthermore, there were no qualified construction staff after the departure of the construction engineer in November 1992 and other experienced staff were away on study tours during the critical construction period. Finally, the headworks construction was slowed down by the adoption of a complicated technology using reinforced concrete and shuttering.

At the beginning of the one-year extension period in 1994 the land at the Mswiswi scheme was too wet for construction equipment to be used, so the project management decided to start operations at Motombaya. However, the constraints mentioned above caused delays and work was not concluded until January-March 1996. It was expected to complete Mswiswi by the end of December 1995 after completing Motombaya.

Of the 5.9 km (60%) main canal earthworks planned, 3.51 km were completed. However, 1.95 km of earthworks (55% of the completed work) were damaged by the 1994 floods. A total of 28 main canal conveyance structures reached completion, with five still to be concluded. At the time of writing this report, these were scheduled to be completed by the end of 1997, using funds raised from the sale of project equipment and some addition from UNDP.

2.2.2 Motombaya

After a budget request in December 1993, the Government made a fund allocation at the end of May 1994. The project began the construction of the main canal and structures down to the railway culvert (1.7 km). There was an overwhelming response from Motombaya farmers who provided their labour free-of-charge, as well as safeguarding equipment and materials on the site.

The farmers agreed to make a financial commitment of up to 20% of the construction costs of their own scheme although the amount collected in 1994/95 was only T Sh 570 000 (1.5% of the promised amount), which was used to purchase cement and acquire water rights. The farmers' contribution was adversely affected by their lack of confidence in the stop-go method of construction caused by the lack of government funds. Their labour contribution, however, was very encouraging and, if quantified, would amount to T Sh 1 895 120.

Fourteen of the remaining 15 conveyance structures were completed, as well as 15% of the work on the last conveyance structure. As with the Mswiswi scheme, the work remaining was scheduled to be completed with funds raised by the sale of project equipment and from UNDP.

2.2.3 Ipatagwa, Meta and Lunwa

Dialogue with farmers' groups during the design stage, exposure during the Comprehensive Participatory Training Programme (CPTP) and training from social, agronomy and extension disciplines within the project created a favourable climate for sustainable scheme rehabilitation. As a result of this sensitization process, farmer attendance at workshops progressively increased, management committees were formed and plot surveys of farmer holdings were voluntarily undertaken, as well as the collecting of rock and materials in preparation for the scheme implementation.

The River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, funded by the World Bank, is already committed to developing these schemes, with the Ipatagwa scheme as its first priority. Initial work on the Ipatagwa scheme development has already begun.

2.3 BASELINE SURVEY

2.3.1 Socio-economic survey

A one-page questionnaire was prepared by the international agricultural economist in July/September 1992 and circulated to all five schemes. Useful cropping data were collected but ISID considered the questionnaire inappropriate for a socio-economic survey and subsequently prepared a 32-page document, which was circulated to about 40 farmers in Mswiswi.

Preliminary analysis of both surveys was undertaken by the SIA in May/June 1993. The results showed lower yields than expected, possibly because farmers underestimated the number of bags harvested in order to obtain fertilizer from the project.

No further survey work was undertaken until the national agricultural economist arrived in June 1994 for 3 months. The data from the one-page questionnaire was analysed on the project data base. The agricultural economist also set up a computerized monitoring and evaluation system for financing costing and project performance.

2.3.2 Collaboration with local institutions and Women in Irrigated Agriculture (WIA)

Dialogue between the UVIP and WIA was maintained on a regular basis to resolve differences and common issues. Reports were exchanged and socio-economic aspects addressed in design workshops in May 1993. These aspects included the division of responsibilities between men and women, the inequality of benefits and household demands, higher work loads on improved irrigation development, the avoidance of competition between women growing subsistence crops and men growing cash crops under irrigation, land tenure systems and women's participation in irrigation decision-making. Both projects participated in training programmes for staff and farmers. WIA was also of great assistance in drawing up assessment guidelines for socio-economic surveys.

2.4 WATER USERS' ASSOCIATION (WUA) EFFECTIVENESS

2.4.1 Existing farmers' organizations

The project's first contact with each scheme was through existing farmers' groups and committees. Time was needed to develop confidence before these groups could reach an understanding of the project's aims and targets. Initially, Meta and Lunwa farmers were unimpressed with the results at Majengo and wished to take no part in the project, which concentrated its efforts at Mswiswi, Motombaya and Ipatagwa. Following the training programmes and workshops and after having seen positive results on other schemes, the farmer groups at Meta and Lunwa became supportive of the project and keen to have their schemes rehabilitated.

