INS/81/008/TECHNICAL PAPER/13 | DECEMBER 1989 |
THE FOOD AND FEEDING OF SEABASS Lates calcarifer GROUPER Epinephelus tauvina AND RABBITFISH Siganus NATIONAL SEAFARMING DEVELOPMENT CENTRE LAMPUNG, INDONESIA |
By
Albert G.J. Tacon
Feed and Nutrition Advisor
FAO/UNDP Seafarming Development Project INS/81/008
and
Nur Rausin
Muhammad Kadari
Nico Runtuboy
Astuti
Warsono
Suyanto
Bambang Purwanto
Sunaryat
Project Document Identification
Part II F. Activities
Prepare seafarming manuals and other technical information
This report was prepared during the course of the project identified on the title page. Any mention of companies and their products does not imply endorsement. The designation employed and presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and UNDP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT
This report is based on the cage fish feeding trials conducted by Dr. Albert G.J. Tacon, INS/81/008 Feed and Nutrition Advisor, between 7 December 1988 and 31 December 1989 and is a continuation of the INS/81/008 feed development programme initiated by Professor Samuel P. Meyers, Feed and Nutrition Consultant. For full details of the activities of professor Meyers see INS/81/008/GENERAL REPORT/1 (Feed formulation, equipment and training in Indonesia; Meyers, S.P., 1987), INS/81/008/GENERAL REPORT/5 (A summary follow-up report for the Seafarming Project INS/81/008 at Teluk Hurun, Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia; Meyers, S.P., 1987), INS/81/008/WORKING PAPER/7 (Considerations in feed development with emphasis on fish nutrition; Meyers, S.P., 1986), INS/81/008/MANUAL/10 (Instruction manual on feed equipment use and aquatic feed manufacture; Meyers, S.P., 1986) and INS/81/008/TECHNICAL PAPER/5 (Observations on the growth and survival of rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus on three formulated diets; Meyers et al. 1989).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Dr. Banchong Tiensongrusmee (INS/81/008 Chief Technical Advisor) and Mr. Kisto Mintardjo (INS/81/008 Project Co-Team Leader) for their constant encouragement and support. Appreciation is also extended for the technical support given by the staff of the National Seafarming Development Centre, including Mr. Murdjani, Mr. Hartono, Mr. Bambang Rahardjo, Mr. Aji, Ms. Nirasari, Mr. Oyon, Mr. Ruslan, Ms. Muawanah and Mr. Memet. Materials used during the feeding trials were donated by P.T. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Animal Feedmill Co., Lt. (fish meal, soybean meal, squid liver powder, shrimp head meal, zeolite, fish oil, soybean oil, rice bran, wheat pollards, wheat flour, wheat gluten, AGJT/F1 vitamin premix, chicken broiler starter diet No. 511, carp starter diet No. 788), P.T. Agro Utama Corporation (shrimp finisher pellet No. 588), P.T. Rosindo husada pratama (choline chloride), P.T. Jaka Utama Kraftfutter (soy lecithin), Lysi HF (fish liver oil) and P> T > Astabumi Ciptadaya (Suehiro UGF). Particular thanks are extended to Dr. Ken Hazen (Area Manager Feed Research and Development) of P.T Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Animal Feedmill for his technical support and assistance in undertaking the chemical analyses of the dietary feed ingredients, diets and fish carcasses. Finally, special thanks must also be given to Mr. Peter Cornelis (visiting research scientist) for his valuable assistance during the cage feeding trials.
