APPENDIX I
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BRUCHIDAE

A.	The Bruchidae are most closely related to the beetles in the families Cerambycidae and Chrysomelidae. The Cerambycidae usually have long or greatly developed antennae which are frequently inserted on prominences on the frons and the bodies of these beetles are usually large, elongate or oblong with parallel sides and pubescent upper surfaces. The Chrysomelidae have antennae that are moderate in length or short, which are not inserted on prominences on the frons and the body is usually glabrous above and often oval in form. Unlike the other two families, the Bruchidae are oval, compact beetles with the elytra shortened and exposing the pygidium, the antennae are ll-segmented, serrate, rarely pectinate, and the head is prolonged into a broad muzzle.
B.	Key to genera of Bruchidae in the New World that infest or potentially infest seeds of Prosopis.
1.	Hind femur not strongly swollen, with one to four spines on underside of hind femur near appex	2
1.	Hind femur strongly swollen, with a large spine followed by 10 to 12 smaller spines on underside of hind femur near apex; in seeds Tamarindus indica; Mexico, West Indies	Caryedon serratus (Olivier)
2.	Hind tibia with fixed spines at apex; hind coxa not twice as broad as the femur	3
2.	Hind tibia with two movable spurs at apex; hind coxa twice as broad as femur; New World	Amblycerus Thunberg
3.	Antennal segments 4–11 and eyes of males greatly enlarged (Figure 3)	4
3.	Antennal segments and eyes of males not or slightly enlarged (Figure 4)	5
4.	Spines and flattened areas at bases of elytral striae 3 and 4 (Figure 9), body short, short spine at apex of hind tibia (Figure 10); Argentina, Chile, Uruguay	Rhipibruchus Bridwell
4.	Elytral striae 3 and 4 extending to base of elytron, without spines and flattened areas at bases of elytra (Figure 8), body elongate, without spine at apex of hind tibia (Figure 11); in seeds Prosopis alba; Argentina	Pectinibruchus longiscutus Kingsolver
5.	Underside of hind femur with a strong spine near apex followed by one or more smaller spines	6
5.	Underside of hind femur with a small spine near apex, without smaller spines (Figure 12); Southwestern USA, northern Mexico	Neltumius Bridwell
6.	Abdomen elongate, hind femur not reaching apex of abdomen	7
6.	Abdomen less elongate, eyes slightly enlarged, antennae elongate and slightly expanded (Figure 4); in seeds Prosopis strombulifera; Bolivia	Acanthoscelides longescutus (Pic)
7.	Scutellum twice as long as broad; glabrous line on frons not expanded toward vertex; hind femur of males and females without channel on undersurface	8
7.	Scutellum square or broader than long (Figure 7); frons with glabrous area expanded toward vertex (Figure 5); hind femur of male profoundly chanelled on undersurface; North America, West Indies, Venezuela, Hawaii	Mimosestes Bridwell
8.	Pygidium without grooves (Figure 13); males with small pit with dense white hairs at base of first abdominal sternum (Figure 16); Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Galapagos	Scutobruchus Kingsolver
8.	Pygidium of female with two grooves (Figure 14); males without small pit at base of first abdominal sternum; North America, Venezuela, Hawaii	Algarobius Bridwell

Only one described species from each of the genera Acanthoscelides, Caryedon and Pectinibruchus feed in the seeds of Prosopis so these species can be identified by using the above Key to Genera. Species in the genus Scutobruchus can only be separated with certainty by removing the male genitalia and examining their characters. Drawings of the male genitalia of species of Scutobruchus may be found in the article by Kingsolver (1983).

C.	Keys to species of Prosopis bruchids
	1.	Key to species of Algarobius
1.	Female with grooves in pygidium as in Figure 15; male genitalia as in Figure 1 of Kingsolver (1972); Texas, New Mexico, northern Mexico, Hawaii		bottimeri Kingsolver
2.	Female with grooves in pygidium as in Figure 14; male genitalia as in Figure 4 of Kingsolver (1972); North America to Venezuela		prosopis (LeConte)

	2.	Key to species of Amblyocerus.
1.	In seeds of Prosopis chilensis in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic		martorelli Bridwell
	In seeds of Prosopis from Peru or Costa Rica		2
2.	In seeds of Prosopis juliflora in Costa Rica		epsilon Kingsolver
	In seeds of Prosopis sp. in Peru		piurae (Pierce)

	3.	Key to species of Mimosestes
1.	Posterior margin of eyes protruding from adjacent surfaces, not merging into contour of head (Figure 6)		2
	Posterior margin of eyes not protruding from adjacent surfaces, merging into contour of head (Figure 5); North America south to Costa Rica, Hawaii		amicus (Horn)
2.	Pygidium orange with large hourglass-shaped dark-brown to black spot; USA to central Mexico		protractus (Horn)
	Pygidium without large maculation as above		3
3.	Width of eye 1.5 to 2 times wider than width of frons; lateral margins near apex of prothorax not swollen and without spines; Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Colombia		insularis Kingsolver & Johnson
	Width of eye 1.2 to 1.5 times wider than width of frons; lateral margins near apex of prothorax swollen, with strong spines; North America to Brazil		nubigens (Motschulsky)

	4.	Key to species of Neltumius
1.	Hind tibia uniformly gray; in seeds Prosopis pubescens; Southwestern USA, northern Mexico		gibbithorax (Schaeffer)
	Hind tibia with brown band at middle of posterior margin; in seeds Prosopis velutina; Southwestern USA		arizonensis (Schaeffer)

	5.	Key to species of Rhipibruchus
		Drawings and descriptions of species of Rhipibruchus are available in Kingsolver (1982).
1.	Body large, 3.6–5.4 mm in length; with no distinct pattern on pronotum, elytra or pygidium; hairs mostly gray with pronotum and elytra largely bronze; pronotum without prominent median swollen areas but with subbasal swollen areas; Argentina		oedipygus Kingsolver
	Body large or small; usually with pattern on dorsal surface, colour mixed; pronotum with longitudinal swollen areas adjacent to midline; subbasal swollen areas prominent		2
2.	Pronotum in lateral view with dorsal profile strongly sinuate; elytra without strongly contrasting pattern; pygidium with short, narrow, white basal triangle and small tuft of white hairs on either side at basal 1/3; Argentina		rugicollis Kingsolver
	Pronotum in lateral aspect with dorsal profile only slightly sinuate; elytra and pygidium usually with contrasting pattern		3
3.	Males: Antennae strongly expanded; eyes narrowly separated in front; pygidium without sublateral depressions		4
	Females: Antennae serrate; eyes more widely separated in front; pygidium with prominent sublateral depressions, often contrastingly coloured in integument and vestiture		7
4.	Pygidium with integument uniformly dark brown to black with at most a narrow reddish yellow stripe from middle of disk to apex, vestiture sparse, evenly distributed; Argentina		psephenopygus Kingsolver
	Pygidial integument with extensive yellowish to yellowish red areas, vestiture usually in dense patches		5
5.	Pronotum mostly black with contrasting narrow, white basal patch of setae and narrow median line, rarely with cross-shaped mark in middle of disk; elytra with lateral and apical margins broadly black, median area of disk with 2–4 isolated dark spots but without large median, common discal spot, or broad, transverse band; Argentina		atratus Kingsolver
	Pronotal disk black with flanks and cross-shaped median mark gray; elytra with margins usually mottled or streaked with longitudinal spots, median area usually with large discal spot or continuous or broken band		6
6.	Hairs and integument of basal 1/3 of elytra yellowish, middle of elytra usually with large, common discal spot, occasionally with transverse band; Argentina, Uruguay		prosopis Kingsolver
	Vestiture of basal 1/3 of elytra gray; middle of elytra occasionally with discontinuous transverse dark band but never with discal spot; Argentina, Chile, Uruguay		picturatus (Fähraeus)
7.	Apical 1/5 of elytra largely black, occasionally with paler elongate spot on 7th interval; pygidium with strongly contrasting black sublateral depressions, these separated by median, white stripe; Argentina		atratus Kingsolver
	Apices of elytra variegated black and yellowish brown; pygidium with contrasting spots or these obscure		8
8.	Pygidial integument uniformly black with at most a reddish stripe from middle of pygidium to apex; sublateral spots obscure; Argentina		psephenopygus Kingsolver
	Pygidial integument with contrasting dark sublateral spots		9
9.	Pygidium with basal triangle and short median stripe white, remaining hairs yellowish, lateral spots piceous or black; Argentina, Uruguay		prosopis Kingsolver
	Pygidial vestiture silvery gray, basal triangle and “eyebrow” spots above sublateral black spots appearing more intensely white than intervening areas; Argentina, Chile, Uruguay		picturatus (Fähraeus)
D.	References in which taxonomic keys to species of Bruchidae which feed in Prosopis are published.
	Algarobius: Kingsolver, 1972 Mimosestes: Kingsolver and Johnson, 1978 Neltumius: Kingsolver, 1964 Rhipibruchus: Kingsolver, 1982 Scutobruchus:Kingsolver, 1983
E.	References to studies on the ecology of Bruchidae which feed in the seeds of Prosopis: Forister (1970); Center (1971); Swier (1974); Kingsolver, Johnson, Swier and Terán (1977); Conway (1980). In addition, current graduate students of Dr. C.D. Johnson are studying the ecology of Prosopis, their Bruchidae and their parasites in Arizona.
F.	Some of the New World taxonomists who can identify Bruchidae reared from seeds of Prosopis. Please correspond with these scientists prior to sending specimens to them for identification.
	Dr. Clarence D. Johnson Box 5640 - Biology Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona 86011 USA. Telephone: (602) 523-2505
	Dr. John M. Kingsolver Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA c/o U.S. National Museum, NHB 168 Washington, D.C. 20560 USA. Telephone: (202) 382-1787
	Dr. Arturo Terán Departamento de Zoología Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Fundacion Miguel Lillo Miguel Lillo 205 Tucumán Argentina.