2.4.2 WUA proposals and guidelines

Following initial contact, farmers' groups were reorganized into mobilization and construction committees, whose leaders organized farmer labour on a daily basis by maintaining close liaison with project staff on construction programmes. The process of farmer sensitization was actively promoted through progressive training, including agronomy, extension and agro-mechanization activities. The formulation of WUAs emerged as the project had intended. Rules, by-laws and regulations were prepared and discussed with each of the scheme committees. Since such associations have no legal status, cooperatives known as Water Users' Cooperative Societies (WUCSs) were formulated at Mswiswi and Motombaya and legal registration undertaken.

2.5 INCREASED USE OF IMPROVED RICE VARIETIES

2.5.1 Extension, crop husbandry and high-yield varieties (HYV)

Demonstrations in improved crop husbandry for land preparation, fertilizers and manure application, pest disease, weed control and post-harvest practices were undertaken during the four project cropping seasons. No demonstrations were undertaken in the 1995/96 cropping season owing to lack of funds.

HYVs were tried on farmer plots in all five schemes, totalling 4.4 ha in the 1992/93 season. Average yields showed an increase of 42.4% over traditional varieties. Fertilizer trials produced an increase in yield over an area of 1.6 ha. Response to HYVs was disappointingly low. The two main reasons were the lack of market facilities and the low local demand, owing to the unacceptable taste of the variety when compared to the local low-yielding Kilombero variety.

However, low 1993/94 yields of local varieties created local shortages. In an extension training programme in crop husbandry, undertaken by the project extension and agronomy units in September and October 1994, there was a renewed demand from farmers for HYV seed on a barter basis. Farmers wanted security against further local low-yielding rice varieties by planting a small area of their plots with HYVs. When harvested the latter was intended to be ground into flour and used for porridge, thus overcoming the taste disadvantage.

2.5.2 Second crops

Trials on second crops of cowpea, green gram and pigeon pea were undertaken after the rice harvest during each dry season except 1995/1996 in small areas in Majengo, Motombaya, Ipatagwa and Mswiswi. Owing to unsatisfactory germination and yields, very few farmers adopted these crops. Lack of funds, rodents, lack of water, as well as problems related to the cultivation of hard ground and distance from homesteads, discouraged their adoption.

2.6 EFFECTIVENESS OF EXTENSION ACTIVITIES

Early in 1991, project staff had difficulties in setting up farmer training programmes despite intervention with farmer groups. The sociologist, the WUA expert and the Majengo scheme manager visited Moshi in August 1992 to develop an understanding of farmers' training needs. This was followed by a visit of Moshi farmers to Majengo. In May 1993, after a second fact-finding mission of project staff to Moshi, the project considered that training should be carried out by technically qualified people. The People's Participation Programme (PPP) from the Cooperative College in Moshi visited Igurusi in June and conducted a workshop with farmers to identify and assess farmer training needs.

The CPTP was conducted by three facilitators from the PPP between November 1993 and February 1994. Participants included 18 farmers from all schemes, five village extension workers including a WIA worker, three UVIP staff and one participant from MZIU, the Regional Agriculture and Livestock Development Officer (RALDO) and the District Agriculture and Livestock Development Officer (DALDO).

Two agronomy staff members attended similar courses, with lectures at Moshi and alternative field work at Igurusi. This produced excellent results throughout the project. Creating awareness, better communication and increased understanding of water management were important factors in the farmer-sensitization process. The CPTP also developed a water-users' training guide during the three-month course based on assessments of farmers' needs.

2.7 IMPROVED AGRO-MECHANIZATION TECHNIQUES

Some 70 farmers from Mswiswi, Ipatagwa and Motombaya participated in training courses in draught animal power in 1991/92 and 1992/93. The response was good and demand for ox ploughing and transporting with carts increased. The WIA project also benefited from the training of two women's groups in animal traction. On small farms, tractor operations were shown to be uneconomical, despite being quicker than oxen or water buffaloes.

