Appendix I & Appendix 2 contain detailed lists of all the information planners need on gender issues in inland fisheries and small water bodies, how this information can be collected, and how it can be used in planning and project formulation.
Inland and Small Water Body Fisheries (Macro-level):
Matrix of gender Information required and Its use
Information needed |
Data to be generated |
How to me the Information |
Sources/methods to generate the data |
Development policies, strategies and programmes/projects, for inland fisheries, and SWB and for gender issues |
A - National and donor development objectives |
A - Ensure that the plan's objective conforms with national policy; Examine compatibility of national development objectives with gender concerns; Assess whether donor/external objectives compatible with national sector/gender objectives |
A-E - National development plans, progress reports and annual reports of government staff |
B - Past and future activities/plans. |
B,C,F - Adaptation of interventions to past experiences; Coordinate development programme and activities |
B - Project/programme documents, key informants - Evaluation reports | |
C - Current status of ongoing projects/programmes |
A,D,E - Determine government priorities and relative importance accorded to the sector/gender |
C - Progress Reports, key informants | |
D - Government spending and budget |
D-G - Government/donor budgets, progress reports and annual reports of government staff, key informants | ||
E - % of total government expenditure(trend) |
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F - External assistance (type and spending) |
F,G - Determine donor priorities and relative importance accorded to the sector/gender and ensure that these conform to national priorities |
B,C,F,G - Donor strategy/policy papers | |
G - % of total external assistance and trend |
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Institutional capacities |
A - List of relevant institutions |
A-D - Identify institutions, potential opportunities or constraints and assistance requirements - Select cooperating institutions |
A-D - Annual reports, human resource audit, key informants, civil service commission reports, staff associations/unions |
B - Organizational structure of institutions |
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C - Qualifications of personnel by positions and sex |
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D - Working conditions by sex |
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E - Data base on expertise in gender analysis |
E,F - Find out location and availability of capacity for gender analysis; assess need for strengthening capacity |
E - Key informants in fisheries department, other relevant departments, and institutions | |
F - Data base on services relevant to women's needs provided by other organizations, departments, institutions |
F - Assess collaboration possibilities |
F - Annual reports, key informants in Ministry of Home Affairs/planning | |
Sectoral characteristics: Inland Small Water Body Fisheries |
A - Present production levels, species composition and estimates of MEY (Maximum Economic Yield) |
A - Compare trends in production over time and future production potential |
A - Stock assessment A-D,F - Fisheries statistics |
B - Roles of men and women in fisheries |
B-E - Generate profile for the sector |
B-F - Field reports, studies | |
C - Trends in number and type of fishing craft and gear in b/w men and women |
B-D - Check whether men and women have resources to adopt technology (see also credit availability & extension) |
C - Frame surveys | |
D - Types of processing technology used, changes, scale b/w men and women |
D-F - Key informants | ||
E - Major physical and financial flows of fish and fishery products by sex |
E,F - National statistics | ||
F - Types of ancillary activities; seasonality by sex |
F - Determine whether and how women and men benefit from the development of a particular fishery. Compare production statistics with marketing statistics |
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G - Consumer preferences |
G - Competitive position of fish compared to other protein. Price elasticity as an indication of choice for low or high cost technology |
G - Consumer demand survey, special survey reports | |
H - Roads and transport |
H - Indicator for markets which can easily be reached, indicator for accessibility. Frequency and cost of transport indicator. |
H - Education statistics. Annual reports, key informants Ministry of planning/transport, maps | |
Demographic characteristics of rural and urban population |
A - Population growth and density |
A - Indication for population pressure on resources |
A-D - Population census, survey statistics. field reports, key informants |
B - Dependency ratio for rural and urban areas |
B - Indication for labour availability |
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C - Sex ratio for rural and urban areas |
C - Indication for availability of male and female labour |
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D - % Female-headed-households |
D - Indicator to assist planner to identify labour availability in households |
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Health and nutrition characteristics |
A- Anthropometric measurements of children (weight for age, weight for height) |
A-E - Choice of target area |
A-E - Health and nutrition statistics, special surveys; key informants, demographic studies/surveys |
A - Indicate relative well-being and of nutritional risk |
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B - Birth weight |
B,C - Indicate health of mother, relative well-being and areas of nutritional risk |
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C - Infant mortality rates |
