Protective measures that have been applied concerning the chemical
Annex 1 - further information on the substance
Annex 2 - details on reported control actions
Annex 3 - list of designated national authorities
Annex 4 - References
Published: June 97
Common Name |
Parathion |
Other names/ Synonyms |
Ethyl parathion, parathion ethyl |
CAS-No. |
56-38-2 |
Use |
Agricultural chemical, insecticide |
Trade Names |
Alkron, Aileron, Aphamite, Bladan, Corothion, Etilon, Folidol, E-605, Fostox E, Geofos, |
Kriss, Niram, Orthophos, Panthion, Paramar, Paraphos, Parathene, Parawet, |
|
Penncap-E, Phoskil, Rhodiatox, SNP, Soprathion, Stathion, thiophos, Vitrex |
|
Formulation Types |
Aerosols, capsule suspension (CS), dustable powder (DP), emulsifiable concentrate(EC), granules (GR) and wettable powders (WP). Formulations range from a 1% dust to an 83.5 concentrate. The technical grade material is 98 % pure. |
Basic Manufacturers |
Cheminova (Denmark) |
Reasons for Inclusion In the PIC Procedure |
All formulations of this substance (except capsule suspensions) are included because of their acute hazard classification and concern as to their impact on human health under conditions of use in developing countries.
The 3rd Joint Expert Group Meeting decided to include all formulations of parathion in the PIC procedure except capsule suspensions (CS). The principal reason for actions regarding parathion and its inclusion in the PIC procedure relate to its high acute toxicity. The active ingredient and its most typical formulations fall into the WHO classification by hazard 1a or 1b. The draft WHO health and safety guide noted "there are more reported cases of poisoning with parathion than with any other pesticide currently in use". (IPCS, 1991)
Registrars need to carefully consider the formulations actually used in each country when determining the risks of continued use of this pesticide. The toxicity of the active ingredient is high, but some formulations may fall into a much lower category of hazard.
Hazard Classification by International Organisms |
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WHO |
Technical product.: la (extremely hazardous), classification based on oral toxicity |
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|
Classification of formulations |
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|
oral toxicity |
dermal toxicity |
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LD50: 2 mg/kg bw (see Ann. 1) |
LD50: 50 mg/kg bw (see Ann. 1) |
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formulation |
a.i.(%) |
hazard class |
a.i. (%) |
hazard class |
|
liquid |
>20 |
la |
>15 |
Ib |
|
|
>1 |
Ib |
>1 |
II |
|
solid |
>50 |
la |
>45 |
Ib |
|
|
>5 |
Ib |
>3 |
II |
|
EPA |
Category 1 (highly toxic) Group C (possible human carcinogen) |
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EU |
T+ (very Toxic) |
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IARC |
Group 3; not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans |
Measures to Reduce Exposures |
Personal |
WHO recommends that for the health and welfare of workers and the general population, the handling and application of parathion should be entrusted only to competently supervised and well-trained applicators, who must follow adequate safety measures and use the chemical according to good application practices. Regularly exposed workers should receive appropriate monitoring and health evaluation. (IPCS, 1991) |
|
Use in the USA of formulations containing parathion as a pesticide must be carried out by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator, and no worker is allowed to enter a field treated with parathion less than 48 hours after the treatment. (US-EPA, 1991; FAO, 1995; IPCS, 1991; IARC, 1979; US-EPA, 1986; US-EPA, 1992; US-EPA, 1991) |
Protection |
Protective clothing as indicated in the FAO Guidelines for Personal Protection when Working with Pesticides in Tropical Climates (FAO, 1990) is required; a respirator should also be worn by mixers and when spraying tall crops. The use of flaggers should be avoided; if used, they need full protective clothing including a respirator. All equipment and protective clothing should be washed thoroughly after use; clothing should be laundered separately from family clothing. |
|
Unprotected workers should be kept out of treated areas for 48 hours. (FAO, 1990) |
Application |
The manufacture, formulation, agricultural use and disposal of parathion should be carefully managed to minimize contamination of the environment. To minimize risks for all individuals, a 48-hour interval between spraying and re-entry into any sprayed area is recommended. |
|
Pre-harvest intervals have been set in many countries. These are generally in the range of 7-15 days, but for greenhouse use they may be twice as long and, for certain fruits, may last up to 5 weeks. |
|
In view of the high toxicity of parathion, this agent should not be considered in hand-applied ULV spraying practices. (IPCS, 1991) |
|
In 1991 the use of Parathion was restricted by US-EPA. In order to reduce exposure, remaining uses are restricted: i) for aerial application by commercial applicators when wind speeds do not exceed 10 mph; ii) closed-system transfer must be used; iii) a 100-foot buffer zone must be maintained around water, roads and public buildings; iv) all treated crops must be harvested mechanically; v) early re-entry into fields is permitted only for scouting and irrigation and is limited to one hour in any 24-hour period; and vi) any exposure incidents involving workers, spray drift or wildlife deaths must be reported. Unprotected field workers should be kept out of treated areas for at least 1-2 days. (US-EPA; 1991,1992) |
Regulatory measures |
Although the chemical has been included in the PIC procedure because it is a highly toxic pesticide that is likely to cause problems under conditions of storage, transportation and use in developing countries, some countries have reported control actions that may be of interest when considering its use as a pesticide (see below).