The response to demonstrations of wooden levellers, cone weeders and pedal threshers was not encouraging. Rotating puddlers were shown to be the most successful agro-mechanization achievement on the project. Following demonstrations in Mswiswi, Ipatagwa and Motombaya, two puddlers were made by the Mbeya Oxenization Project (MOP) and three by the project workshop and sold in 1992/93, while four were made by SEAZ Co. in Mbeya and an additional four by the project workshop before the end of 1994. Although the demand was high, the price of T Sh 55 000 per unit seemed to be a constraint to some farmers. Four rotating puddlers were made by the agro-mechanization workshop for farmers who ordered them after paying for the materials.

The FAO Special Programme on Food Production (FAO SPFP) in Tanzania ordered four rotating puddlers, ten cone weeders and ten pedal threshers. These were supplied to pilot projects in Morogoro (Mkindu Irrigation Project) and Dodoma (Bahi Irrigation Project). One farmer worked in close collaboration with the agro-mechanization section to make a paddy thresher.

The demonstration of a tractor-driven thresher at Meta Lunwa during the 1994 harvest had a popular response. Farmers were willing to pay 5% of paddy threshed for this service, demonstrating that agro-mechanization activities can be successfully commercialized.

The level of adoption of agro-mechanization by the farmers was lower than expected. Budget constraints reduced demonstration activities to below planned targets. With sufficient funds an active agro-mechanization workshop could have made enough agricultural tools and equipment to satisfy demand. The facilities available at the project could be used to manufacture and market agricultural implements for paddy farmers.

2.8 COMPLETION AND HANDOVER OF MAJENGO SCHEME

2.8.1 Technical improvements

After investigations undertaken by the DEP and SIA in 1992 and 1993, a list of improvement works was prepared for Majengo, including a desilting channel at the headworks, drainage and levelling works, additional canals in out-of-command areas, flow measurement and canal and gate maintenance. The estimated costs were T Sh 4.27 million, to be paid by the WUA, with technical expertise provided by the project. In the absence of a functional management and WUA none of these works was undertaken.

2.8.2 WUA responsibility

In early 1992, the sociologist and WUA expert were involved in transforming WUA management into a cohesive structure responsible for the operation and maintenance of the scheme. Although excellent early progress was made with regular meetings to discuss by-laws, and a visit from Moshi farmers to exchange experiences, farmers became disenchanted with their cooperative leaders. Issues such as lack of trust, embezzlement of funds and a lack of capability to manage the scheme and enforce by-laws created an unsatisfactory climate. Farmers' attendance at meetings called by the committee reduced dramatically in spite of project interventions to promote WUA re-elections. A stalemate between the committee and farmers then developed, and there was no possibility of handover without an effective scheme management.

At a tripartite meeting in Dar-es-Salaam on 15 July 1993, it was decided that the project should change strategy by halting assistance to Majengo and concentrating activities on the other schemes. Farmers from Majengo, however, were included in the PPP training programme, which ended in February 1994.

The strategy of removing project support from Majengo and offering voluntary training to Majengo farmers was shown to be successful. Majengo farmers saw the social development taking place in the neighbouring schemes and fought to improve management of their own scheme in order to begin the outstanding improvement works.

2.9 TRAINING OF PERSONNEL

2.9.1 In-service fellowships and study tours

Throughout the project, training was regarded as the main objective. It was essential for staff to possess technical qualifications and to be able to impart their knowledge and skills to others. This led to the need for fellowships and study tours overseas and in neighbouring countries. In-service training was also a strong feature of the project, particularly that provided by the design workshop in May 1993 and the PPP training programme from November 1993 to February 1994.

2.9.2 Training coordination with ISID and WIA

The DEP of ISID provided valuable assistance in the development of guidelines for low-cost technology for village irrigation rehabilitation, while reports from the SIA were freely exchanged and discussed with ISID. Liaison was also developed in other disciplines. Useful inputs were provided by ISID in agro-economics and hydrology and collaboration with WIA was maintained throughout the project. Apart from the baseline survey interface, UVIP provided technical assistance on irrigation design and construction, while the project provided WIA with surveyors, housing for WIA Peace Corps Volunteers, housing and other facilities for workshops and training, storage for inputs and vehicle repairs as well as training for women's groups on animal traction. Both WIA and UVIP participated in training workshops on gender-sensitization issues, communication skills for village extension workers and mutual involvement in the PPP training programme. There was a free exchange of reports between the two projects.

