Peru

General Information

· Main climates: Tropical Wet, Tropical at 1 000 m above sea, Tropical Desert and Arid, Subtropical Dry summer

· Total land area: 128 522 000 ha

· Internal renewable water resources: 400 km³

· Per capita GNP, 1998: PPP$ 4 180

· Main food consumed: Rice, Sugar & honey, Wheat, Roots & tubers, Oil & fat

· Rice supply, 1999: 76.1 kg paddy/capita/year

Basic Statistics

	1985	1990	1995	2000
RICE
Harvested area (T ha)	192	184	203	300
Yield (kg/ha)	4557	5229	5618	5549
Production (T t)	878	966	1141	1664
Imports (T t)	22	239	196	NA
Exports (T t)	10.20	11.00	0	NA
OTHERS
Population (M)	19.49	2156	23.53	NA
Agr population (M)	7.23	7.52	7.64	NA
Irrigated agr area (T ha)	1170	1190	1193	NA
Fertiliser cons (T t)	74	125	163	NA
Agr tractors in use (T units)	12	12.7	13.2	NA

Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons

The Northern Coast is the rice bowl of the country. Rice, however, is also grown in other provinces.

Production zone	Harvested area (% total harvested area)
San Martin	14.33
La Libertad	13.96
Piura	11.52
Loreto	10.94
Cajamanca	9.61
Amazonas	9.17
Arequipa	8.69
Lambayeque	8.19
Tumbes	4.99
Madre de Dios	2.64
Ucayali	2.27
Pasco	1.04
Cusco	0.79
Huanucco	0.56
Ayacucho	0.50
Ancash	0.36
Junin	0.33
Puno	0.11

The main rice season lasts from November to about May in next year.

Cropping season	Planting	Harvesting
Main season	11-2	3-5

Production Practices

The following figure shows the harvested areas from different ecologies during 1995-2000 period.

Plowing and harrowing of land are usually done under dry conditions with tractors and then puddling is done under wet conditions. Transplanting is the main method of crop establishment in lowland systems. Most of planted rice varieties belong to indica type.

Variety Name	Released period	Growth duration (days)
Alto Mayo 88	1988	147
Amazonas	1987	145
BG 90 2	NA	NA
Capirona	1995
Chancay	1972	122
CICA 8	NA	130-135
Costa Norte	1992	130
EL PROVENIR		NA
Huallaga	1972
Huallaga-INIA	1995	160
Hurangopampa	1982
Inti	1974	132
Naylamp	1971
PA 2	1984	140
PA 3	1984	145
Peru 65	1965
Porvenir 86	1986
Porvenir-95 INIA	1995	140
San Martin 86	1986	140
Selva Alta	1995	140
Sican	1992	130
Tallan	1982
Uqui Hua	1995
Viflor	1982

Constraints and Issues of Sustainable Production

There are several constraints to sustainable rice production in Peru. Following are the majors:

Limited water supply, low temperature and salinity in coastal zones.
Competition from other high value crops in coastal zones.
Yield potentials of present varieties have reached a plateau.
In interior regions, lack of road and transportation network and poor security situation.
Blast, Rice Hoja Blanca Virus and Sogota.
Weed competition.
Acid soil, aluminum toxicity, and drought stress in upland system in Selva Baja.

The following table shows the rice production costs.

Other information	Yield (t/ha)	Cost ($/ha)	Cost ($/t)
1983-84, irrigated	7.09	702	99

Sustainable rice production would depend greatly on the availability of irrigation water. Policies that provide support to the building of new irrigation infrastructures and improvement of the existing ones are needed.

Research and Development Institutes

· Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agricola (INIA), Av. La 'Universidad s/n EE. La Molina, Lima 14, Peru;Tel 350141; Fax 361282.

· Comite de Agricultores Valle Jequetepeque Guadalupe 165 Pacamayo

· Empresa de Comercializacion del Arroz SA Paseo de la Republica 3101 Lima

· Estacion Experimental Viru A.P. 416 Trujillo Phone: 245154

· Estacion Experimental Vista Florida A.P. 115 Ferrenafe

· Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Promocion Agropecuaria - Norte A.P. 116 Km. 8 Carretera Ferrenafe Chiclayo

· Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Promocion Agropecuaria - Sur-Arequipa Luna Pizarro 136 Vallecito, Arequipa

· Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Promocion Agropecuaria, Estacion Experimental del Chira Cayetano Heredia 402, Castilla Piura

· Universidad Nacional de San Martin - Tarapoto Facultad de Agronomia San Martin

· Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Lambayeque