ABSTRACT
Four cage feeding trials involving a total of fifteen different dietary feeding regimes were conducted with seabass (Lates calcarifer), grouper (Epinephelus tauvina) and rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) from fingerling to market size over a 100 to 156-day rearing period. Seabass fed frozen fish or a moist pellet displayed the best growth response, with fish (30/m3) growing from an initial weight of 8.9g and 8.5g to a final weight of 285.5g and 257.5g in 156 days, with a food conversion ratio of 3.77 – 5.10 (dry matter basis 0.96 – 1.30) and 1.89 – 3.20 (dry matter basis 1.15 – 1.95), and with a survival of 93.3% and 93.3%, respectively. During the seabass trial the estimated feeding cost/kg fish produced was Rp 1458 – 1964 and Rp 1537 – 2584 for fish fed frozen fish and moist pellet, respectively. Grouper fed frozen fish and moist pellet also displayed the best growth response, with fish (30/m3) growing from an initial weight of 23.8g and 25.8g to a final weight of 471.7g and 388.7g in 156 days, with a food conversion ratio of 3.53 – 4.16 (dry matter basis 0.89 – 1.06) and 1.73 – 2.96 (dry matter basis 1.06 – 1.80), and with a survival of 90% and 98.3%, respectively. During the grouper trial the estimated feeding cost/kg fish produced was Rp 1342 – 1603 and Rp 1382 – 2396 for fish fed frozen fish and moist pellet, respectively. In the case of rabbitfish, the best growth was observed for fish fed a dry in-house crumble containing 31% crude protein; fish (15/m3) growing from an initial weight of 51.7g to a final weight of only 110.3g in 100 days, with a food conversion ratio of 3.48 (dry matter basis 3.08) and estimated feeding cost/kg fish produced of Rp 2349. However, all rabbitfish fed formulated rations displayed marked sexual activity by the end of the feeding trial (62 – 93% of the fish yielding milt or eggs on hand stripping). Finally, a fourth cage culture trial was conducted to ascertain the possible use of kerosene pressure lamps and generator powered fluorescent strip lights at night to attract live food fish directly into net cages containing juvenile seabass and grouper, with no use of exogenous dietary feeds. A positive growth response was observed with seabass and to a lesser extent with grouper with increasing net mesh size and decreasing fish stocking density; seabass juveniles at the lowest tested density of 10 fish/m3 displaying a final mean weight gain of - 15.96%, 3.63% and 52.04% within 1mm, 13mm and 19mm mesh cages over a 63 day culture period, respectively. Fuel cost per night (1800h - 0600h) ranged from Rp 1925 for the fluorescent strip lights to Rp 3360 for the kerosene pressure lamps.
National Counterpart Staff
National Seafarming Development Centre
Directorate General of Fisheries
P.O.Box 74/TK Teluk Betung 35401
Lampung, Indonesia
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2. RABBITFISH CAGE CULTURE TRIAL
2.1 Aim of cage feeding trial
2.2 Materials and methods
2.2.1 Diets
2.2.2 Experimental procedure
2.2.3 Chemical methods
2.2.4 Statistical methods
2.3.1 Growth response
2.3.2 Feed intake
2.3.3 Feed utilization
2.3.4 Carcass composition
2.3.5 Sexual status
2.3.6 Fish production, survival and feeding cost
3.1 Aim of cage feeding trial
3.2 Materials and methods
3.2.1 Diets
3.2.2 Experimental procedure
3.2.3 Chemical and statistical methods
3.3.1 Growth response
3.3.2 Feed intake
3.3.3 Feed utilization
3.3.4 Carcass composition
3.3.5 Mortality record and survival
3.3.6 Fish production and feeding cost
3.4 Results: Day 100 to Day 156 and Day 0 to Day 156
3.4.1 Growth response and feed intake
3.4.2 Feed utilization
3.4.3 Carcass composition, fish production and feeding cost
4.1 Aim of cage feeding trial
4.2 Materials and methods
4.2.1 Diets
4.2.2 Experimental procedure
4.2.3 Chemical and statistical methods
4.3.1 Growth response
4.3.2 Feed intake
4.3.3 Feed utilization
4.3.4 Carcass composition
4.3.5 Mortality record and survival
4.3.6 Fish production and feeding cost
4.4 Results: Day 100 to Day 156 and Day 0 to Day 156
4.4.1 Growth response and feed intake
4.4.2 Feed utilization
4.4.3 Carcass composition, fish production and feeding cost
5.0 NIGHT LIGHT CAGE FEEDING TRIAL
5.1 Aim of cage feeding trial
5.2 Materials and methods
5.3.1 Light feeding response
5.3.2 Growth response
5.3.3 Lamp maintenance and fuel cost
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 Proximate chemical composition of the feed ingredient source used in the dietary formulations
2 Formulation, proximate chemical composition and cost of the rabbit fish test diets
