1.1 Uganda Fisheries: A Profile5
Uganda is a country endowed with vast freshwater resources which together cover some 17% to 18% of its 241,000 km2 total area. The national population amounts to approximately 17 million people (1989 estimate) of whom roughly 90% are reckoned to dwell in rural settings. Population densities vary across the country but most people live in the southern and southwestern regions, where rainfall and soil fertility are more favourable to crop and livestock production. With the exception of Lake Albert, the major water bodies of the country are also found in these regions (map, Figure 1). Lakes Edward and George lie in the western Rift Valley, close to the Zaire border. Lake Kyoga, occupying a central position between the northern and southern halves of the country, is fed by the River Nile as it drains north from Lake Victoria. The broad expanse of Lake Victoria itself is shared with Tanzania and Kenya, with some 31,000 km2 or about 45% of its waters lying within Ugandan boundaries (Welcomme 1972).
Between them, the Great Lakes fisheries of Uganda represent a major source of food supply for the national population. Following a steady growth in production over the past several years, particularly for the fisheries of Lake Victoria, it is now reckoned that fish contribute more than 50% of the total animal protein intake for the national population, with average per capita consumption estimated at about 12 to 13 kg per year. Within fisherfolk communities along the lakeshores and amongst residents in major urban consuming centres, and especially Kampala, per capita consumption reaches far higher levels --probably on the order of 50–60 kg (MPED, 1990).
1.2 Food and Forests: The Post-Harvest Loss Complex
A considerable proportion of the catch from all waters gets processed in some form, usually through smoke curing. Post-harvest losses in processed fish resulting from spoilage and pest infestation, and the ensuing disadvantages for processors, traders, and, ultimately, the consumer population have been remarked upon by various observers over the years (e.g. Crutchfield 1959; Semakula 1967). They still occur to a very serious extent (FISHIN Project Field Observations and SEC Field Reports 1989–90). But the true scope of what might be called the “post harvest loss complex” in Uganda fisheries does not simply stop here. Established methods of fish processing also place great pressure on valuable and often increasingly scarce green timber stocks - a circumstance that must be viewed with some alarm from a forestry and environmental management standpoint.
Recent developments in the fisheries and the wider socio-economic context within which they are situated have drastically exacerbated problems in the post-harvest sector. In the following sections, these developments and their consequences are briefly reviewed. Case examples of projects and commercial undertakings which may be helping to counter post-harvest loss problems are then discussed. Finally, suggestions for more effective action to meet the array of socio-economic and environmental challenges posed by the “post-harvest loss complex” are set forth.
2. RECENT TRENDS IN THE FISHERIES
Table 1 provides time series data on annual catch levels in Uganda over the period 1961–1989, broken down by major fisheries regions. The data used are summarised from official Government publications of catch statistics collected by Uganda Fisheries Department (UFD) field staff. It should be stressed however that the interpretation of this statistical record must be mounted with caution, given that there is room for considerable further improvement in the monitoring and reporting system (Reynolds, Wadanya, and Nyeko 1989).
With due regard for their shortcomings, the data nevertheless depict a picture of substantial changes in the national catch levels. Total annual catch peaked in 1978 at 222, 200 tonnes and as of 1989 stood at 211,200 tonnes, from a base of 59,400 tonnes recorded in 1961 (Figure 2). Records of fishing effort in terms of active canoes (UFD 1988) indicate that there were only 5,900 craft in use in 1961; the number of canoes now totals 16,000. Increased fishing effort, together with the introduction of exotic fast-growing species into Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, George, and Edward, obviously contributed to the rapid rise in catches.
Effort exerted on fish stocks remained high (over 13,000 canoes) throughout the period of peak catches in the 1970s. The subsequent decline in catches can be associated with inadequate supply of fishing gear such as gill nets and hooks in the country, as well as with civil strife in the fishing zones. From the early 1980s, marked changes in the species composition of catches were also becoming apparent, especially with regard to the proliferation of the introduced Nile perch in Lake Victoria (Acere 1986; Reynolds and Greboval 1988).
Despite its long history of subsistence and commercial exploitation, immense area, and huge potential, the Lake Victoria fishery was for many years not the main contributor to the national catch. For quite a lengthy period this distinction rested with Lake Kyoga, the smaller and shallower complex of flooded river valleys into which Victoria flows. Comparison of the trends apparent in Figure 3 (for Lake Kyoga) and Figure 4 (for Lake Victoria) shows that Lake Kyoga production consistently outstripped that of Victoria through the 1970s up to the mid-1980s, when the situation reversed itself.
This transformation can be attributed to several factors, including: increased use of illegal gear and destructive fishing practices due to a severe shortage of inputs; a gradual decline in water level over the last decade or so; deterioration of feeder roads providing access to and from the landings; and a severe disruption of fishing operations from several landing sites due to problems of civil insecurity.
Lake Victoria, in the meantime, was following a rather different course of development. The statistical record (Table 2) depicts a peak in the annual catches occurring in 1969, and then a steady decrease down to a low of around 10,000 tonnes in 1980, at the time when input shortages were hampering all the country's fisheries. From that point on, the explosive increase of Lates niloticus (the Nile perch or mputa) in the Ugandan sector of Lake Victoria made itself apparent in spectacular fashion. Starting from a level of less than 1,000 tonnes in 1981, catches of Lates skyrocketed to a level of 92,000 tonnes in 1988, the last year for which returns are available. Earlier harvest levels were thus not only recovered, but were overwhelmingly surpassed. It is interesting also that over the last few years there has been a distinct improvement in tilapia catches (mostly Oreochromis). For 1988, combined Nile perch and tilapia catches accounted for 97% of, the total tonnage recorded for the Ugandan sector of the Lake.
