General Information
· Main climates: Tropical Wet, Tropical Wet and Dry
· Total land area: 29 817 000 ha
· Internal renewable water resources: 323 km3
· GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 3 725
· Main food consumed: Rice, Sugar & Honey, Wheat, Roots and Tubers, Oil & Fat
· Rice supply, 1999: 149.5 kg paddy/capita/year
Basic Statistics
|
1985 |
1990 |
1995 |
2000 |
RICE |
|
|
|
|
Harvested area (M ha) |
3.40 |
3.31 |
3.75 |
4.03 |
Yield (kg/ha) |
2587 |
2978 |
2804 |
3075 |
Production (M t) |
8.80 |
9.88 |
10.54 |
12.41 |
Imports (T t) |
538 |
592 |
263 |
NA |
Exports (t) |
58 |
2 |
0 |
NA |
OTHERS |
|
|
|
|
Population (M) |
54.66 |
60.68 |
68.35 |
NA |
Agr population (M) |
26.65 |
27.68 |
28.96 |
NA |
Irrigated agr area (M ha) |
1440 |
1550 |
1550 |
NA |
Fertilizer cons (T t) |
283 |
588 |
598 |
NA |
Agr tractor in use (T units) |
8.05 |
10.70 |
11.50 |
NA |
Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons
The Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley are the largest rice producing regions. The following table shows the rice-harvested areas in different producing zones.
Production zone |
Harvested area (% total harvested area) |
Nueva Ecija |
7.22 |
Iloilo |
5.85 |
Pangasinan |
5.41 |
Isabela |
5.40 |
Cagayan |
3.66 |
Camarines Sur |
3.18 |
Maguindanao |
2.95 |
Negros Occidental |
2.89 |
Tarlac |
2.77 |
Capiz |
2.59 |
Palawan |
2.44 |
Northern Cotabato |
2.40 |
Bohol |
2.35 |
Zamboanga Del Sur |
2.24 |
Bukidnon |
2.22 |
Leyte |
2.19 |
Bulacan |
2.18 |
Sultan Kudarat |
2.13 |
Mindoro Oriental |
1.98 |
Albay |
1.88 |
Quezon |
1.84 |
Mindoro Occidental |
1.78 |
Pampanga |
1.68 |
Davao Del Norte |
1.54 |
South Cotabato |
1.40 |
Antique |
1.40 |
Ilocos Norte |
1.31 |
Masbate |
1.29 |
Ilocos Sur |
1.26 |
Sorsogon |
1.17 |
Nueva Viscaya |
1.14 |
Western Samar |
1.10 |
Aklan |
1.08 |
Northern Samar |
1.06 |
Lanao Del Norte |
1.04 |
Lanao Del Sur |
1.00 |
Agusan Del Sur |
0.99 |
La Union |
0.94 |
Batangas |
0.83 |
Surigao Del Sur |
0.83 |
Laguna |
0.81 |
Davao Del Sur |
0.70 |
Zamboanga Del Norte |
0.60 |
Bataan |
0.57 |
Negros Oriental |
0.54 |
Agusan Del Norte |
0.51 |
Camarines Norte |
0.50 |
Aurora |
0.50 |
Surigao Del Norte |
0.48 |
Cavite |
0.46 |
Quirino |
0.45 |
Romblon |
0.44 |
Abra |
0.41 |
Biliran |
0.38 |
Eastern Samar |
0.37 |
Marinduque |
0.35 |
Southern Leyte |
0.35 |
Davao Oriental |
0.29 |
Ifugao |
0.26 |
Zamboanga City |
0.25 |
Guimaras |
0.25 |
Catanduanes |
0.24 |
Rizal |
0.24 |
Misamis Occidental |
0.24 |
Sulu/Tawi Tawi |
0.23 |
Davao City |
0.22 |
Mountain Province |
0.20 |
Saraggani |
0.19 |
Cebu |
0.10 |
Benguet |
0.10 |
Manila |
0.07 |
Basilan |
0.05 |
Zambales |
0.05 |
Siquijor |
0.02 |
Camiguin |
0.01 |
The rainfall distribution in the northern and in the southern parts of the country is different. While it is the rainy season in the north, it is the dry season in the south. Consequently the rice cropping seasons are different as shown in the following table
|
Planting |
Harvesting |
North, main season |
6-7 |
10-12 |
North, second season |
12-1 |
4-5 |
South, main season |
11-1 |
4-6 |
South, second season |
6-7 |
10-12 |
Production Practices
The following figure shows the harvested areas from different rice ecologies during the last five years.