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D - Occurrence and types of malnutrition in children and adults |
D - Identify potential for fish to reduce malnutrition |
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E - Prevalence of diseases |
E - Indicate general health status of communities; identify need for preventive measures for water borne diseases in conjunction with fisheries/aquaculture development |
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F - Prevalance of anaemia, fluorisis calcium levels |
F - Determine advisability of eating whole small pelagics |
F - Rapid eyelid and teeth inspection; Reports | |
G - Taste preference for different species and attitudes to fish consumption |
G - Targeting catches for consumption (e.g. weaning food production) |
G - Key informants especially women. Reports | |
Legal status of women |
A - Inheritance law for men and women |
A - Identify who inherits productive resources and developments and thus motivated to invest. Identify(im)possibility of providing access to the other category. |
A-C - Legislation and customary law. |
Credit availability |
A - Past experiences with disbursement, utilization and recovery of credit with regard to sex |
A-D - Assess whether men and women have de facto access to credit. Identify needs and possibilities for improved procedures for disadvantaged groups (eg. women, migrants). Identify credit sources suitable for men's and women's needs |
A - Key informants |
A,B - Special studies | |||
B - Lending programmes, credit and loan recovery (by sex); special credit programmes for women |
B - Assess whether packages are suitable for men and women. If needed, identify different packages tailored to needs and constraints of women |
B-D - Report of financial institutions, NGOs, development agencies, fisheries department special studies | |
C - Source and recipients (by sex) of credit: institutional and informal |
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D - Lending policies, norms and procedures, cultural constraints |
A,B,D - Assess whether lending norms and procedures are appropriate for men and women and propose changes |
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Training and education |
A - Training institutes and their curricula |
A - Assess whether gender concerns are taken into account; if not identify possibilities for integration |
A - Brochure of training institutes; key informants |
B - Enrolment of students by sex |
B,C - Assess whether men and women have equal chances to receive vocational training and higher education; if not, is change in recruitment policy necessary as this will affect staffing |
B - Key informants, interviews with students, social studies, arrival reports | |
C - Barriers preventing women from entering higher education |
C - Indication for chances in career development for men and women; may in turn have impact on motivation and work performance |
C - Annual reports, key informants | |
D - Literacy rate and school enrolment by sex |
D - Indicator of relative status of men and women |
D - Population census, Ministry of education | |
Extension services |
A - Number of persons by occupation and sex employed by extension service |
A - Assess whether men and women have equal chances to obtain posts; change in recruitment policy necessary? |
A.B - Annual reports Fisheries Department, other relevant extension Departments |
B - Training and qualifications of extension officers |
B - Existing extension capability and training needs to reach men and women |
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C - Competence of staff to integrate gender issues |
C - Assessment of capacity and willingness to incorporate gender concerns and identification of issues for further training - Assess what methods were effective in reaching men and women |
C - Interview personnel, evaluation reports, impact studies | |
Biological/technical research and development |
A - Research and development on catching, processing, marketing |
A - Compare relevance of research results to men and women's needs and resources |
A - Reports and or key informants of Fisheries Department, Universities, Research institutes |
Inland and Small Water Body Fisheries (Micro-level):
Matrix of gender information required and Its use
Information needed |
Data to be generated |
How to use information |
Sources/methods to generate the data |
Fish capture |
A - Socio-economic characteristics of gear and craft owners and fisherfolk by types of craft, gears and targeted species; crew composition |
A - Build profile of groups of participants in the fishery to ascertain areas of competition, conflict and potential for cooperation; (ref. access to/control over fishery related resources) |
A - Fisheries statistics; timelines historical transects; Venn diagrams; key informants; formal surveys; group discussions with different categories of catchers(including men, women, children); Seasonal calenders for each category of fishing unit |
B & C - Fisheries statistics, project and field reports; | |||
B - Costs, earnings and sources of finance of different types of production units operating in the fishery |
B - Comparative advantages of different types of production units and linkages with processing and marketing and ancillary sub sectors - Establish opportunities and constraints for male and female operators |
formal surveys; ranking; Venn diagrams; key informants; group discussions | |
C - Access to catch for consumption, purchase, processing by men, women, children |
C - Assess consumption in households-, compare with other dietry information |
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Processing |
A - Types of processing technologies used by men and women; scale of processing operations by socio- economic characteristics of processors; types of product; reciprocal arrangements; renumeration of labour inputs |