From a human nutrition point of view, this sudden availability of high quality animal protein must be seen as one of the more fortunate events in the recent history of the country - a history that has otherwise been marked by widespread instability and severe disruption in food production both at the farm and processing/manufacturing levels. The bounty of the new fishery for Nile perch proved so great that it could partly compensate not only for setbacks in the agriculture and livestock sectors, but for the temporary loss or decline of the contribution of the other major fisheries of the country.
The situation with regard to Lake Kyoga has already been mentioned. But the highly productive fisheries of Lakes Edward, George, and Albert in the west also suffered disruptions. The general breakdown in road communications and the cash economy, as well as the outbreaks of civil unrest, cut them off from traditional major markets for fresh and processed fish in the eastern, central, and northwestern parts of the country. The Lakes Edward and George fisheries, in particular, were isolated from the vigorous market for fresh fish around Kampala and its environs (Reynolds and Greboval 1988). Already by the early 1970s the supply of frozen Lake Edward and George fish products from TUFMAC (The Uganda Fish Marketing Corporation) and other small fish factories in the Kichwamba area had started to decline. TUFMAC's processing plant on Lake George finally ceased operations in the late 1970s, after a number of years of mismanagement and other problems (Reynolds and Mukasa 1989).
Despite the fact that the situation has now stabilised and road links to the west and elsewhere are steadily being improved, the transformation in distribution and marketing patterns that were attendant upon the disruptions and the great influx of Nile perch products, both fresh and processed, remains in effect. Indeed, it has if anything intensified. The result in the case of the western lakes fisheries is an almost complete reversal of patterns of trade from the pre-Nile perch days. Lake Victoria's new status as a major “foodbank” for the nation has had quite far reaching implications in this and other ways, as will now be discussed in more detail.
2.2 Changes in the Post-Harvest Sector
Historically, the distribution of fresh fish in Uganda has mostly restricted to the fringe zone around the principal lakes. Relatively high ambient temperatures and transport constraints have always made it difficult to supply areas further afield. Yet because major urban centres (e.g. Kampala, Entebbe, Jinja, Busia, and Masaka) lie within this belt, and are also well served with road and transport links, a substantial proportion of the country's fish-consuming population has generally enjoyed ready access to fresh fish (Crutchfield 1959; TDRI 1983).
Processing in one form or another is widely practised and has been considerably stimulated within the last ten to fifteen years due to general deterioration in communications infrastructure and the dramatic overall increase in fish harvests from Lake Victoria (TDRI 1983; FISHIN Project Field Observations 1989–90). Forms of processing include sun-drying, salting, frying, and smoking.
Sun-drying is of limited importance, being restricted mainly to the processing of the small pelagic species Rastrineobola argentea (= mukene or dagaa locally), Haplochromis (= nkejje locally), and juvenile tilapia.
Salting is a traditional mode of processing in the fisheries of the western lakes, and particularly for Lake Albert. Salted products are not especially popular amongst Uganda consumers, but have always enjoyed a strong demand in Zaire markets. Salting is now becoming established as a new method of fish processing on various Lake Victoria islands. It is mainly employed for small sized Nile perch, and the resulting products are mostly directed to Zaire and northern Uganda (UFD 1988).
Frying is becoming a popular method as far as Nile perch is concerned. Fried perch, often prepared in its own oil, is widely sold in the regular municipal markets of urban centres around the lakeshore, has also become an extremely common item in the numerous informal neighbourhood street markets that have become a stock feature of city life. Mputa in this form is often nicknamed sabulenya. Usually eaten as a snack, it is particularly appreciated by the patrons of local drinking places, where it replaces roasted chicken and meat as an affordable indulgence. Alhough the frying method is often used to process tilapia in the Lakes Edward-George area, tilapia from Lake Victoria are rarely prepared in this way. An interesting detail which attests to the widespread impact that the Victoria Nile perch has had is that processors around Lakes Edward and George often use its oil for frying other fish.
Hot-smoking is by far the most popular processing method and is reputed to provide the best returns to the processor. There is of course great variation between landing sites. On many of the Lake Victoria islands, virtually 100% of the catch is smoke cured, since consignments must be bulked and stored for periods of a few days or more whilst transport to mainland points is awaited. The same pattern is noticeable within the more remote fishing settlements around the western lakes. Road conditions can make it impossible to move shipments by road for weeks at a time (TDRI 1983; Reynolds 1990).
Smoking and frying demand great quantities of fuelwood, and obviously this demand increases as the movement of fresh fish becomes more difficult because of poor access roads, growth in the amount of fish being landed and in need of disposal to market outlets, and/or a combination of the two. The relatively high fat content of the Victoria Nile perch must also be taken into account, since this lengthens the drying time and thus increases the amount of fuelwood required for smoking a given quantity of fish.
Localised shortages of fuelwood due in whole or in part to the activities of fish processors have been noted for some areas at least since the late 1950s (Crutchfield 1959; Semakula 1967). The situation is now known to be critical on certain of the islands of Lake Victoria, and in some of the fishing settlements of the western lakes complex (Dunn 1989; FISHIN Project Field Observations 1989–90).
Such pressure on a scarce and valuable resource base must be seen within the wider national crisis of deforestation in Uganda. Loss of forest cover over recent years has been of staggering proportions. A reduction of 40% is claimed for the period from 1970 to 1986. Some 2% of the country's highland tropical forests are thought to be lost every year (Oguntala 1989; of. Hamilton 1984). The situation is nothing short of disastrous and clearly warrants deep concern and urgent action.
