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7. APPENDIXES


APPENDIX I. ALCOHOLVALUES

Key

Foods

Measure

Alcohol
g

W001

Beer, bitter/draught

100 g

3.1

1 large bottle (745 ml)

23.2

W002

Beer, low alcohol

100 g

0.7

1 can (355 ml)

2.5

W003

Beer, reduced alcohol

100 g

2.1

1 can (355 ml)

7.5

W005

Brandy

100 g

29.4

W006

Champagne

100 g

8.5

W012

Gin

100 g

29.6

1 nip (20 ml)

5.9

W017

Liqueur, coffee-flavoured

100 g

21.0

1 glass (20 ml)

4.2

W024

Port

100 g

15.9

1 glass (55 ml)

8.9

W025

Rum

100 g

29.2

1 nip (20 ml)

5.8

W026

Sherry, dry

100 g

15.7

1 glass (59 ml)

9.3

W027

Sherry, sweet

100 g

15.6

1 glass (59 ml)

9.4

W031

Whisky

100 g

29.3

1 nip (20 ml)

5.9

W032

Wine, red

100 g

9.5

1 glass (104 ml)

9.8

W033

Wine, white

100 g

10.9

1 glass (104 ml)

11.3

APPENDIX II. KEYTO ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation

Meaning

Food names


Aust

Australian

b/less

boneless

boil

boiled

can

canned

choc

chocolate

comm

commercial

diam

diameter

drain

drained

f

fat

froz

frozen

grill

grilled

Is.

Islands

jun

junior

l

lean

l&f

lean and fat

l&s

lean and skin

mix

mixed

PNG

Papua New Guinea

poach

poached

polyunsat

polyunsaturated

prep

prepared

reduce

reduced

s

skin

simmer

simmered

sp

species

spp

species, more than one

steam

steamed

strain

strained

trim

trimmed of fat

UHT

ultra high temperature

unsw

unsweetened

USA

United States of America

var

variety

veg

vegetable(s)

APPENDIX III. RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKES

Tables of recommended dietary intakes of nutrients, FAO/WHO (2002).

APPENDIX IIIA. Recommended dietary intakes for children under seven years


Infants

Young Children

0 - 6 months

7 - 11 months

1 - 3 yrs

4 - 6 yrs

Vitamin A (f) (g) (RE µg/day)

375

400

400

450

Thiamin (mg/day)

0.2

0.3

0.5

0.6

Riboflavin (mg/day)

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Niacin (a) (NE mg/day)

2 (b)

4

6

8

Vitamin B12 (µg/day)

0.4

0.5

0.9

1.2

Vitamin C (d) (mg/day)

25

30

30

30

Vitamin E (acceptable intakes) (h) (a-TE mg/day)

2.7(i)

2.7(i)

5 (k)

5 (k)

Zinc (mg/day) (from low to high bioavailability)

6.6 (g)-1.1 (e)

8.3 (h)-2.5 (h)

8.4-2.4

10.3-3.1

Iron*(i) (mg/day) (from 5% to 15% bioavailability)

(k)

19 (l)-6 (l)

12-4

13-4

Magnesium* (mg/day)

26 (a)

53

60

73

36 (b)




Calcium* (c) (mg/day)

300 (a)

400

500

600

400 (b)




Sodium** (mmol)

6-12

14-25

14-50

20-75

(mg/day)

140-280

320-580

320-1150

460-1730

Potassium** (mmol)

10-15

12-35

25-70

40-100

(mg/day)

390-580

470-1370

980-2730

1560-3900

Protein** (g/day)

2.0/kg body wt

1.6/kg body wt

14-18

18-24

APPENDIX IIIB. Recommended dietary intakes for children over seven years


Children

Adolescents

Males

Females

7 - 9 yrs

10 - 18 yrs

10 - 18 yrs

Vitamin A (f) (g) (RE µg/day)

500

600

600

Thiamin (mg/day)

0.9

1.2

1.1

Riboflavin (mg/day)

0.9

1.3

1.0

Niacin (a) (NE mg/day)

12

16

16

Vitamin B12 (µg/day)

1.8

2.4

2.4

Vitamin C (d) (mg/day)

35

40

40

Vitamin E (acceptable intakes) (h) (a-TE mg/day)

7 (k)

10

7.5

Zinc* (mg/day) (from low to high bioavailability)

11.3-3.3

19.2-5.7

15.5-4.6

Iron*(i) (mg/day) (from 5% to 15% bioavailability)

18-6

29-10 (10-14 yrs)

28-9 (10-14 yrs) ·


38-12 (15-18 yrs)

65-22 (10-14 yrs) ··



62-21 (15-18 yrs)

Magnesium* (mg/day)

100

250

230

Calcium* (c) (mg/day)

700

1300 (d)

1300 (d)

Sodium** (mmol)

26-100

40-100

40-100

(mg/day)

600-2300

920-2300

920-2300

Potassium** (mmol)

50-140

50-140

50-140

(mg/day)

1950-5460

1950-5460

1950-5460

Protein** (g/day)

27-38

42-70

44-57

Key:

· Non-menstruating females
·· Menstruating females

APPENDIX IIIC. Recommended dietary intakes for adults


Adults

Male

Female

19 - 65 yrs

65+ yrs

19 - 50 yrs
(premenopausal)

51 - 65 yrs
(menopausal)

65+ yrs

Pregnancy

Lactation

Vitamin A (f) (g) (RE µg/day)

600

600

500

500

600

800

850

Thiamin (mg/day)

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.4

1.5

Riboflavin (mg/day)

1.3

1.3

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.4

1.6

Niacin (a) (NE mg/day)

16

16

14

14

14

18

17

Vitamin B12 (µg/day)

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.6

2.8

Vitamin C (d) (mg/day)

45

45

45

45

45

55

70 (e)

Vitamin E (acceptable intakes) (h) (a-TE mg/day)

10

10

7.5

7.5

7.5

(i)

(i)

Zinc* (mg/day) (from low to high bioavailability)

14-14.2

14-14.2

9.8-3.0

9.8-3.0

9.8-3.0

20-3.4

19-4.2

Iron*(i) (mg/day) (from 5% to 15% bioavailability)

27-9

27-9

59-20

23-8

23-8

(n)

30-10

Magnesium* (mg/day)

260

230

220

220

190

220

270

Calcium* (c) (mg/day)

1000

1300

1000

1300

1300

1200

1000

Sodium** (mmol)

40-100

40-100

40-100

40-100

40-100

+0

+0

(mg/day)

920-2300

920-2300

920-2300

920-2300

920-2300

+0

+0

Potassium** (mmol)

50-140

50-140

50-140

50-140

50-140

+0

+0

Protein** (g/day)

55

55

45

45

45

+6

+16

* For the purposes of the composite tables of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) values, the body weights used were derived from the 50th percentile of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) data until adult weights of 55 kg for females and 65 kg for males were reached. The weights used are the following: 0-6 mo = 6 kg; 7-12 mo = 8.9 kg; 1-3 yr = 12.1 kg; 4-6 yr = 18.2 kg; 7-9 yr = 25.2 kg; 10-11 yr M = 33.4 kg; 10-11 yr F = 34.8 kg; 12-18 yr M = 55.1 kg; 12-18 yr F = 50.6 kg; 10-18 yr M = 55.1 kg; 10-18 yr F = 50.6 kg; 19-65 yr M = 65 kg; 19-65 yr F = 55 kg

** National Health & Medical Research Council, 1991

NOTES - Vitamins

(a) NE = niacin equivalents, 60-to-1 conversion factor for tryptophan to niacin.

(b) Preformed niacin.

(c) DFE = dietary folate equivalents; mg of DFE provided = [mg of food folate + (1.7 × mg of synthetic folic acid)].

(d) It is recognised that larger amounts would promote greater iron absorption.

(f) Vitamin A values are “recommended safe intakes” instead of RNIs. This level of intake is set to prevent clinical signs of deficiency, allow normal growth, but does not allow for prolonged periods of infections or other stresses.

(g) Recommended safe intakes as mg RE/day; 1 mg retinol = 1 mg RE; 1 mg b-carotene = 0.167 mg RE; 1 mg other provitamin A carotenoids = 0.084 mg RE.

(h) Vitamin E data were considered insufficient to formulate recommendations so “acceptable intakes” are listed instead.

(i) For pregnancy and lactation there is no evidence of requirements for vitamin E that differ from those of older adults. Breast milk substitutes should not contain less than 0.3 mg a-tocopherol equivalents (TE)/100 ml of reconstituted product, and not less than 0.4 mg TE/g PUFA. Human breast milk vitamin E is fairly constant at 2.7 mg for 850 ml of milk.

NOTES - Minerals

(a) Human breast milk.

(b) Infant formula.

(c) The data used in developing calcium RNIs originate from developed countries, and there is controversy as to their appropriateness for developing countries. This notion also holds true for most nutrients, but based on current knowledge, the impact appears to be most marked for calcium.

(d) Particularly during the growth spurt.

(e) Human-milk fed infants only.

(f) Formula-fed infants, moderate zinc bioavailability.

(g) Formula-fed infants, low zinc bio-availability due to infant consumption of phytate rich cereals and vegetable protein-based formula. (h) Not applicable to infants consuming human milk only.

(i) There is evidence that iron absorption can be significantly enhanced when each meal contains a minimum of 25 mg of Vitamin C, assuming three meals per day. This is especially true if there are iron absorption inhibitors in the diet such as phytate or tannins.

(k) Neonatal iron stores are sufficient to meet the iron requirement for the first six months in full term infants. Premature infants and low birth weight infants require additional iron.

(l) Bioavailability of dietary iron during this period varies greatly.

(m) Non-menstruating adolescents.

(n) It is recommended that iron supplements in tablet form be given to all pregnant women because of the difficulties in correctly evaluating iron status in pregnancy. In the non-anaemic pregnant woman, daily supplements of 100 mg of iron (e.g., as ferrous sulphate) given during the second half of pregnancy are adequate. In anaemic women higher doses are usually required.


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