A - Build profile of the processing sub- sector to establish opportunities and constraints for male and female processors by socio-economic categories; possible cooperation, competition and conflict between male and female processors; possible impact of changes in technology on men and women; linkages with catching and marketing |
A - Fisheries statistics, project and field reports; mapping; timelines; seasonal calenders for each group; Venn diagrams; formal surveys; semi structured interviews; group discussions with male and female processors; participatory diagramming |
B - Economic performance of different processing units |
B - Relative competitiveness of different types of processors (by sex, scale of operation, technology and product) |
B - Forestry statistics, project and field reports; mapping; distance charts; historical transects; key informants; Venn diagrams; group discussions | |
C - Fuelwood availability and costs; socio-economic characteristics of fuelwood collectors; other uses and users of fuelwood |
C - Assess pressure on fuelwood resources, competition among processors and possible consequences particularly on processors, fuelwood collectors and other users |
C - Fisheries and project statistics; costs and earnings surveys; key informants; ranking; process charts; group discussions | |
Marketing |
A - Socio-economic characteristics of traders ( sex, experience, scale of operation, product, markets supplied etc); - Reciprocal management with catchers and processors |
A - Build profile of the marketing sub- sector and identify areas of conflict and competition; assess probable consequences of changes in other fisheries related sub-sectors; establish opportunities and constraints for male and female traders; establish relationship with catching and processing and ancillary activities |
A & C - Fisheries statistics, field and project reports, mapping; timelines, seasonal calenders; process charts, Venn diagrams; formal surveys; semi-structured interviews; key informants; group discussions |
B - Characteristics of local and distant markets and retail trading |
B - Investigate market segmentation by men/women traders and reasons why; location of markets; characteristics of consumers: Identify areas for market improvement and assess impact on existing categories of traders; |
B - Fisheries and trade statistics; special studies, formal surveys; key informants; case studies | |
C - Purchaser/consumer profiles |
C - Target marketing action and/or product development for resource - poorer consumers |
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Ancillary activities |
A - Type of ancillary activities and socio-economic characteristics of those involved; relationship (horizontal/ vertical) with main fisheries sub- sectors) |
A - Assess changes in catching/ processing/marketing sub-sectors on those activities; opportunities and constraints of men and women for development activities |
A - Fisheries statistics, field and project reports; mapping; timelines; seasonal calenders; process charts; Venn diagrams; formal surveys; semi structured interviews; key informants; group discussions |
Migration |
A - Migration patterns(temporary/seasonal/ regular/irregular) |
A, B - Effects of out-migration on local fish supplies for home consumption |
A-C - Fisheries statistics, population census, formal surveys, cam studies, group discussions, other government statistics, key informants |
B - Reasons for migration |
A, D - Fish/income flows from migrants to permanent/temporary households |
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C - Socio-economic characteristics of migrant catchers, processors and traders |
B-E - Assess impacts of migration on: * intra HH decision making * intra HH allocation of resources * intra HH allocation & distribution of benefits * impact of migration on access to high value fish resources for men and women |
C - Activity and seasonal calenders by different categories of households, group discussions with men and women, mapping, timelines, ranking, key informants interviews | |
D - Activities of members of migrant households (temporary/permanent) households |
A-D - Assess changes in income generating activities |
D - Ethnographic literature, case study, semi structured interviews with individual household members to compare answers of household members, Venn diagram rank priorities | |
Activity profile |
A - Activities (types, locations, time spent, seasonality); number of people engaged by sex and by types of HH(e.g. according to major economic activities) |
A-C - Build profile of productive and reproductive activities to establish opportunities and constraints (e.g. labour, time, capital) faced by men and women; assess possibility for combining and/or expanding different activities |
A,B - Key informants, activity and seasonal calenders by different categories of households, group discussions with men and women, mapping, time lines, ranking; matrix (activities, characteristics, people) |
B - Opportunities for involvement in fishery related activities for men and for women |
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C - Ranking of income from fisheries and other economic activities, by sex and by season |
C - Find out alternative employment opportunities by sex; commitment to manage the resources (fish and fuelwood) by sex; assess impact on incomes (men and women) of development/management interventions |
C - Ranking incomes by men and women; impact flow diagram | |
Access to/control over fisheries related resources |
A - How is access to/control over fishery related resources regulated(sex, age, occupation, residence status); norms, customary laws, territorial rights restricting women from fisheries activities |
A - Assess who has/does not have access to and control over resources required for fisheries related activities |
A - Interview key informants; separate group discussions for each category of users; ranking exercise for control over and access to resources |
B - Needs and opportunities to improve access and control by disadvantaged groups |
B - Assess possibilities for manipulation of the system by men and women |
B - Mixed group discussions with users and potential users of resources; separate group discussion with men and women | |
C - Other uses of resources and users |
C - Assess impact of fisheries-related activities on other resources users and areas of actual or potential conflict |
C - Key informants; discussions with all user groups; impact flow diagram | |
Socio-cultural factors affecting adoption of new technologies |
A - Norms influencing adoption of innovations by men and women |
A - Assess which technology is more easily adopted by men and women |
A - Interview key informants, ranking done by different groups |
B - Norms affecting contacts between women and men that are not related |
B - Assess possibilities for unrelated men and women to undertake economic activities which bring them into close contacts - Assess possibilities for male extension agents to contact women; in caw of difficulties, identify possibilities for overcoming/bypassing obstacles |
B - Interview key informants; group discussions with men and women | |
Community organizations |
A - Occurrence of social organizations; their composition (men and women; criteria for membership; functions and frequency of meeting/working together |
A-C - Assess whether they can be involved for development and resource management purposes; Investigate possibility for collaboration between members regarding pooling of resources |
A-C - Interview key informants, discussion with members, discussion with non-members who are engaged in fisheries sector |
B - Socio-economic characteristics of leaders of organizations |
B,C - Assess whether both men's and women's views are reflected in decision making |
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C - Participation of men and women in decision making |
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Conflicts |
A - Sources of conflict between men and women |
A,B - Identify conflicts which have impact on gender relations; assess areas of possible conflict as a result of proposed development interventions (see catching, processing and marketing ancillary activities) |
A,B - Key informants, group discussions; Venn diagrams |
B - Conflict management systems for men and women; how does it function for which type of conflicts |
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Access to and quality of extension services |
A - Who was reached by extension services (by sex and occupation) |
A - Assess whether everyone had equal chances to obtain info on new technology or development/management intervention |
A - surveys, semi-structured interviews |
B - Awareness of importance and skills of extension personnel to include gender issues |
B - Assess need for awareness raising and/or training programmes |
B-D - Interview extension personnel at all levels, field observation | |
C - Gender sensitiveness of extension material |
C - Assess need for change in existing or additional extension material |
C - Review extension material | |
D - On-going extension programmes |
D - Assess existing extension capability and training needs to reach men and women |
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E - Coverage and impact of extension programmes |
E - Assess what methods were effective in reaching men and women |
E - Evaluation reports, cost effectiveness studies, impact studies | |
Household decision making |
A - Decision making pattern within household regarding: |
A - Assess whether fisheries activities are common or separate production goals of household members; list priorities of men and women- Assess how bargaining positions within household affect access to necessary resources by members; implications for who can adopt new technologies- Assess potential impact of additional income/fish derived through fisheries development and/or management on individual household members and priorities on expenditures |
A - Ethnographic literature, case study, semi structured interviews with individual household members to compare answers of household members, Venn diagrams, rank priorities |
· production priorities |
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· allocation of resources |
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· distribution of benefits from economic activities |
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Food security and nutrition |
A - Inventory of major health and nutrition problems |
A - Assess possible impact of development and management interventions on these problems |
A - Health clinic data on anthropometric measurements and statistics on prevalent diseases, survey |
B - Nutritional status by household type |
B Assess whether certain types of households are disadvantaged; assist in choice of target group |
B - Semi-structured interviews, social maps, anthropometric measumments | |
C - Seasonal food availability |
C - Assess seasonal shortages in food supply and impacts of changes in catching, processing and marketing sub- sectors |
C - Separate semi-structured interviews by household type, food calendar for different groups and sex | |
D - Distribution and frequency of fish and other animal protein consumption within household (by age and sex) |
D - Assess who benefits and who suffers from changes in fish supply |
D - Semi-structured interviews with both sexes, pie chart | |
E - Description of gender differences in strategies to cope with shortages and contingencies |
E - Provides indicator of possible role of fisheries to diversify coping capability and reduce negative impact of these strategies on men and women |
E - Semi-structured interviews with both sexes, ranking by sex |