Rice-Rice system is widely practised in irrigated areas. Rice-Onion-Rice, Rice-Garlic-Rice, Rice-Mungbean-Rice systems are popular in Ilocos Norte region, Rice-Maize, Rice-other crops systems are practised in rainfed lowland areas, especially in the southern parts of the country. The Sabog Tanim or direct seeding to dry soils at the beginning of the rainy season is used to enable the Rice-Rice system under rainfed condition. The Dapog seedlings were first developed and used in the Laguna province. Land preparation is done either with animal traction or with small machinery/tractors. Transplanting is still the main method of crop establishment in lowland rice production, but broadcasting or line-seeding of germinated seeds to wet soils have been increasingly adopted by farmers. Direct seeding is used for crop establishment of upland rice. Large number of high yielding varieties (HYV) have been developed and released for cultivation since 1970.
· Irrigated rice varieties
Variety Name |
Released period |
Growth duration (days) |
BPI RI 10 |
1980-84 |
108 |
BPR Ri 1 |
1975-79 |
120 |
IR 36 |
1975-79 |
110 |
IR 42 |
1975-79 |
135 |
IR 60 |
1980-84 |
107 |
IR 62 |
1980-84 |
115 |
IR 64 |
1985-89 |
113 |
IR 65 |
1985-89 |
115 |
IR 66 |
1985-89 |
108 |
IR 68 |
1985-89 |
121 |
IR 72 |
1985-89 |
112 |
IR 74 |
1985-89 |
131 |
PBS Rc 72H Hybrid |
1995-99 |
124 |
PSB Rc 10 |
1990-94 |
108 |
PSB Rc 18 |
1990-94 |
125 |
PSB Rc 2 |
1990-94 |
124 |
PSB Rc 20 |
1990-94 |
110 |
PSB Rc 22 |
1990-94 |
129 |
PSB Rc 26H Hybrid |
1990-94 |
112 |
PSB Rc 28 |
1995-99 |
112 |
PSB Rc 30 |
1995-99 |
118 |
PSB Rc 32 |
1995-99 |
112 |
PSB Rc 34 |
1995-99 |
102 |
PSB Rc 44 |
1995-99 |
144 |
PSB Rc 46 |
1995-99 |
135 |
PSB Rc 48 |
1995-99 |
126 |
PSB Rc 50 |
1995-99 |
118 |
PSB Rc 52 |
1995-99 |
115 |
PSB Rc 54 |
1995-99 |
113 |
PSB Rc 56 |
1995-99 |
114 |
PSB Rc 58 |
1995-99 |
126 |
PSB Rc 6 |
1990-94 |
113 |
PSB Rc 64 |
1995-99 |
123 |
PSB Rc 66 |
1995-99 |
125 |
PSB Rc4 |
1990-94 |
105 |
PSB Rc8 |
1990-94 |
112 |
UPL Ri 1 |
1975-79 |
120 |
· Rainfed lowland varieties
Variety Name |
Released period |
Growth duration (days) |
BPI RI 12 |
1985-89 |
119 |
BPI RI 76 |
NA |
NA |
C 4-137 |
NA |
NA |
C 4-63G |
NA |
NA |
BPI RI 3 |
NA |
NA |
MALAKIT |
NA |
NA |
PSB Rc 12 |
1990-94 |
106 |
PSB Rc 14 |
1990-94 |
111 |
PSB Rc 16 |
1990-94 |
125 |
PSB Rc 24 |
1990-94 |
117 |
PSB Rc 36 |
1995-99 |
127 |
PSB Rc 38 |
1995-99 |
127 |
PSB Rc 42 |
1995-99 |
114 |
PSB Rc 60 |
1995-99 |
113 |
PSB Rc 62 |
1995-99 |
117 |
PSB Rc 68 |
1995-99 |
116 |
PSB Rc 70 |
1995-99 |
114 |
IR 70 |
NA |
|
Milagrosa |
NA |
NA |
· Upland varieties
Variety Name |
Released period |
Growth duration (days) |
C 22 |
before 1975 |
128 |
Dinorado |
NA |
NA |
Palawan |
NA |
NA |
PSB Rc 1 |
1990-94 |
121 |
PSB Rc 3 |
1995-99 |
123 |
PSB Rc 5 |
1995-99 |
122 |
UPL Ri 5 |
1980-84 |
120 |
UPL RI 7 |
1980-84 |
116 |
Wagwag |
|
|
At present, IR64 is widely planted. Milagrosa a traditional and popular lowland variety. Recently hybrid rice programme has released three of 3-line hybrid varieties, namely PSB Rc26H (Magat) in 1994, PSB Rc72H (Mestizo) in 1997 and PSB Rc76H (Panay) for cultivation. Weed control is done either manually or with herbicides. IPM is widely practised. Harvesting is still done mainly by hand but most of the threshing is done with small to medium size mechanical threshers. Following table shows the responses of rice to fertilizer.