Actions to ban or severely restrict parathion have been reported by several countries. (Annex 2). Twelve countries have imposed a total ban on the use of parathion; in the USA, use is restricted to some applications and in New Zealand the substance was voluntarily withdrawn by the registrant.
Not all of the reports have been determined to be of control actions which conform with the FAO/UNEP definition of banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons. However, all reports are provided here since the FAO/UNEP Joint Expert Group on Prior Informed Consent decided that the substance should be included in the PIC procedure due to its potential to cause problems under conditions of use in developing countries regardless of the number of qualifying actions.
For further information on the control actions provided in Annex 2, contact the Designated National Authorities (Annex 3) in the country reporting the control action.
Alternatives |
Alternatives were reported by three countries. India indicated fenitrothion and methyl parathion. The latter substances was also cited by Thailand. Sri Lanka reported the use of IPM strategies in rice to substitute the pesticide. Alternatives have been reported in literature. (Gips, 1990)
It is essential that before a country considers substituting any of the reported alternatives, it ensures that the use is relevant to their national needs. A first step may be to contact the DNA in the country where the alternative has been reported (see addresses of DNAs in Annex 3). It will then be necessary to determine the compatibility with national crop protection practices,
Packaging and Labelling |
Follow FAO Revised Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides (FAO, 1995).
The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods classifies the chemical in:
Hazard Class 6.1 |
poisonous substance |
Packing Group 1: |
substances and preparations presenting a very severe risk of poisoning (formulations containing 40-100 % active ingredient) |
Packing Group 2: |
substances and preparations presenting a serious risk of poisoning (formulations containing 4-40 % active ingredient) |
Packing Group 3: |
harmful substances and preparations presenting a relatively low risk of poisoning (solid formulations containing 1-4% active ingredient and liquid formulations containing 0.4-4 % active ingredient) |
Waste Disposal |
See FAO Guidelines on Prevention of Accumulation of Obsolete Pesticide Stocks and The Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual. (FAO, 1996)
It should be noted that the methods recommended in literature are often not suitable in a specific country. High temperature incinerators or secure landfills may not be available.
Exposure Limits |
||
|
Type of limit |
Value |
Food |
MRLs (Maximum residue limits in mg/kg) in specified products (Codex Alimentarius, 1996) |
0.05-2 |
JMPR_ADI (acceptable daily intake) in mg/kg diet (Codex Alimentarius, 1995) |
0.004 |
|
Workplace |
USA (NIOSH) TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value, Time-weighted average in mg/m3) |
0.1 |
First Aid |
Early symptoms of poisoning may include excessive sweating, headache, weakness, giddiness, nausea, vomiting, hypersalivation, stomach pains, blurred vision and slurred speech. If these symptoms occur, the person should remove contaminated clothes, wash the affected skin with soap and water and flush with large quantities of water. If in the event of collapse artificial resuscitation is used, vomit may contain toxic amounts of the substance. In case of ingestion, the stomach should be emptied as soon as possible by careful gastric lavage. Do not induce vomiting if the formulation contained hydrocarbon solvents.
Persons who have been poisoned (accidentally or otherwise) must be transported immediately to a hospital and put under the surveillance of properly trained medical staff.
Antidotes are atropine sulphate and pralidoxime chloride.