3. TOWARDS IMPROVEMENTS IN POST-HARVEST SECTOR PERFORMANCE
Within the last few years, there have been several developments in both the industrial and artisanal aspects of the post-harvest sector which promise to yield positive results in terms of fuelwood conservation. Better product keeping qualities, and therefore enhanced availability of fish protein, are also likely to accrue as benefits to the the country.
3.1 New Developments in Industrial Handling and Processing
3.1.1 Private and Parastatal Firms
Several small-scale industrial plants have been established to handle and process specialised fish products for premium local markets (hotels, the diplomatic and expatriate community, and others of the urban elite) as well as the fledging export trade (Reynolds and Ssali 1990). Three private firms and two parastatal companies are involved in these operations. Gomba Fishing Industries Ltd. at Jinja is the largest of the private firms and produces cold and hot smoked fillets of tilapia and Nile perch, smoked split whole tilapia, frozen fillets of tilapia and Nile perch, salted/dried split tilapia, and fresh whole gutted fish. Quality Foods Ltd. near Entebbe is involved in the supply of fresh chilled whole fish and fillets of tilapia and Nile perch for the export market (direct air shipment), and hot smoked tilapia and Nile perch for local sale. Victoria Fresh Food Industries located at Gaba close to Kampala is just commencing operations and will produce products according to requirements.
Of the parastatal companies, the Kampala Ice Plant, which was started through financial and technical assistance from the People's Republic of China and operates under the UFD, handles limited quantities of both fresh and frozen fish. Although designed to serve as a central wholesale market, it has never effectively fulfilled this role. It presently serves mainly as an ice production service used by various food and beverage concerns in the city.
The newly established Uganda Fisheries Enterprises Ltd. (UFEL), a government-owned venture based at Masese in Jinja, has recently started production for both the domestic and export trade. In terms of investment and operational scale, UFEL is by far the most ambitious fish processing concern in the country. It is discussed as a case example below.
3.1.2 UFEL: Fresh Chilled Fish for Local Markets
UFEL is part of a wider scheme for fisheries development in Uganda known as the Integrated Fisheries Project. UFEL facilities comprise a modern fish processing plant at Masese, three collection centres at lakeshore sites, and three town distribution centres. Funding for the UFEL scheme was provided through a grant by the Italian Government. Construction of the processing plant started in 1987, and was completed in May 1990. The plant is designed to produce a wide range of products, including cold smoked and vacuum-packed fillets of Nile perch and tilapia aimed primarily for export and premium domestic markets. Ice production and chilling facilities are also installed. A unit for processing solid waste into fishmeal for animal feeds is expected to be installed in the near future.
The UFEL collection centres are located at the strategic landings of Majanji on Lake Victoria, and Bukungu and Lwampanga on Lake Kyoga. The collection centres are intended to serve distribution centres in Mbale, Kamuli, and Luwero, respectively. Each of the collection and distribution centres is provided with a potable water supply, an ice plant, and a chill room. A small fleet of insulated trucks has been deployed to transport fish between the collection and distribution points. Although the two town centres at Kamuli and Luwero are not yet fully operational, the one at Mbale is playing a useful role in supplying top quality iced fish to local residents. Mbale has for many years been without an adequate supply of fresh fish. Before the UFEL operation started the town market was receiving about one tonne per day from the Majanji area to the south, on Lake Victoria, via local traders who used hired transport for the most part. These fish were often subjected to poor handling, could not be kept for very long, and either had to be sold the same day or smoked at the market for sale later on. Under the UFEL scheme, the daily supply of fresh fish to Mbale has been doubled. Although slightly higher than the normal products available at the town market, the UFEL fish prices are not prohibitive. Indeed, the iced fish are obviously in great demand. Consumers often form queues to buy it at various retail kiosks in town.
3.2 Innovations for Artisanal Processing
Centro Internationale di Cooperazione allo Sviluppo (CICS) is an NGO with headquarters in Rome. It is now executing a component of the Integrated Fisheries Project for the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Uganda Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries. The main objectives of the CICS component are as follows:
stimulate higher productivity in fishing communities around Lakes Victoria and Kyoga in order to increase earnings and create a better standard of living;
foster the formation of fishing cooperatives in production areas and assist already existing societies to achieve economic viability and self-sufficiency by promoting managerial skills and efficiency;
encourage marketing of fish through the adoption of rapid transportation and simple processing methods that guarantee proper hygiene, good quality, and a reduction in post-harvest losses; and
assist fishermen by introducing new fishing techniques and repairing gear and vessels.
The CICS project has thus far established several model sites within the Buvuma Island - Napolean Gulf area at which Chorkor smokers, cleaning and scaling slabs, and drying stands have been built for practical demonstration purposes. The project has also built certain amenities like pit latrines and water supplies at these sites. It is in addition involved with training programmes for local cooperative society members and staff.
In terms of equipment and gear provision, a revolving fund scheme is being developed through which local fishermen receive loans in kind, to be repaid through the sale of their catches. Efforts are also being made to encourage the use of large diesel outboard engines for propelling transport canoes.
A total of six Chorkor model sites have been established at various points around the Buvuma Islands area of Lake Victoria to date. The kilns have proved superior to the local type in that they require less in the way of fuelwood consumption and produce better quality smoked fish with a longer storage life.