2.10 LAND USE CATCHMENT DEGRADATION AND PROTECTION MEASURES

2.10.1 Watershed management study findings

Aerial photographs taken in 1977 were available for 650 km² of the upper catchment area serving the irrigation schemes. Further aerial photograph maps were prepared in 1992. Following preparation of terms of reference by UVIP, the Sokoine University of Agriculture was contracted to undertake a watershed management study in April 1993. A draft report was prepared in August 1993 and, after substantial revision, a final report was produced in October 1993. The major findings were as follows.

Important changes in land use in the Usangu catchment were made between 1977 and 1992. The cultivated area increased by about 7% of the total catchment area. There was progressive degradation from dense forest to open forest and ultimately to grassland, as well as an increase of about 10% deep gulley erosion, particularly in the south west, i.e., Mlowo, Ipatagwa and Mswiswi sub-catchments. There was substantial evidence of soil erosion from large deep gullies, causing sediment concentration in rivers and paddy fields, and of stream bank collapse in the Meta and Mswiswi rivers. Very deep gullies increased by 500% over the 15-year period, estimated to represent 71 ha of area lost to deep gullies per year. From records of stream-flow going back to the 1960s, there was evidence of total annual volume loss from the Lunwa, Umrobo, Mlowo and Mswiswi (84-90) rivers, while dry season flows generally remained steady.

In the mountainous upper catchment area three crops, both cash and subsistence, were grown each year, making farming a profitable enterprise. Vegetative cover also minimized soil erosion.

There was an increase of over 60% of livestock over an eight-year period in the plains area and a twelve-fold increase in the catchment footslopes. However, animal production was constrained by cattle disease, limited veterinary facilities and a shortage of animal husbandry extension services.

Rates of deforestation for forest reserves, mixed forest and Miombo woodland over the 15-year period were calculated at 33.5, 7.8 and 3.3 ha/year, respectively. The main reasons for deforestation were fuelwood and charcoal making, slash-and-burn cultivation, timber, poles and fires.

2.10.2 Alternative catchment protection measures

The consultants made several recommendations for catchment protection and guidelines for conservation. It was recommended that deforestation be halted by encouraging alternative incomes to that produced by charcoal making, and that wood lots to provide sustainable fuel wood be encouraged near homesteads. The promotion of fruit trees should be encouraged by demonstration, seedling supply and extension services, while alternative sources of income in the dry season, such as beekeeping, should be promoted. Farming practices in the upper catchment should be improved to minimize soil erosion and contour ridging, and bunding should be encouraged. It was recommended that badly eroded gullies be closed off using traditional fencing, thus preventing people and animals entering and encouraging natural vegetation regrowth. The Government was recommended to implement long-term legislation and guidelines on maintaining and monitoring protected forest area and better policing of areas under severe deforestation. It should also tighten up the control and eventual banning of charcoal by encouraging woodlot and agroforestry and train agricultural extension personnel in watershed management. Stream flow and meteorological data should continue to be collected and analysed by the Ministries of Agriculture and Water and sediment transport and water quality measurements should be undertaken at appropriate intervals.

2.11 CONCLUSIONS

The objective of institutional building during the second phase of the project was successful despite serious financial constraints. The training of staff and farmers and the extension of appropriate packages in crop husbandry was a consistently strong feature of the project, as was the sensitization process that involved farmers in all stages from planning and decision-making to participating in construction free-of-charge, culminating in the creation of WUCSs to manage and operate their own schemes. The project extended its intervention activities to include beneficiary farmers (about 2 250 households) in all six schemes. The Majengo farmers brought in new leadership so that the scheme could be properly managed and operated.

The downside of the project was the lack of performance in the construction of the rehabilitation of the five schemes. This was an ambitious target, but the lack and untimely allocation of government funds and the recent recurring breakdown of construction equipment imposed severe constraints on construction activities.

Nevertheless, the project took advantage of the situation, as farmers understood the need to contribute to the rehabilitation of their own schemes. At the Motombaya Scheme, funds were collected and cement purchased as part of farmers' 20% contribution towards project costs.

Although crop yields have yet to show any marked increase, the community development encouraged by the project had a significant multiplier effect. Despite low wages, the local people improved their economic base with other business interests.

3. RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE USANGU PLAINS

Phase I and Phase II of UVIP made a significant impact to the development of irrigated agriculture in the south-western area of the Usangu Plains. The approaches adopted were shown to be economically sound and socially viable. The process is ongoing and the Government should ensure that development continue, in line with its agricultural and, in particular, irrigation rehabilitation policy.

This project should be included in any future development funding. The World Bank study, "Rehabilitation of Traditional Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in the Rufiji/Ruaha and Pangani River Basins", is at present being undertaken. It is recommended that the output of this project form part of the selection criteria for future scheme development resulting from the World Bank study. The work started on the assessment of water resources on a sub-catchment basis should also be taken into account.

3.2 IMPROVEMENT PACKAGES OF REMAINING SCHEMES

Three remaining schemes - Ipatagwa (500 ha), Meta (600 ha) and Lunwa (600 ha) - have been designed and costed and are ready for rehabilitation with very active beneficiary farmers. These schemes require funding.

3.3 TECHNICAL, SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF IMPROVED SCHEMES

It was only during the extension period of the project that a preliminary assessment was made on its technical and social viability. The two schemes of Motombaya and Mswiswi were not completed and their benefits cannot yet be evaluated. Hence it is recommended that an assessment of the technical, social and financial viability of improved schemes be undertaken on completion of these two schemes.

3.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF CATCHMENT PROTECTION MEASURES

It is recommended that the Government take action on catchment protection measures by means of legislation, guidelines and monitoring if valuable water resources are not to be jeopardised. It is also recommended that the World Bank River Basin studies consider irrigation development in the wider context of overall catchment management, particularly the social and economic development of both upper (supply) and lower (receiving) catchments, and the important linkages between them.

3.5 ASSESSMENT OF BENEFITS FROM TRAINING

As with the assessment of the scheme's viability, assessment of benefits from training only began to emerge during the extension period and the full effects of the awareness created from the PPP training programme could not be fully assessed.

It is recommended that the approach adopted for any future training be tailor-made through the organization of workshops with daily allowances paid to participants.