General surveillance and cardiac monitoring must be maintained for at least 14 days. (IPCS, 1986)
1. Chemical and Physical Properties |
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1.1 |
Identity |
Pure parathion is a pale yellow liquid. |
The technical grade material is a dark brown colour with a garlic-like odour. |
||
1.2 |
Formula |
C10H14NO5PS |
Chemical Name |
O,O-diethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (IUPAC); O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate (CAS) |
|
Chemical Type |
Organophosphate |
|
1.3 |
Solubility |
Slightly soluble in water (20-25 mg/l), miscible in most organic solvents, slightly soluble in petroleum oils |
logPow |
3.1-3.9 |
|
1.4 |
Vapour Pressure |
5.0 mPa (20°C) |
1.5 |
Melting Point |
6.1 °C |
Further information in (Tomlin, 1994;, IPCS; 1991, FAO, 1971) |
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2. Toxicity |
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2.1 General |
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2.1.1 |
Mode of action |
Non-systemic insecticide and acaricide with contact, stomach, and some respiratory action. Cholinesterase inhibitor. |
2.1.2 |
Uptake |
Parathion is easily absorbed through the skin, as well as by inhalation and via the gastrointestinal tract. (IPCS, 1991) |
2.1.3 |
Metabolism |
Parathion is oxidised to paraoxon, a strong inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Product of degradation is p-nitrophenol. |
2.2 Known Effects on Human Health |
||
2.2.1 |
Acute Toxicity |
|
Symptoms of poisoning |
Parathion is highly toxic and extremely hazardous. In man, an oral dose of 3- 5 mg/kg b.w. is usually fatal. Signs and symptoms of poisoning develop after a latent period and may continue to increase after exposure has been discontinued. |
|
Signs and symptoms may include a feeling of exhaustion, headache, blurred vision weakness, and confusion. Vomiting, abdominal pain, excessive sweating and salivating may develop. The pupils are constricted. Difficulty in breathing may be experienced, due to congestion of the lungs and weakness of the respiratory muscles. Arrhytmias and cardiac failure have been reported. In cases of severe poisoning, there will be muscle spasms, unconsciousness, and convulsions. Breathing may stop, followed by death. (IPCS, 1991; IARC, 1979; Hayes, 1991) |
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2.2.2 |
Short and long term exposure |
Some organophosphates may cause delayed symptoms beginning 1 to 4 weeks after an acute exposure that may or may not have produced immediate symptoms. In such cases, numbness, tingling, weakness and cramping may appear in the lower limbs and progress to incoordination and paralysis. Improvement may occur over months or years, but some residual impairment will remain. |
2.2.3 |
Epidemiological studies |
No human data |
2.3 Toxicity studies with laboratory animals and in vitro systems |
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2.3.1 |
Acute Toxicity |
|
oral |
LD50 (a.i; mg/kg b.w.): 2-12; in different test species. (Tomlin, 1994) |
|
dermal |
LD50 (a.i.; mg/kg b.w.): 50; rat. (Tomlin, 1994) |
|
inhalation |
LC50 (mg/m3 air- exposure 4 hrs): 50; rats (Tomlin, 1994) |
|
irritation |
Not irritating to skin and eyes (rabbits) (Tomlin, 1994) |
|
2.3.2 |
Short-term exposure |
Rats: up to 16 weeks duration showed cholinesterase inhibition at and above 5 mg/kg in the diet, no effect at 1 ppm (0.05 mg/kg b.w./day). (IPCS, 1991) Dogs: at 1,2 and 5 ppm for 24 weeks, slight but significant plasma cholinesterase inhibition observed at the 1 ppm dose (0.021 mg/kg b.w./day). |
2.3.3 |
Effects on reproduction |
Parathion produced embryocidal effects and foetal growth retardation, but not malformations, in mice and rats at doses that were generally below the level that was toxic for the mother. (IPCS, 1991) |
2.3.4 |
Mutagenicity |
No evidence has been found that parathion is mutagenic. |
2.3.5 |
Carcinogenicity |
IARC: Long-term feeding studies in mice and rats have been determined to be inadequate for evaluation of carcinogenicity mainly because of the short treatment duration or inadequate numbers of animals in each dose group. IARC concluded that the data were insufficient to evaluate potential carcinogenicity in humans. |
NTP: The U.S. National Toxicology Program cites "equivocal evidence" of carcinogenicity in rats. |
||
USA: EPA classifies parathion as a Class C carcinogen (possible human carcinogen). (US-EPA, 1991) |
||
3 Exposure |
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3.1 |
Food |
Residues are normally well below Codex MRLs (ranging from 0.5-1.0 mg/kg for fruit and vegetables). Extensive monitoring data from several countries indicate that the residues are infrequently found. However, there have been reports of residues in cabbage and mustard greens in Indonesia and frequently detected residues in vegetables in Mexico as well as intoxication and deaths from gross contamination of foodstuffs during transportation with parathion. (IPCS, 1991, US-EPA, 1996) |
A trial on lemons in Portugal reported residues of 0.22 mg/kg 21 days after spraying. Trials in Portugal suggest that when parathion is used according to Good Agricultural Practices, residues in olives should not exceed 0.5 mg/kg. |
||
Parathion residues in crude olive oil were on average 4.5 times the levels in the olives. Supervised trials in the USA on sorghum suggest a maximum residue level of 5 mg/kg. Paraoxon was detected in every sample. Parathion residues in cottonseed ranged up to 0.97 mg/kg in supervised USA trials. (JMPR, 1993) |
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3.2 |
Occupational |
Skin contact, inhalation and ingestion are sources of exposure. Applicators and field workers handling recently treated crops are particularly at risk. Use by untrained and poorly equipped applicators can result in poisoning. |
Parathion is the only pesticide for which US EPA has received reports of death resulting from workers re-entering treated fields or wearing contaminated clothing despite laundering. It has accounted for a significant percentage of crop worker poisonings in the USA. |
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During mixing operations, levels of up to 5.5 mg/m3, that is higher than the TLV, have been reported. |
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EPA's analysis of reports issued by the California Department of Food and Agriculture shows that from 1980-1986 parathion ranked among the highest in reported rate of systemic agricultural poisonings among 45 selected pesticides likely to be used on the same crops. Poisoning from parathion continues to occur even though California requires the most stringent protective measures in the country. (US-EPA, 1991; US-EPA, 1996) |
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3.3 |
Environment |
Environmental concentrations of parathion are generally low and will be no hazard to human health. In Germany concentrations up to 320 ng/l have been detected in rainwater. (BBA, 1996) |
3.4 |
Accidental Poisoning |
Numerous cases of poisoning have been reported involving applicators, field workers re-entering treated areas and grossly contaminated food. (IPCS, 1991) In Parana State, Brazil, pesticides causing more than 10 incidents were analysed in 1990; parathion caused 92 of 412 reported incidents. |
4. Effects on the Environment |
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4.1 Fate |
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4.1.1 |
Persistence |
Parathion rapidly hydrolyses in alkaline conditions (pH>10) and is hydrolytically stable under sterile conditions at pH 4 - 9. |
Parathion is degraded in soils, plants and other substrates at a moderate rate, though such conversion may be initially to the more toxic metabolite paraoxon. Such conversion is especially true under dry, hot conditions. (IPCS, 1991) |
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Parathion has little or no potential to contaminate ground water. (Tomlin, 1994) |
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4.1.2 |
Bioconcentration |
Parathion does not bioconcentrate. |
4.2 Ecotoxicity |
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4.2.1 |
Fish |
LC50 0.05-27 m g/L EPA, 1991 |
4.2.2 |
Aquatic invertebrates |
0.04-15m g/L (EPA, 1991) |
4.2.3 |
Birds |
LD50 2-30 mg/kg b.w. in various species (EPA, 1991) |
4.2.4 |
Bees |
Highly toxic to bees (EPA, 1991) |
|
ANGOLA |
Effective |
|
Control Action |
Parathion is banned for use. |
Uses still allowed |
|
Reasons |
Parathion is banned because of its high toxicity. |
BELIZE |
Effective |
1985 |
Control Action |
The substance is banned for use. |
Uses still allowed |
No remaining uses are allowed. |
Reasons |
Extremely and acutely toxic; use not warranted. |
COLOMBIA |
Effective |
1991 |
Control Action |
The substance is severely restricted for use. Only the use on cotton is allowed. |
Uses still allowed |
Use on cotton from aeroplanes. |
Reasons |
Incorrect utilization of the substance on tobacco, soya, potato and tomato cultures. |
INDIA |
Effective |
1974 |
Control Action |
Banned. |
Uses still allowed |
|
Reasons |
Due to toxicity. |
INDONESIA |
Effective |
|
Control Action |
Prohibited for all uses. |
Uses still allowed |
No. |
Reasons |
Extremely toxic to human and warm blooded animals through inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion. Lts toxicity is enhanced by metabolic oxidation to diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate. |
JAPAN |
Effective |
1955 |
Control Action |
Uses other than those specified by Cabinet Order are prohibited. No use has been designated. |
Uses still allowed |
Scientific research by authorized researcher. |
Reasons |
Very strong toxicity. |
KUWAIT |
Effective |
1980 |
Control Action |
Banned for use as a pesticide. |
Uses still allowed |
No remaining uses allowed |
Reasons |
Health and environmental reasons. |
NEW ZEALAND |
Effective |
1987 |
Control Action |
Voluntary withdrawal of all products, registrations cancelled. |
Uses still allowed |
No uses allowed. |
Reasons |
Human health reasons (acute toxicity). |
PORTUGAL |
Effective |
1994 |
Control Action |
Banned. |
Uses still allowed |
|
Reasons |
Human health. |
SRI LANKA |
Effective |
1984 |
Control Action |
Banned for use as a pesticide. |
Uses still allowed |
No remaining uses allowed. |
Reasons |
Fatal and non-fatal poisoning of farmers. |
SWEDEN |
Effective |
1971 |
Control Action |
Banned for use as a pesticide. The substance is suspended because of its high acute toxicity. |
Uses still allowed |
|
Reasons |
Because of its high acute toxicity. |
TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF |
Effective |
1986 |
Control Action |
Total ban. |
Uses still allowed |
|
Reasons |
Highly toxic chemicals. |
THAILAND |
Effective |
1988 |
Control Action |
Banned: All agricultural uses. Decision from the Toxic Substance Controlling Board. |
Uses still allowed |
|
Reasons |
Highly toxic to users. |
ANGOLA |
P |
Phone |
Le Coordinateur |
Fax |
Ministère de l'Agriculture / Cabinet technique Programme |
Telex |
national de la protection des plantes |
|
Avenida Cdt. Gika |
|
Luanda |
|
BELIZE |
C |
Phone |
501-92-2640/92-3772 |
Sanitation Engineer |
Fax |
501-92-3772 |
Ministry of Health Public Health Bureau, |
Telex |
102 Foreign Bz |
Belize City |
|
|
|
|
|
P |
Phone |
|
The Secretary |
Fax |
|
Pesticides Control Board Department of Agriculture, Mr Mario |
Telex |
|
Central Farm Cayo |
|
|
COLOMBIA |
P |
Phone |
57 1 285 5520 |
Ministerio de Agricultura Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), |
Fax |
57 1 285 4351 |
Calle 37 No. 8-43 Piso 4 y 5 |
Telex |
|
Bogotá Apartado aéreo 6984 |
|
|
|
|
|
CP |
Phone |
57 1 245 9228 |
Jefe |
Fax |
57 1 282 0003 |
Ministerio de Salud División Sustancias Potencialmente Tóxicas, |
Telex |
MINSALUDBOGOTA |
Calle 55 No. 10-32 - Bloque B piso 3 |
|
|
Bogotá |
|
|
|
|
|
P |
Phone |
571 284 2427 |
Director General |
Fax |
571 285 9987 |
Ministerio de Agricultura Instituto Nacional de los Recursos Naturales Renovables, |
Telex |
44428 INDE |
Carrera 10 No. 20-30 Of. 204 |
|
|
Bogotá Apt. aéreo 13458 |
|
|
INDIA |
C |
Phone |
91 (11) 3385131 |
Joint Secretary |
Fax |
91 (11) 3382176 |
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals, Mr. P.C. Rawal |
Telex |
|
Rajendra Prasaid Road Shastri Bhavan |
|
|
110001 New Delhi |
|
|
|
|
|
P |
Phone |
|
The Director/Deputy Secretary |
Fax |
|
Department of Agriculture and Co-operation Plant Protection Division |
Telex |
|
Room No. 244-A |
|
|
Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi |
|
|
INDONESIA |
P |
|
|
Chairman |
Phone |
62 (21) 7805652 /7806213 |
Direktorat Bina Perlindungan Tanaman Pesticide Committee, |
Fax |
62 (21) 7805652 |
Jln. AUP. Pasar Minggu |
Telex |
|
12520 Jakarta |
|
|
|
|
|
CP |
Phone |
021 583918 |
Bapedal Offices , Ms. Masnellyarti Hilman |
Fax |