Other information |
Test range (kg/ha) |
Control rate (kg/ha) |
Control yield (t/ha) |
Rate at Maximum yield (kg/ha) |
Maximum yield (t/ha) |
Nitrogen (N), Irrigated Rice |
|||||
Reported in 61, Laguna, Calumpang clay |
0-45 |
0 |
3.76 |
22.5 |
3.78 |
Reported in 61, Laguna, Calumpang clay, with 90 P kg/ha |
0-45 |
0 |
3.88 |
22.5 |
3.7 |
Reported in 61, Laguna, Lupa clay loam, 0 |
0-45 |
0 |
3 |
22.5 |
3.15 |
Reported in 56, Bulacan |
0-60 |
0 |
1.91 |
60 |
2.97 |
Reported in 61, Milflor |
0-60 |
0 |
3.57 |
30 |
4.87 |
Reported in 86, Los Banos, wet season, variety IR42 |
0-120 |
0 |
2.4 |
90 |
3.4 |
Reported in 86, Los Banos, wet season, variety IR64 |
0-120 |
0 |
2.8 |
90 |
4 |
Reported in 86, Iloilo, dry season, variety IR64, |
0-150 |
0 |
2.7 |
90 |
4.2 |
Reported in 86, Los Banos, dry season, variety IR42 |
0-150 |
0 |
2.6 |
90 |
5.8 |
Reported in 86, Los Banos, dry season, variety IR64 |
0-150 |
0 |
2.7 |
90 |
7.1 |
Reported in 86, Munoz, Nueva Ecija, dry season, variety IR64 |
0-150 |
0 |
3.1 |
120 |
7.2 |
Reported in 86, Pili, Bicol, dry season, variety IR64 |
0-150 |
0 |
2.8 |
90 |
3.9 |
Nitrogen (N), Upland Rice |
|||||
Reported in 75, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija, average of 4 trials, wet season, variety IR5 |
0-120 |
0 |
0.8 |
120 |
3 |
Reported in 75, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija, average of 4 trials, wet season, variety IR8 |
0-120 |
0 |
1.1 |
90 |
2.9 |
Phosphorus (P2O5), Irrigated Rice |
|||||
Reported in 56, Bulacan, with 60 N kg/ha |
0-60 |
0 |
2.97 |
0 |
2.97 |
Reported in 60, Alabang, avg 3 year trials, Heavy clay soil |
0-10 |
0 |
2.24 |
10 |
2.5 |
Reported in 61, Laguna, Lupa clay loam |
0-90 |
0 |
3 |
90 |
3.5 |
Reported in 61, Laguna, Lupa clay loam, with 45 N kg/ha |
0-90 |
0 |
3.03 |
90 |
3.33 |
Reported in 61, Laguna, Calumpang clay, with 45 N kg/ha |
0-90 |
0 |
3.83 |
90 |
3.58 |
Phosphorus (P2O5), Upland Rice |
|||||
Reported in 75, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija aver. 4 trial, wet season, variety IR5, with 90 N + 60 K ka/ha |
0-60 |
0 |
2.4 |
60 |
3.3 |
Potassium (K2O), Irrigated Rice |
|||||
Reported in 56, Bulacan |
0-60 |
0 |
1.91 |
0 |
1.91 |
Reported in 60, Alabang, avg 3 year trials, Heavy clay soil |
0-15 |
0 |
2.24 |
15 |
2.73 |
Reported in 60, Alabang, avg 3 year trials, Heavy clay soil, with 20 N + 10 P kg/ha |
0-15 |
0 |
2.67 |
15 |
3.5 |
Reported in 61, At Milflor, with 30 N + 30 P kg/ha |
0-30 |
0 |
3.88 |
30 |
4.08 |
Constraints and Issues of Sustainable Production
The typhoons, which frequently visit the country, cause flash floods.