Appendix 1

PROJECT STAFF

Dates of Service

Name Function Starting Date Concluding Date

J.P.M. Kauki National Project Director Sept. 1991 June 1993

G.M. Kalinga National Project Director Sept. 1993 Dec. 1996

S.Z. Chuma Sociologist May 1992 Dec. 1994

G.T. Runyoro Agricultural Economist June 1994 Sept. 1994

E.D. Mvungi Agricultural Extensionist April 1992 June 1994

M.W. Mnzava Agricultural Extensionist July 1994 Dec. 1994

E.A. Millinga Construction Engineer April 1995 March 1996

P.M. Tupa Administrative Secretary July 1991 Sept. 1996

B.M. Mgunda Administrative Clerk July 1992 March 1995

K.A.M. Moftah Design Engineer/Planner Jan. 1991 Dec. 1993

M. Lecca Agro-mechanization Expert July 1991 June 1992

W.D. Samarasena Workshop Supervisor July 1991 Nov. 1993

G.K.S. Jayasinghe Construction Engineer Jan. 1991 Nov. 1993

N.K. Gurung Water Users' Association Expert April 1992 March 1994

P.P. Gunaratna Construction Engineer Sept. 1993 Dec. 1994

Consultants

R.A. Angier Senior Irrigation Adviser May 1992 March 1994

J.L. Blas Agricultural Economist July 1992 Sept. 1992

Appendix 2

FELLOWSHIPS AND STUDY TOURS

A2.1 FELLOWSHIPS

Participants Study Place Date

A.T. Mwakisopile Photogrammetry, Belgium Jan.-June 1993

aerial photography

interpretation

M.T. Ndawi Cartography Belgium March-June 1993

A.W. Luhanga Rice production Ibadan, Sept.-Oct. 1992

J.L. Ndosi Nigeria

S.S. Kamugisha Engine overhaul Dar-es-Salaam, June 1992

I.N. Komba Tanzania

A. Lulandala

B.T. Msemwa Store-keeping of Iringa, Tanzania July-Aug. 1992

auto-parts and supplies

Y.M. Karata Power-shift transmission Dar-es-Salaam, Nov. 1992

N.A. Mshani and diesel fuels system Tanzania

G.W.S. Malongo Construction and site Cairo, Egypt Sept.-Oct. 1993

supervision

J.B. Sumbuka Design of irrigation Cairo, Egypt Sept.-Oct. 1993

structures

R.A.F. Pembe Caterpillar hydraulic fuel Cairo, Egypt Sept.-Dec. 1993

and engine overhaul

I.A. Kinyaga MSc. in agricultural Cranfield, Oct.1992-Sept. 1993

mechanization United Kingdom

management

J.W. Kaduma Operation and The Philippines Aug.-Oct. 1993

W. Kayombo maintenance of irrigation

R.A. Magomela project and role of Water

Users' Association

I. Ford Integrated water The Philippines Oct.-Nov 1993

J. Mbeya management

A.B. Mkoka

D.M. Manase Environmental Mbabane, June-July 1994

management in Swaziland

development

Participants Study Place Date

E. Mngereza Aspects of irrigation Zimbabwe Sept. 1993

A.S. Majula development and

S. Kamugisha schemes

W. Mosha management

H.Z. Msuya

D.M. Manase

J. Bunyinyiga

H.A. Nassoro

A2.2 TRAINING COURSES

W.J.V. Mosha People's participation Tanzania July-Nov. 1993

D.N. Shibanda programme on

comprehensive participatory

training programme

29 Farmers' training in Nov. 1993-Feb. 1994

comprehensive participatory

training programme

Appendix 3

MAJOR ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT PROVIDED

Cost

Quantity Item ($ US)

1 Excavator/loader, JCB 3CX-4 51 347

1 Excavator, 206 CAT 148 000

1 Excavator, 206 BFT CAT 128 679

1 Dump truck, Isuzu TXD 45 42 339

1 Flatbed, Isuzu 126, with 2-ton hoist 34 860

2 Vehicle, Toyota Land Cruiser (hard-top) 36 567

6 Vehicle, Hilux Double Cab 91 390

5 Vehicle, Toyota Pick-up 90 949

6 Vehicle, motorcycle 13 140

2 Computer, Mitac DM 3 670

1 Computer, Panasonic CF-270 2 930

2 Printer, Epson LQ1170 1 660

1 Drawing board and stand, size AD 1 589

1 Disc plough, Massey Ferguson 2 239

1 Slide projector, Kodar EKTAPRD 5000 1 018

1 Copier, Canon PC 11 1 090

1 Copier, Xerox Vivace 130-AP-220 2 058

Appendix 4

DOCUMENTS PREPARED DURING THE PROJECT

Minimum vs zero tillage trials with greengram (Vignia avelens) as a second crop in Majengo Scheme. M.L. Lecca, June 1992.

Report on design, construction and testing of harness for individual water buffaloes. M.L. Lecca, June 1992.

Design, construction and testing of a rotating puddler for land preparation in flooded paddy fields. M.L. Lecca, June 1992.

Design and construction of animal crush for health care and training of oxen and water buffaloes for farm operation. M.L. Lecca, June 1992.

Design, construction and testing of a draft animal wooden leveller for puddled rice fields. M.L. Lecca, June 1992.

Design, construction and testing of a hand-operated fan for cleaning grains. M.L. Lecca, June 1992.

Inception report and work plan. K.A. Moftah, November 1991.

End of assignment report. G.K. Jayasinghe, November 1992.

Progress report from beginning of work (Phase II) till June 1993. K.A. Moftah, August 1993.

Special mission and technical report No. 3. R.A. Angier, September 1993.

Final report for the design engineer and planner. K.A. Moftah, February 1993.

Baseline survey of Usangu Village Irrigation Schemes. J.L. Blas, September 1992.

End of assignment report. E.D. Mvungi, June 1994.

End of assignment report. S.Z. Chuma, December 1994.

End of assignment report. M.N.W. Mnzava, December 1994.

End of assignment report. G.T. Runyoro, October 1994.

End of assignment report. N.K. Gurung, November 1994.

End of assignment report. P.P. Gunaratna, December 1994.

End of assignment report. E.A. Millinga, April 1996.

Tender document: Conditions of contract and specifications. G.M. Kalinga, September 1996.

Tender document Vol .I: Instructions to tenderers; form of tender; bills of quantities and schedules. G.M. Kalinga, September 1996.

Tender document Vol. II: Conditions of contract and specifications. G.M. Kalinga, September 1996.

DEVELOPMENT OF USANGU VILLAGE IRRIGATION (PHASE II) PROJECT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Table of Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND