6.1 Anostraca
Artemia salina (Linnaeus)
Brine shrimp. (Artemiidae). Marine and brackish waters. Widely distributed. Mass scale culture in many countries as food for larvae of fish, prawns, etc. Also cultivated in very saline ponds, where other species cannot thrive.
6.2 Cladocera
Chydorus sphaericus (Müller)
Water-flea. (Chydoridae). Widely distributed. Cultivated in cement cisterns in U.S.S.R. using horse manure, yeast, etc., either singly or along with Daphnia magna.
Daphnia carinata King
Water-flea. (Daphnidae). Widely distributed. Mass culture in Japan as fish food. Standard medium: Scenedesmus obliquus in 1 litre of fresh water previously added with 0.5 ppm P K2 HPO4 and 3.5 ppm N(NH2) CO as nutrients. Better growth reported at 18°C.
Daphnia magna Straus
Water-flea. (Daphnidae). Widely distributed. Cultivated in cement cisterns in U.S.S.R. to feed sturgeon. Mass culture as fish food in South Africa also. Lowering temperature delays maturing of the organism and prolongs period of the changing of generations.
Daphnia pulex Leydig
Water-flea. (Daphnidae). Widely distributed. Cultivated in U.S.S.R. as food for sturgeon. Other details same as D. magna.
Daphnia spp.
Water-flea. (Daphnidae). Mass culture in different countries as food for cultivated fishes.
Moina macrocopa Straus
Water-flea. (Daphnidae). Widely distributed. Mass culture in U.S.S.R. and Japan as live food for larvae of white fish. Joint culture with rotifers.
Moina spp.
Water-flea. (Daphnidae). Widely distributed. Mass culture in different countries as fish food.
Polyphemus pediculus (Linnaeus)
Water-flea. (Polyphemidae). Inland waters of North America. Limited culture in Wisconsin as initial feed for muskellenge fry. Reproduces rapidly in still waters.
Simocephalus sp.
Water-flea. (Daphnidae). Widely distributed. Mass culture in U.S.S.R. for feeding sturgeon.
6.3 Amphipoda
Gammarus sp.
(Gammaridae). Cultivated in a limited sense and given as food for carps cultured in running waters, in Japan. Probably, the organism supplies necessary vitamins to fish.
6.4 Decapoda
Astacus sp.
Freshwater crayfish. (Astacidae). Fresh waters. Widely distributed. Experimental cultivation in U.S.S.R. up to 90 young have been hatched from each female stripped. Six to ten days old hatchlings are released into ponds, rivers and lakes.
Caridina gracilirostris De Man
Shrimp. (Atydidae). Cultivated in coastal paddy fields of Kerala (India), Malaysia, Singapore, Cocos and Keeling Islands.
Crangon crangon (Linnaeus)
Shrimp. (Crangonidae). Marine and brackish waters. Experimental cultivation in some European countries.
Homarus americanus H. Milne Edwards
American lobster. (Nephropsidae). Marine waters. American coast. Experimental hatcheries established in many parts of U.S.A. Experimental culture in coves in British Columbia, where adults are maintained for spawning; fed with fish and crushed mussels.
Homarus vulgaris H. Milne Edwards
Lobster. (Nephropsidae). Marine waters. European coast. Experimental culture in U.K. and some other European countries.
Homarus sp.
Lobster. (Nephropsidae). Marine waters. Artificial rearing in New Zealand.
Jasus edwardsii (Hutton)
Spiny lobster; marine cray fish. (Palinuridae). Australian coast. Experimental cultivation in New Zealand. Reared up to 12 months in concrete-asbestos tanks. Favours fresh live mussels as food. Extremely sensitive to pollution.
Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wiegmann)
Freshwater shrimp. (Palaemonidae). Marine, brackish and fresh waters. North America. Experimental cultivation in Florida, Mexico and Peru. Hardy, omnivorous scavengers. Cannibalistic. Able to spend time out of water. Sensitive to cold.
Macrobrachium americanum Bate
Freshwater prawn. (Palaemonidae). Pacific states of Mexico. Experimental culture in western Mexico. Males grow to about 450 g and females to 225 g.
Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus)
Freshwater shrimp. (Palaemonidae). Marine, brackish and fresh waters. Experimental cultivation in Florida. Able to tolerate tap water with low chloride content.
Macrobrachium idae (Heller)
Shrimp. (Palaemonidae). Fresh waters. Indo-West Pacific. Cultivated in a limited sense; the species appears in catches from coastal paddy fields of Kerala (India), but not in commercial quantities.
Macrobrachium lanchesteri (De Man)
Freshwater shrimp. (Palaemonidae). Fresh waters. Thailand, Malay Peninsula. Found in swamps and rice fields. Cultivated in Singapore and Malaysia. Can tolerate salinity up to 20 ppm. Temperature preference: 26 to 36°C. Algal feeder. Breeds under pond conditions. Able to tolerate low oxygen contents.
Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (H. Milne Edwards)
Shrimp. (Palaemonidae). Brackish and fresh waters. India, Burma and Pakistan. Experimental culture in India and Pakistan.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man)
Giant freshwater prawn. (Palaemonidae). Brackish and fresh waters. Indo-Pacific. Successfully reared and cultivated in Malaysia, Thailand and Hawaii. Reaches nearly 30 cm in length. In Thailand young are collected from streams and stocked in ponds. In Indonesia fry raised to a length of 16 to 20 cm. The species is essentially a freshwater prawn, but breeds in brackish waters. Larvae require saline water for survival and growth. Reared in brackishwater impoundments in India and Pakistan. Very limited cultivation in Singapore ponds.
Macrobrachium rude (Heller)
Freshwater prawn. (Palaemonidae). Brackish and fresh waters. East Africa, Madagascar and India. Cultivated in coastal paddy fields of Kerala and ‘bheris’ of West Bengal (India).
Macrobrachium sintangense (De Man)
Freshwater shrimp. (Palaemonidae). Fresh waters. South East Asia. Limited cultivation in ponds of Singapore and Malaysia.
Metapenaeus affinis (H. Milne Edwards)
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in coastal paddy fields of Kerala (India). Able to tolerate salinity changes. Omnivorous feeder.
Metapenaeus barbata De Haan
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Malay Peninsula. Very limited cultivation in Singapore ponds.
Metapenaeus bennettae Racek & Dall
Australian greasy-back prawn. (Penaeidae). Estuaries of eastern Australia. Artificial farming in Australia. Able to tolerate wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity. Adapted to spawning in estuaries if landlocked. Grows to 13 cm and 46 g.
Metapenaeus brevicornis (H. Milne Edwards)
Yellow prawn. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-West Pacific. Cultivated in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, etc; also in ‘bheris’ of India and Pakistan. Able to tolerate nearly freshwater conditions. Omnivorous feeder.
Metapenaeus burkenroadi Kubo
Marine shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Widely distributed. Cultivated in Singapore ponds.
Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers)
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in coastal paddy fields of Kerala (India). Grows to 61–65 mm in about 4–5 months. Tolerates wide salinity variations. Feeds on foraminiferans, nematodes, copepods, amphipods, cladocerans and diatoms.
Metapenaeus elegans De Man
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Sporadic occurrence in Singapore prawn ponds.
Metapenaeus ensis (De Haan)
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-West Pacific. Cultivated in brackishwater ponds in Philippines, China (Taiwan) Singapore and Malaysia. Feeds mainly on worms and insect larvae.
Metapenaeus intermedius (Kishinouye)
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Sporadic occurrence in Singapore prawn ponds.
Metapenaeus joyneri (Miers)
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. China to Japan. Moderate cultivation in China (Taiwan) with milkfish. Grows to 11 cm length and 45–50 g weight.
Metapenaeus lysianassa (De Man)
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Sporadic occurrence in Singapore prawn ponds.
Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius)
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in China (Taiwan) Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, India and Pakistan. Able to tolerate wide fluctations in salinity. Thrives and grows well in marine and brackish waters; sometimes in fresh water also.
Metapenaeus mutatus (Lanchester)
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Sporadic occurrence in Singapore prawn ponds.
Metapenaeus spinulatus Kubo
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Sporadic occurrence in Singapore prawn ponds.
Neptunus pelagicus (Linnaeus)
Blue swimming crab. (Portunidae). Marine and brackish waters. Mostly Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in Japan on pilot scale.
Orconectes propinquus (Girard)
Crayfish. (Astacidae). Fresh waters. North America. Limited cultivation in U.S.A. ponds as food for fishes.
Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana)
Crayfish. (Astacidae). Fresh waters. North America. Cultivated in rice fields and impoundments in Oregon (U.S.A.). Edible size of 15 to 20 g reached in 210 days. Feeds on vegetable matter and insect larvae. Cannibalistic. Recently introduced in Finland for stocking purpose.
Palaemon paucidens De Haan
Prawn. (Palaemonidae). Marine, brackish and fresh waters. Southern Siberia, China and Japan. Cultivated in farm ponds in Japan along with carps. One generation lasts one year. Hatching takes place during April to July. Matures at 32 mm.
Palaemon styliferus H. Milne Edwards
Prawn. (Palaemonidae). Marine, brackish and fresh waters. India to Thailand, Bornea a Java. Cultivated in coastal paddy fields of Kerala and ‘bheris’ of West Bengal (India). Omnivorous feeder. Breeds in estuaries and sea.
Palaemonetes kadiakensis Rathbun
Shrimp. (Palaemonidae). Fresh waters. North America. Experimental cultivation in U.S.A. ponds along with bluegill.
Palaemonetes sp.
Hard-back shrimp. (Palaemonidae). Grown as forage organism for game fish in brackishwater ponds of southern California (U.S.A.)
Panopeus herstii H. Milne Edwards
Mud crab. (Xanthidae). Grown as forage organism for game fish in brackishwater impoundments in southern California (U.S.A.)
Panulirus argus (Latreille)
Spiny lobster. (Palinuridae). Marine and brackish waters. Atlantic. Experimental rearing in Florida. Larval life: 6–7 months. Does not survive in salinities below 19 ppm. Tropical and semi-tropical temperature regimes required for rearing.
Panulirus japonicus (De Haan)
Lobster. (Palinuridae). Marine waters. Japan Coast. Successful artificial propagation reported in Japan.
Parapenaeopsis tenella (Bate)
Prawn. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Occurs in Singapore prawn ponds, though not in appreciable number.
Penaeus aztecus Ives
Brown shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Gulf of Mexico; east coast of U.S.A. Experimental mass culture in U.S.A. Reared in laboratories up to post larval stages and then transferred to ponds. Reported to attain 10.3 cm and 9 g in 145 days, in fertilized ponds. Estimated yield: 300 kg/ha. Salinity and temperature tolerance: 16–35 ppt and 8–37°C respectively.
Penaeus canaliculatus Olivier
Prawn. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in estuarine ponds in Philippines. Feeds on benthic foraminiferans and other organisms. Tolerates wide variations in salinity.
Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad
Pink shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Gulf of Mexico, Bermuda, Carribean and Brazil. Experimental cultivation in U.S.A., Africa, etc. Feeds on variety of small plants and animals as well as detritus. Tolerates wide variations in salinity.
Penaeus indicus H.Milne Edwards
Indian prawn. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and India. Most important coastal pond shrimp of Indonesia. Capable of withstanding wide range of salinity, this quality being pronounced in younger stages. Omnivorous feeder, the food being mainly detritus and smaller animals like crustaceans, polychaetes, etc. Breeds in deep seas and post larvae migrate into estuaries for feeding and growth.
Penaeus indicus longirostris (De Man)
Prawn. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. This variety is reported to be the most important prawn in coastal ponds in Indonesia.
Penaeus japonicus Bate
Japanese prawn. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Most important commercial prawn of Japan; cultivated in ponds, feeding with silk worm pupae and flesh of sardines. Cannibalistic. Hides under sand from dawn to dusk, and swims at night. Bred in ponds. Feeds on diatoms during zoea stage. Larval stage lasts 7 days. Juveniles in ponds fed on crushed clams, worms, squids, etc. Experimental cultivation in France and Korea.
Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Red Sea to Japan and Australia. Experimental cultivation in Thailand. Grows to 18 cm length and 12–15 g weight. Optimal habitat, mud and sand.
Penaeus merguiensis De Man
Banana prawn. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in brackishwater ponds in Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. Feeds on phytoplankton.
Penaeus monodon Fabricius
Tiger shrimp; Jumbo shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in Philippines. Limited cultivation in China (Taiwan), Thailand, India etc. Fresh water more favourable during early stages, while brackish and saline waters conducive to faster growth of later stages. Fry feed on plankton; adult on ‘lab-lab’, detritus, rice bran, crushed fish, etc. Marketable size in five months to one year. Attains average 23 cm and 95 to 120 g in one year. Production: 250 kg/ha in monoculture and 100 kg/ha in mixed culture.
Penaeus orientalis Kishinouye
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. China and Japan. Experimental cultivation in Korea following methods adopted in Japan for P. japonicus culture. Larval stage lasts 24 days and feeds on diatoms.
Penaeus semisulcatus (De Man)
Green tiger prawn. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in ponds in Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, etc. Able to tolerate wide salinity fluctuations. Omnivorous feeder.
Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus)
White shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. East coast of U.S.A., north and northeast Mexican Gulf and Tortugas. Most commercially important species along south Atlantic and Gulf coasts of U.S.A. Cultivated in brackishwater ponds in U.S.A. Spawns in salinity 32 to 37 ppt. Production: in naturally stocked ponds about 182 kg/ha and in fertilized ponds up to about 1 300 kg/ha, in 5 months.
Penaeus teraoi Kubo
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Experimental cultivation in Japan and China (Taiwan).
Procambarus blandingii (Harlan)
White river crayfish. (Astacidae). Fresh waters. North America. Cultivated in rice fields and impoundments in U.S.A. Inhabits open waters in winter and spring. Feeds on vegetable matter and insect larvae. Feeding activity optimum between 18 and 21°C. Cannibalistic. Production from ponds: 400 to 1 000 kg/ha.
Procambarus clarkii (Girard)
Red swamp crayfish. (Astacidae). Fresh waters. North America. Cultivated in U.S.A. adopting two methods: (i) A rice-crayfish pasture rotation in which crayfish is a secondary crop; (ii) Culture in swamp land used for waterfowl hunting. The species is omnivorous feeder with cannibalistic behaviour. Growth to minimum edible size of 15 to 20 g attained in about 210 days. Well managed field will yield 448 to 1 120 kg/ha. Can breed in waters ranging in salinity from 6 to 8 ppt.
Scylla serrata (Forskål)
Blue crab. (Scyllidae). Marine, brackish and fresh waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in ponds in China (Taiwan), Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, etc. and ‘bheris’ and paddy fields in India and Pakistan. Successfully reared in laboratory from egg to adult. Usually grows to 15–20 cm across carapace. Causes damage to bunds by burrowing.
Trachypenaeus (Trachysalambrica) similis (Smith)
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Atlantic. Experimentally reared on mass scale in U.S.A. Fed on phytoplankton from zoea stage onward; brine shrimp given as supplementary food.
Trachypenaeus spp.
Shrimp. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Experimentally reared on mass scale in U.S.A. Occurs rarely in Singapore prawn ponds.
Varuna litterata (Fabricius)
Crab. (Grapsidae). Marine and brackish waters. Indo-Pacific. Cultivated in brackishwater impoundments in West Bengal (India) and East Pakistan.
Xiphopenaeus kryeri (Heller)
Sea bob. (Penaeidae). Marine and brackish waters. Occurs rarely in Singapore prawn ponds.