Project staff do note that there have been certain problems, however. Some fisherfolk, traders, and consumers have complained that the “CICS” fish loose too much weight under the controlled process of the Chorkor kilns. It is claimed that fish smoked in local type kilns are cured more lightly and are therefore heavier in weight and more appealing to the buyer. Naturally the products which are only lightly cured do not have the same shelf life of the drier Chorkor products. In any event, this complaint is readily dealt with. In cases where markets are fairly close to processing sites and the period of transit to sale is not lengthy, i.e. where shelf life is not such a critical issue, processing time within the Chorkor units can easily be adjusted to produce a lightly smoked product similar to that of the local kilns.
More serious are problems of encouraging fish processors to use the cleaning facilities that have been established at the various sites. It is reported that many of them continue with the practice of washing and gutting fish only in a perfunctory manner, and then again on the ground, with consequent contamination by dirt and sand. Local processors are also reluctant to scale fish before smoking, because unscaled fish retain more water, and are therefore of heavier weight once they reach the market.
Another area of difficulty concerns the future status of the model handling and processing units which have been built thus far. Currently these are under the management of the local landing site co-operative societies, but the question of eventual ownership and access for use of the facilities by nonmembers of the societies has yet to be resolved.
Despite some drawbacks, CICS personnel and the UFD view the project as having achieved some very worthwhile results, and plans to expand the approach to the fishing communities of the Ssese Islands are now in progress (CICS Project Management, pers. comm. 1990)
3.2.2 Waterborne Fish Transport: The SICS Project
Under an agreement formalised in August 1990, and as an extension to the original Italian Government grant which provided for the UFEL and CICS projects, a boatbuilding and pier facility is to be constructed at Masese. This work is being carried out by the Societa Internazionale per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo (SICS). Vehicles, construction materials, and various supplies for the pier and boatyard complex are now on site. It is intended that the SICS project should establish a local capability for the construction of fibreglass and steel-hulled canoes, to be used primarily as transport craft serving the artisanal fishery of Lake Victoria and the UFEL processing plant. Exact details of ownership and management of the craft have yet to be finalised. Various options are under consideration, including the formation of a new operating company, incorporation as part of UFEL, and ownership by private individuals. Forty fibreglass canoes are initially to be manufactured in Italy and delivered to Masese in order to expedite the start of operations. Ten have already arrived. These canoes are fairly large (9.5m LOA, 2.5m Beam, 8.1m LWL) and are fitted with 27 HP diesel inboard engines. Each is fitted with an insulated container located 'midships, and capable of holding one tonne of iced fish (Dhatemwa, pers.comm. 1990).
3.2.3 The Kichwamba Fish Processing Research Project
The Kichwamba Region of western Uganda covers the major commercial fisheries of the Lake Edward/Kazinga Channel/Lake George complex. Ten of the thirteen fishing villages of the region lie within the boundaries of the the Queen Elizabeth National Park, an area of some 2000 km2 that extends from the papyrus swamps north of Lake George southwards along the eastern shore of Lake Edward to the Uganda-Zaire border at Ishasha. Distribution of fresh fish from most of the fishing villages is hampered by poor roads and a lack of handling facilities, a situation that has become much worse over the past twenty years or so. Consequently, a large proportion of the the catch - up to 90% in some of the villages - must be preserved in order to reach worthwhile markets in a saleable shape (Ward 1990).
Three methods of preservation are employed: hot smoking in pit or walled table kilns; deep frying in oil, or salting/sun-drying. Salted fish command a ready market in neighbouring Zaire, but an official ban on salting exists, presumably to discourage excess quantities of fish products from being diverted outside local markets. Deep frying is more common in some localities, but by far the greater proportion of processed fish are those which have been smoked. Both frying and smoking require fuelwood, and residents of the fishing villages are often hard-pressed to find adequate supplies. The problem is particularly acute for those who live in the enclave villages of the Park, since it is illegal to encroach upon Park land to collect wood for any purpose. The Kichwamba Fish Processing Project was launched to help alleviate this situation. Intended to run for two years, the Project began in October 1988 through the co-operation of the UFD, the British Voluntary Service Overseas, and the EEC-funded Artisanal Fisheries Rehabilitation Project. Its main objectives were to:
Develop an appropriate fish processing method for Kichwamba Region that reduces firewood requirements while producing a final product of improved quality;
Introduce the method developed to local fish processors; and
Conduct investigations into the marketing of the improved product, particularly as regards currently under-utilised outlets such as hospitals and schools.
The first stage of project work was to assess established methods of processing in the Kichwamba Region. Particular attention was paid to fish smoking practices, investigating such questions as patterns of catch disposal in different fishing villages, the extent of processing activity, rate of fuelwood use, operational costs, and so on. It was determined that the duration of smoking operations depends on the type of product to be marketed. “Soft-smoked” fish are cured for three to four hours, with a weight loss of 45%, and have a shelf life of four days. They are intended for sale at nearby markets. The “hard-smoked” varieties are cured for up to 18 hours, with a weight loss of 65–70%, and have a shelf life of three months or more.
Work next concentrated on the establishment of a research station and the development of an appropriate fish preservation method. A smoking kiln based on the Chorkor prototype was built and tested. Improvisation was guided by three criteria:
The kiln should be fabricated entirely of locally available materials;
It should be easy to build by local labour; and
Its construction cost should be of a minimum.
A modified Chorkor design was developed, in accordance to local practice and preference, such that the the trays which sit atop the firebox hold the fish being smoked in a vertical position, head down. Smoking trials were conducted to check on the fuelwood consumption of the modified kiln, and also to ascertain improvements in product quality through such simple measures as more careful hundling, washing, and sundrying of fish prior to smoking. Trial work continued for a period of approximately nine months.
The next step was field testing of the improved processing method at selected fishing villages, in order to ascertain its performance and acceptability. New kilns were constructed by the project at three villages within the National Park. A fourth kiln was financed and erected on a private basis by individuals at another village, after they had witnessed operations of one of the project kilns.
In general response in the fishing villages to the new kiln was extremely positive. Local processors observed that the kiln uses less firewood, that its final products are better in appearance and in greater demand by buyers than for traditionally smoked products, and that the operation of the kiln is simpler, cleaner, and less laborious.
Financial and time constraints prevented the extension of the demonstration unit scheme to more villages in the Kichwamba Region. Nor was there enough opportunity completely to follow up the third project objective of investigating marketing questions, though it was apparent that the products from the new kiln were very acceptable to local buyers. In terms of the first two and most important objectives, however, the project succeeded in developing and introducing an improved method of fish smoking that uses significantly less fuelwood whilst at the same time producing a superior product. It was calculated that if all of the smoked fish of three of the major fishing villages of Kichwamba was to processed using the new method, a 55% savings in fuelwood would be realised - an amount equivalent to some 446 tonnes per year. In financial terms - of very real concern since so much of the fuel used by processors in the region must be purchased - the savings would amount to the respectable sum of about UShs 2.5 million, or the equivalent $3,500.
In addition to the main focus on kiln operations, some preliminary work was also done under the Project in other areas, including the use of wood waste (sawdust, shavings) as an alternative fuel, variations in product preparation (splitting fish before smoking, and using a technique combining brining, smoking, and sundrying), and testing a solar tent dryer. Efforts were also made to establish a model tree nursery and a woodlot. Whilst nothing in the way of concrete findings and recommendations came of this additional work, promising lines for further investigation and development were identified.
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
There is genuine cause for concern over post-harvest losses in fish and fishery products in Uganda. Such losses translate into financial setbacks for fisherfolk and nutritional and wider socio-economic setbacks for the country as a whole. The problem is severely compounded by the fact that fish smoking, intended as a preservative measure to facilitate wider distribution of fish to more people, is contributing to processes of deforestation and environmental degradation. Although this negative trend is likely to continue for a consideraable while, it is encouraging to note that efforts are underway to help deal with the situation.
A number of points of intervention have been identified. These include private and public company ventures in small-scale industrial handling and processing of fish for both the domestic and export market. The establishment of fish processing plants has not only widened the scope of preservation methods available but has provided opportunities for improving existing methods of handling fish. Due to the fact that almost all the newly established plants have ice making facilities, fisherfolk and traders will be encouraged to start icing their fish right from the moment of catch, hence prolonging shelf life and reducing spoilage losses.
At the same time, and in view of the magnitude of products involved of even greater importance, there have been promising developments for the artisanal processing sector. Pilot projects have been mounted from which lessons can be learnt and replicated across all major fishery regions of the country. Fish smoking by local processors will remain the most important form of curing for the foreseeable future. Improvements in smoking methods such as the adaptation of the Chorkor kiln to suit local conditions have led to greater fuelwood efficiency and better product quality and shelf life. They are therefore the best immediate means of addressing problems in the post-harvest complex.
Although some precedents are provided by the old fish factories that produced frozen products from the Kichwamba Region (Lakes Edward and George), and earlier attempts to introduce improved kilns (Rogers 1970), the developments outlined above are in many respects new experiences within the fishing industry of the country. As indicated, various difficulties have been encountered and in some cases projects have not realised their full objectives. Much further research, development, and extension work remains to be done. It will be necessary to tackle problems on several fronts simultaneously. Furthermore, a multi-disciplinary approach will be required since complicated and diverse issues are involved. These issues relate not only to fish processing technology, but to socio-economics, forestry, and environmental management as well. Recommendations for immediate action are summarised below.
Assessment, planning, and development in relation to the fisheries post-harvest sector is severely hampered at present due to the lack of adequate data. For example, though substantial wastage of fish through spoilage and insect infestation is quite apparent to the observer, no reliable figures on the exact extent have ever been established through field study. Relevant investigations need to be mounted immediately.
Urgent research also needs to be carried out on the extent of fuelwood consumption according to use sector, including that of fish processing. Existing documentation is fragmentary and outdated.
As a matter of priority, work on improved fish handling and processing methods in local fisherfolk communities initiated under the CICS and Kichwamba projects should be extended to cover wider areas.
In addition to fuel-efficient kilns, the use of alternative sources of fuel and other forms of fish preservation such as brining-smoking-sundrying combinations should be encouraged. Research and development work on alternative fuels for use in fish smoking has been minimal thus far and should now be seriously undertaken. Waste wood products such as shavings and sawdust offer likely possibilities. In addition, the feasibility of briquetting paypyrus peat (cf. Martin 1988) and coffee and rice husks for burning in smoking kilns should be explored. Ample supplies all these substances are easily obtainable.
The establishment and popularisation of common woodlots in and around fishing villages is a further measure that should be pursued.
The availability of chilled fresh fish at moderate prices has been greatly appreciated by residents of the one town which UFEL has so far been supplying. This augurs well for the UFEL scheme, but a publicity campaign emphasising the advantages of ice-chilled fish would help to boost consumer acceptance as more distribution centres are opened in other localities.
Beyond these actions, the rehabilitation of the country's infrastructure and particularly of access roads leading to major fish landing points must be encouraged as much as possible. Although rehabilitation will be a gradual process, in the long term it is of the utmost importance. Through improvement of the access roads, it will become possible for more fish to reach more people in more places more rapidly. The necessity to preserve fish by smoking will be much reduced as a consequence and this, in turn, will lessen the pressure on forests and woodlands.
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Reynolds, J.E., and C.T. Mukasa, 1989. Notes on Kichwamba Region. SEC Field Report No. 6, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007.
Reynolds, J.E., and W.M. Ssali, 1990. Lake Victoria fisheries industrialisation: recent developments in Uganda. SEC Field Report No. 13, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007.
Reynolds, J.E., J. Wadanya, and D.Nyeko, eds., 1989. Fisheries statistics and information collection in Uganda: a review of past approaches, current status, and future needs. Technical Paper No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007.
Rogers, J.F., 1970. Improved cement block fish smoking kiln. In Occasional Papers, No. 3 of 1970, Fisheries Department, Ministry of Animal Industry, Game, and Fisheries. Entebbe: Government Printer.
Semakula, S.N., 1967. Survey of the present status of fish handling, preserving and marketing in Uganda. In Occasional Papers, No. 1 of 1967, Fisheries Department, Ministry of Animal Industry, Game, and Fisheries. Entebbe: Government Printer.
TDRI (Tropical Development and Research Institute), 1983. Fisheries rehabilitation study: Uganda. London: TDRI (mimeo).
UFD (Uganda Fisheries Department), 1988. Annual report.
Ward, A.R., 1990. The development and introduction of a fuel saving fish processing method for Lakes Edward and George, Western Uganda. Report on the Kichwamba Fish Processing Research Project. Entebbe: UFD (mimeo).
Welcomme, R.L., 1972. The inland waters of Africa. Les eaux interieures d'Afrique. CIFA Tech.Pap./Doc.Tech.CPCA, (1). Rome:FAO.
FIGURE 1: UGANDA — MAJOR FISHERIES
TABLE 1: ESTIMATED QUANTITY OF FISH LANDED BY LAKE REGIONS IN UGANDA WATERS 1961 – 1989*
| YEAR | L. VICTORIA | L. ALBERT | L. KYOGA | L. EDW/GEO | L. WAMALA | ALB. NILE | OTHERS | TOTALS |
| 61 | 25.5 | 11.8 | 6.8 | 12.5 | 1 | 1.8 | 59.4 | |
| 62 | 23.4 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 12.1 | 2 | 3.6 | 66.5 | |
| 63 | 24.4 | 12.5 | 17 | 12 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 71.9 | |
| 64 | 24.4 | 10.2 | 18.5 | 10.2 | 2.1 | 5.2 | 70.6 | |
| 65 | 24.4 | 12.4 | 18.4 | 12.6 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 71.5 | |
| 66 | 28 | 13.6 | 19.9 | 10.9 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 81.4 | |
| 67 | 38.2 | 13.2 | 26.3 | 12.9 | 6.6 | 1.9 | 99.1 | |
| 68 | 40.5 | 13.5 | 32.5 | 13 | 7.1 | 3.3 | 109.9 | |
| 69 | 46.3 | 10.4 | 48.9 | 11.8 | 5.6 | 4.3 | 127.3 | |
| 70 | 41.7 | 24.2 | 62.1 | 10.5 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 147.7 | |
| 71 | 38.1 | 9.5 | 89.7 | 11.7 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 162.3 |
| 72 | 33.9 | 10.5 | 95.1 | 12.3 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4 | 164.2 |
| 73 | 32.5 | 13 | 100.5 | 11 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4 | 169.5 |
| 74 | 24.5 | 13.5 | 105 | 10.5 | 6.5 | 4 | 3.5 | 167.5 |
| 75 | 16.9 | 18.7 | 104.2 | 13.2 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 173.2 |
| 76 | 11.1 | 12.3 | 145.8 | 12.5 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 192.6 |
| 77 | 15.7 | 20.6 | 167 | 12 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 219.5 |
| 78 | 14.2 | 20.6 | 167 | 11.8 | 1.8 | 5.7 | 1.1 | 222.2 |
| 79 | 12 | 17 | 133 | 9.6 | 2 | 4.5 | 1.8 | 179.9 |
| 80 | 10 | 13 | 131 | 7 | 1 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 165.9 |
| 81 | 17 | 6 | 130 | 5 | 3.8 | 3 | 3 | 167.8 |
| 82 | 13 | 10 | 138 | 6.9 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.6 | 170 |
| 83 | 17 | 6 | 138 | 6 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.6 | 172.1 |
| 84 | 44.8 | 6 | 137 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 199.2 |
| 85 | 54.6 | 2.3 | 102.7 | 6 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 171.1 |
| 86 | 56.8 | 4.9 | 128 | 6.3 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 202.9 |
| 87 | 93.2 | 8.9 | 57.7 | 6.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.24 | 167.84 |
| 88 | 107.1 | 12.5 | 86.75 | 5.9 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1 | 214.25 |
| 89 | 132.4 | 11.2 | 54.71 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 4 | 211.21 |
Source : Uganda Fisheries Department records.
FIG. 2: EST. ANNUAL TOTAL CATCH - UGANDA, 1961–89
FIG. 3: EST. TOTAL ANNUAL CATCH, L. KYOGA (1961–1989)
FIG. 4: EST. TOTAL ANNUAL CATCH, L. VICTORIA (1961–1989)
TABLE 2: EVOLUTION OF THE CATCH (tonnes) FOR LAKE VICTORIA (UGANDA), 1965–88.