Rice Tungro virus, bacterial leaf blight and blast.
Green leaf hoppers, stem borers are rice black bug
Golden snails damage rice crop at early phases.
About 600 000 ha have adverse water and nutrient conditions.
About 100 000 ha are saline, 10 000 ha are alkaline; 15,000 ha have peat soil; and 50 000 ha have acid sulfate soils.
Low economic return from rice production.
The following table shows the rice production costs.
Other information |
Yield (t/ha) |
Cost ($/ha) |
Cost ($/t) |
Nueva Ecija, Wet season 1987, Irrigated by gravity |
4.17 |
263 |
63 |
Nueva Ecija, Dry season 1989, Irrigated by gravity |
6.17 |
437 |
71 |
Nueva Ecija, Wet season 1988, irrigated by deepwell |
4.85 |
292 |
60 |
Nueva Ecija, Dry season 1989, irrigated by deepwell |
4.32 |
435 |
101 |
Nueva Ecija, Wet season 1988, Rainfed lowland |
3.46 |
204 |
59 |
Misamis Oriental, Wet season 1988, upland |
0.91 |
115 |
126 |
1991 Irrigated |
3.25 |
296 |
91 |
1991 Rainfed lowland |
1.98 |
207 |
104 |
1991 Upland |
1.26 |
107 |
85 |
In 1999 and 2000, the harvested area reached 4 million hectares, indicating a substantial potential for increasing rice production by expansion of harvested rice area. The modest improvement in rice yield during the last 5 years also suggests the possibility of narrowing the yield gap for production increase. The sustainable rice production in the country, however, requires appropriate policy, especially with regard to pricing of rice and tax incentives on investment in rice development and industry.
Research and Development Institutes
· Agricultural Training Institute Eliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City Phone: (632)-928-7397 Fax: (632)-920-9792
· Bicol Rice and Corn Experiment Station Dept. of Agriculture, San Augustin Pili Camarines Sur
· Bohol Experimental Station Gabi Ubay Bohol
· Bureau of Plant Industry 692 San Andres Street Malate Manila Phone: (02) 571726 Fax: (63-2) 521-7650
· Cagayan de Oro Seed Testing Laboratory Bureau of Plant Industry Cagayan de Oro City Cagayan Phone: (08822) 726475
· Cebu Seed Testing Laboratory Estancia Mandaue City Cebu Phone: 54203
· CIADP Seed Testing Laboratory Bureau of Plant Industry Iguig Cagayan
· Davao National Crop Research & Development Center Bureau of Plant Industry Bag O'Shiro, Davao City Mindanao
· Department of Agriculture Economic Garden Seed Testing Laboratory 3720 Los Banos Laguna
· Ilagan Experiment Station Ilagan Luzon
· Iloilo Seed Testing Laboratory Department of Agriculture, Region No. 6 Hamungaya, Jaro Iloilo Phone: (033) 70032
· International Rice Research Institute; P.O. Box 933 Manila; Phone: (02) 884869 Telex: 45365 RICE PM Fax: (63-2) 817-8470 Email: [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>
· Ipil Experiment Station Minagri Ipil Zamboanga del Sur
· La Granja National Crop Research & Development Center Bureau of Plant Industry P.O. Box 20 K-516 La Granja, La Carlota City Negros Occ.
· Leyte Seed Testing Laboratory Bureau of Plant Industry Babatngon Leyte
· Mandaue Experiment Station Bureau of Plant Industry Region 7 Mandau City Cebu
· Midsayap Seed Testing Laboratory Midsayap North Cotabato
· National Food Authority, Matimyas St., Quezon City, Philippines
· Occidental Mindoro Seed Testing Laboratory San Jose Occ. Mindoro
· Philippine Rice Research Insitute, Maligaya, Munoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija. Tel 63 44 4560112. Fax 63 44 4560112. Email: [email protected]
· Romualdez Experiment Station Babatngon Tacloban, Leyte Visayas
· University Central Luzon State Munoz Nueva Ecija
· University of the Philippines at Los Banos Institute of Plant Breeding 3720 College Laguna Phone: (094) 50104