3 Growth performance of rabbit fish from day 0 to day 100
4 Feed intake and diet utilization efficiency of rabbit fish from day 0 to day 100
5 Carcass composition of rabbit fish at the start and end of the 100 day feeding trial
6 Sexual activity of rabbit fish at the end of the 100 day feeding trial
7 Overall cage production and survival of rabbit fish from day 0 to day 100
8 Formulation, proximate chemical composition and cost of the seabass test diets
9 Growth performance of seabass from day 0 to day 100
10 Feed intake and diet utilization efficiency of seabass from day 0 to day 100
11 Carcass composition of seabass at the start and end of the 100 day feeding trial
12 Mortality record and survival of seabass from day 0 to day 100
13 Overall cage production of seabass from day 0 to day 100
14 Growth performance of seabass from day 100 to day 156
15 Overall growth response of seabass from day 0 to day 156
16 Feed intake and diet utilization efficiency of seabass from day 100 to day 156
17 Carcass composition of seabass fed frozen fish and moist pellet after 0, 100 and 156 days
18 Overall cage production of seabass from day 100 to day 156
19 Formulation, proximate chemical composition and cost of the grouper test diets
20 Growth performance of grouper from day 0 to day 100
21 Feed intake and diet utilization efficiency of grouper from day 0 to day 100
22 Carcass composition of grouper at the start and end of the 100 day feeding trial
23 Mortality record and survival of grouper from day 0 to day 100
24 Overall cage production of grouper from day 0 to day 100
25 Growth performance of grouper from day 100 to day 156
26 Overall growth response of grouper from day 0 to day 156
27 Feed intake and diet utilization efficiency of grouper from day 100 to day 156
28 Carcass composition of grouper fed frozen fish and moist pellet after 0, 100 and 156 days
29 Overall cage production of grouper from day 100 to day 156
30 Body weight and growth of seabass and grouper over the 63-day light feeding trial
31 Percent body weight gain or loss of seabass and grouper over the 63-day light feeding trial
32 Survival of seabass and grouper over the 63-day light feeding trial
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
2 INS/81/008 feed preparation laboratory
3 INS/81/008 diet drying cabinet
5 Water quality within the experimental cages over the 100 day feeding trial
6 Growth response of rabbit fish over the 100 day feeding trial
8 Daily feed intake of rabbit fish fed carp starter diet and RD1 ration from day 0 to day 100
9 Daily feed intake of rabbit fish fed the RD2 ration from day 0 to day 100
13 Body weight range of rabbit fish after 100 days
16 Water quality within the experimental cages over the 156-day feeding trial
17 Growth response of seabass after 100 days
18 Body weight range of seabass after 100 days
19 Daily feed intake of seabass fed frozen fish and a moist pellet ration from day 0 to day 100
20 Daily feed intake of seabass fed shrimp finisher pellet and RD1 pellet from day 0 to day 100
21 Daily feed intake of seabass fed RD2 pellet from day 0 to day 100
25 Survival curve of seabass from day 0 to day 100
26 Growth performance of seabass after 156 days
27 Daily feed intake of seabass fed a frozen fish diet from day 0 to day 156
28 Daily feed intake of seabass fed a moist pellet ration from day 0 to day 156
31 Body weight range of seabass after 156 days
32 Food conversion ratio of seabass over the course of the 156-day feeding trial
34 Growth response of grouper after 100 days
35 Body weight range of grouper after 100 days
36 Daily feed intake of grouper fed frozen fish and a moist pellet ration from day 0 to day 100
37 Daily feed intake of grouper fed shrimp finisher pellet and RD1 pellet from day 0 to day 100
38 Daily feed intake of grouper fed RD2 pellet from day 0 to day 100
42 Survival curve of grouper from day 0 to day 100
43 Growth performance of grouper after 156 days
44 Body weight range of grouper after 156 days
45 Daily feed intake of grouper fed a frozen fish diet from day 0 to day 100
46 Daily feed intake of grouper fed a moist pellet ration from day 0 to day 156
49 Food conversion ratio of grouper over the course of the 156 day feeding trial
52 Percentage weight gain of seabass with different net mesh size at four different densities
53 Percentage weight gain of grouper with different net mesh size at density of 10 fish/m3
54 Diagrammatic representation of a stationary lift net with floating rafts for finfish culture