| Year | Lates | Tilapia | Bagrus | Barbus | Prot. | Clar. | Synod. | Napl. | Alest. | Labeo | Morm. | Rastr. | Others | Total |
| 1965 | 3 | 20,985 | 1,035 | 688 | 544 | 628 | 2 | 499 | 24,384 | |||||
| 1966 | 6 | 20,610 | 2,739 | 597 | 967 | 1,731 | 851 | 6 | 513 | 28,020 | ||||
| 1967 | 2 | 14,883 | 10,552 | 1,028 | 4,286 | 2,742 | 243 | 3,058 | 440 | 407 | 457 | 82 | 38,180 | |
| 1968 | 3 | 6,378 | 6,071 | 1,140 | 15,612 | 3,618 | 19 | 7,594 | 74 | 40,509 | ||||
| 1969 | 600 | 19,844 | 7,930 | 1,725 | 5,974 | 5,233 | 511 | 2,288 | 142 | 204 | 1,709 | 113 | 46,273 | |
| 1970 | 620 | 17,760 | 11,140 | 430 | 6,990 | 3,310 | 220 | 1,100 | 160 | 41,730 | ||||
| 1971 | 728 | 14,190 | 11,268 | 536 | 6,186 | 3,345 | 400 | 1,050 | 1 | 105 | 1,000 | 38,809 | ||
| 1972 | 840 | 10,080 | 11,020 | 601 | 5,836 | 3,323 | 558 | 1,866 | 188 | 986 | 3 | 35,301 | ||
| 1973 | 975 | 7,490 | 10,368 | 540 | 6,500 | 3,110 | 475 | 1,845 | 248 | 950 | 32,501 | |||
| 1974 | 1,086 | 6,465 | 8,987 | 590 | 3,306 | 2,757 | 180 | 1,780 | 85 | 250 | 15 | 25,501 | ||
| 1975 | 250 | 7,000 | 2,930 | 260 | 195 | 1,290 | 70 | 1,690 | 10 | 40 | 10 | 13,745 | ||
| 1976 | 540 | 1,850 | 4,380 | 130 | 1,800 | 1,320 | 40 | 1,000 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 11,100 | ||
| 1977 | 460 | 3,110 | 4,910 | 530 | 2,270 | 1,920 | 570 | 1,560 | 30 | 240 | 15,600 | |||
| 1978 | 460 | 3,110 | 4,900 | 530 | 2,300 | 1,900 | 540 | 1,560 | 30 | 240 | 15,570 | |||
| 1979 | 190 | 1,650 | 6,530 | 360 | 1,370 | 2,330 | 2,540 | 1,550 | 40 | 130 | 70 | 16,760 | ||
| 1980 | 129 | 2,302 | 3,845 | 62 | 365 | 2,376 | 735 | 93 | 92 | 9,999 | ||||
| 1981 | 785 | 6,170 | 3,877 | 61 | 2,795 | 2,310 | 843 | 87 | 72 | 17,000 | ||||
| 1982 | 1,947 | 460 | 3,907 | 5,458 | 265 | 890 | 73 | 13,000 | ||||||
| 1983 | 13,980 | 382 | 2,141 | 58 | 51 | 181 | 110 | 61 | 40 | 17,004 | ||||
| 1984 | 23,927 | 2,279 | 17,633 | 58 | 108 | 237 | 521 | 29 | 44,792 | |||||
| 1985 | 37,386 | 1,268 | 15,017 | 10 | 71 | 573 | 223 | 5 | 25 | 54,578 | ||||
| 1986 | 41,000 | 5,750 | 9,288 | 104 | 263 | 125 | 298 | 56,828 | ||||||
| 1987 | 76,617 | 5,794 | 7,058 | 66 | 354 | 1,185 | 55 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 2,001 | 14 | 93,164 | |
| 1988 | 92,031 | 11,570 | 206 | 30 | 315 | 429 | 6 | 416 | 3 | 22 | 2,033 | 30 | 107,091 |
Source: UFD Records
FISHIN NOTES & RECORDS
LIST OF DOCUMENTS
(To December 1990)
BIOSTATISTICAL (BIOSTAT) FIELD REPORTS
Coenen, E., 1988. Mission report, Tororo District, 29/11 – 1/12/88. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Dec. 1988).
Wadanya, J., 1989a. Report on the tour of Kichwamba Region: the area of Lakes George - Edward and Kazinga Channel Complex. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Feb. 1989)
Wadanya, J., 1989b. Report of the visit to Kigungu Landing. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Feb. 1989).
Coenen, E., & F.L. Orach-Meza, 1989. Mission report to Mwanza (15–26/2/89): HEST/TAFIRI and DANIDA Regional Seminar on Lake Victoria. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (March 1989).
Tumwebaze, R., 1989a. Mission report to Kasenyi Fish Landing (20/01/1989). BIOSTAT Field Report No. 5, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1989).
Tumwebaze, R., 1989b. Report on the tour of Masaka Region - Lake Victoria. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 6, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1989).
Nyeko, D., 1989. Report on the tour of south-western lakes: George and Edward landings. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 7, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).
Ikwaput, J., 1989. Report on the mission to Iganga District, 29/5 – 2/6/1989. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 8, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).
Nyeko, D., 1990. Report on the trial frame survey conducted around the northern side of the Kome Islands complex (14–16 February 1990). BIOSTAT Field Report No. 9, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Feb. 1990).
Wadanya, J., 1990. Travel report to Lakes Edward/George and Albert. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 10, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (March 1990).
Nyeko, D. & R. Tumwebaze, 1990. The Lulamba Island Complex fisheries: report on a trial frame survey. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 11, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (April 1990).
Ikwaput, J. & R. Tumwebaze, 1989. The present status of fisheries data collection and analysis in Uganda. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 12, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Oct. 1989 -- originally issued as BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 4).
Ikwaput, J. & E.J. Coenen, 1990. Report on trip to Masaka Region and Katebo Landing. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 13, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (April 1990).
Ikwaput, J. & J. Wadanya, 1990. Report on the frame survey preparation trip to Ssese Islands. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 14, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1990).
Wadanya, J., 1990. Notes on the fisheries of Lake Victoria, Tororo Region. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 15, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Oct. 1990).
Wadanya, J.. Observations on the catch assessment activities being undertaken by the ADP team on Lakes Kyoga and Kwania. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 16, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Dec. 1990).
SOCIO-ECONOMIC (SEC) FIELD REPORTS
Odongkara, O.K., 1989a. Visit to Kasenyi Landing: 20th January, 1989. SEC Field Report No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989).
Odongkara, O.K., 1989b. Preliminary report on Kichwamba Region landings: 4th–7th February, 1989. SEC Field Report No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989)
Reynolds, J.E., C.T. Kirema-Mukasa & O.K. Odongkara, 1989. Trip to Jinja Town and UFFRO. SEC Field Report No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & C.T. Kirema-Mukasa, 1989a. Visit to Kampala markets. SEC Field Report No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989a. Preliminary notes on Iganga District landings. SEC Field Report No. 5, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & C.T. Kirema-Mukasa, 1989b. Notes on Kichwamba Region. SEC Field Report No. 6, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989b. Fish marketing and distribution in Tororo and Mbale Regions: a brief survey. SEC Field Report No. 7, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Aug. 1989).
Reynolds, J.E., F.L. Orach-Meza, & E.J. Coenen, 1989. Moyo District fisheries conditions and prospects. SEC Field Report No. 8, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & F.L. Orach-Meza, 1989. Development and management of Lake Victoria fisheries - deliberations of the CIFA Meeting, Mwanza, Sept. 1989. SEC Field Report No. 9, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989c. Socio-economic aspects of fisheries development in Uganda: The 'FISHIN' Project. SEC Field Report No. 10, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989).
Kirema-Mukasa, C.T., & J.E. Reynolds, 1989. Brief notes on fisheries production, marketing and credit facilities in Uganda. SEC Field Report No. 11, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989).
Odongkara, O.K., 1990. Socio-economic aspects of the Kome Island fisheries: report on a trial frame survey. SEC Field Report No. 12, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Feb. 1990).
Reynolds, J.E., & W.M. Ssali, 1990. Lake Victoria fisheries industrialisation: recent developments in Uganda. SEC Field Report No. 13, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (March 1990).
Reynolds, J.E., J.H. White, & S. Kisembo, 1990. Development of fishing and transport smallcraft in Uganda: past experience and new prospects. SEC Field Report No. 14, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (March 1990).
Reynolds, J.E., 1990. Continuity or crisis? Management challenges for the shared fisheries of the western Uganda Great Lakes. SEC Field Report No. 15, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (March 1990).
Kirema-Mukasa, C.T., & J.E. Reynolds, 1990. Marketing and distribution aspects of Lake Victoria fisheries in Uganda. SEC Field Report No. 16, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1990).
Ssali, W.M., J.E. Reynolds, & A.R. Ward, 1990. Fish and fuel, food and forests: perspectives on post-harvest losses in Uganda. SEC Field Report No. 17, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Dec. 1990).
OTHER DOCUMENTS
Nyeko, D., 1989. Past and present fisheries statistical systems in Uganda -- a bibliographic study. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (April 1989).
Wadanya, J., 1989. Fisheries statistical training needs: initial assessment. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).
Ikwaput, J. & R. Tumwebaze, 1989. The present status of fisheries data collection and analysis in Uganda. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).
Wadanya, J., & D. Nyeko, 1989. Fisheries statistical systems in Uganda. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).
Orach-Meza, F.L., E.J. Coenen & J.E. Reynolds, 1989. Past and recent trends in the exploitation of the Great Lakes fisheries of Uganda. Occasional Papers No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Paper presented at the International Symposium on Resource Use and Conservation of the Great Lakes. Bujumbura, 29/11 – 2/12/89). (Nov. 1989).
Reynolds, J.E., J. Wadanya, & D. Nyeko, eds., 1989. Fisheries statistics and information management in Uganda: past approaches, current status, and future prospects. Field Document No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989).
Reynolds, J.E., 1989. Fisheries development in Uganda: sectoral background and project profiles (No. 1: Stock assessment of national and shared fisheries; No. 2: Monitoring of catch, effort, and utilisation; No.3: Eradication of water hyacinth from Lake Kyoga; No.4: Provision of basic inputs; No.5: Development of the Lake Victoria dagaa fishery; No.6: Pilot development of fishing and transport craft; No.7: National fish technology services and infrastructure improvement). Project Profiles No. 1. FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989; Rev. Dec. 1989). (Restricted).
Orach-Meza, F.L., 1990. Statistical sampling method for improving the catch assessment of lake fisheries. Occasional Papers No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Paper presented at the International Symposium on Catch-Effort Sampling Techniques and their Application in Freshwater Fisheries Management, Humberside International Fisheries Institute, Hull, U.K., 2–6 April 1990. (June 1990).
Nyeko, D. & T.O. Acere, 1990. Inventory survey of fishing factors in the Ugandan part of Lake Victoria. In Occasional Papers No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1990).
Okaronon, J.O., S. Nkusi, E.J. Coenen, & J. Ikwaput, 1990. Catch/Effort sampling systems in Uganda. In Occasional Papers No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1990).
Kirema-Mukasa, C.T., P.N. Karuhanga, & J.E. Reynolds, 1990. The collection and use of socio-economic data for the fisheries of Lake Victoria. In Occasional Papers No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1990).
FISHIN PROJECT - UGA/87/007
FAO/UN
P.O. Box 521
KAMPALA, UGANDA