021 5703365 |
Arthaloka Building, 11th Floor, Jl. Jend Sudirman No. 2 |
Telex |
6221583918 |
Jakarta Pusat |
|
|
JAMAICA |
P |
Phone |
|
The Registrar |
Fax |
|
Ministry of Health Pesticides Control Authority, Mr. Paul Whylie |
Telex |
|
10 Caledonia avenue |
|
|
Kingston P.O. Box 472 |
|
|
KUWAIT |
P |
Phone |
(965) 2427161 |
Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Plant Wealth Department |
Fax |
|
Safat |
Telex |
|
13075 Kuwait P. 0. Box 21422 |
|
|
|
|
|
CP |
Phone |
(965) 2452790 - |
The Secretary General |
|
2456835/36 |
Environment Protection Council |
Fax |
(965) 2421993 |
Safat |
Telex |
46408 EP CNCL KT |
13104 Kuwait P. 0. Box 24395 |
|
|
NEW ZEALAND |
CP |
Phone |
064 4 528 6089 |
The Chief Scientist (Pesticides) |
Fax |
064 4 528 4675 |
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Agricultural Compounds |
Telex |
|
Unit, Mr D.W. Lunn |
|
|
Upper Hutt P. 0. Box 40-063 |
|
|
PORTUGAL |
P |
Phone |
(1) 4412822 |
Director |
Fax |
(1) 4420616 |
Centro Nacional de Protecçao da Produçao Agrícola |
Telex |
16732 DGPPA |
Quinta do Marques |
|
|
2780 Oeiras |
|
|
SRI LANKA |
C |
Phone |
94 (1) 549455 |
The Director-General |
Fax |
|
Central Environmental Authority |
Telex |
22775 NHDA |
Maligawatte New Town |
|
|
10 Colombo |
|
|
|
|
|
P |
Phone |
94 (08) 88135 |
Registrar of Pesticides |
|
|
Pesticides Registration Office |
Fax |
94 (08) 88206 |
Getambe |
Telex |
|
Peradeniya P.O. BOX 49 |
|
|
SWEDEN |
CP |
Phone |
46 8 730 6004 |
The National Chemicals Inspectorate (Keml), Mr. Ule |
Fax |
46 8 735 7698 |
Johansson |
Telex |
10460 AMS S |
S-171 27 Solna P. 0. Box 1384 |
|
|
TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF |
CP |
Phone |
0578813/4/5 |
Registrar of Pesticides |
Fax |
0578217 |
Tropical Pesticides Research Institute |
Telex |
42002 TPRI TZ |
Arusha P.O. Box 3024 |
|
|
|
|
|
P |
Phone |
0578813/4/5 |
The Registrar of Pesticides |
Fax |
0578217 |
Tropical Pesticide Research Institute , Mr. H.A. Lyatuu |
Telex |
42002 TPRI TZ |
Arusha 3024 |
|
|
|
|
|
C |
Phone |
255 51 29406,25021/2 |
The Chief Government Chemist |
Fax |
255 51 39951 |
Government Chemical Laboratory , Ms. Mpore |
Telex |
|
Dar-es-Salaam P.O. Box 164 |
|
|
THAILAND |
P |
Phone |
66 (2)5790586, |
Director-General |
|
579 9636 |
Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives Department of Agriculture, |
Fax Telex |
|
Rajadamnern Ave. |
|
|
10200 Bangkok |
|
|
|
|
|
CP |
Phone |
66 (2) 6192296 |
Director |
Fax |
66 (2) 6192297 |
Pollution Control Department Hazardous Substances and Waste Management Division |
Telex |
|
404 Phahon Yothin Center Bldg., Phahon Yothin Rd. Sam Sen |
|
|
Nai |
|
|
10400 Bangkok |
|
|
C |
Industrial and consumer product chemicals |
CP |
Pesticides |
P |
Pesticides, industrial and consumer product chemicals |
The information on parathion given in this DGD is mainly based on documents published by WHO, FAO and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). If important information from other sources has been used, these references are noted in the text. The following list also includes other publications containing useful information.
Codex Alimentarius Commission 1996. Codex Alimentarius, Volume 2 B, Pesticide residues in food - Maximum residue limits Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Rome.
Dinham, Barbara, 1993. The Pesticide Hazard: A Global Health and Environmental Audit Zed Books, London and New Jersey.
FAO, 1995. Guidelines on Prevention of Accumulation of Obsolete Pesticides in Developing Countries. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
FAO, 1996. Pesticide storage and stock control manual. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
FAO, 1996. Technical guidelines on disposal of bulk quantities of obsolete pesticides in developing countries. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
FAO, 1995. Revised guidelines on good labelling practices for pesticides. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
FAO, 1990. Guidelines for personal protection when working with pesticides in tropical countries. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
FAO, 1971. Specifications for plant protection products: parathion. AGP:CP/32, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
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