World Soil Resources Reports71/5
Cover
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL LAND RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
-A CASE STUDY OF KENYA
RESOURCES DATA BASE AND LAND PRODUCTIVITY
TECHNICAL ANNEX 5
Livestock productivity


Contents


A.H. Kassam, H.T. van Velthuizen, P.H. Sloane, G.W. Fischer and M.M. Shah

Any part of this livestock productivity model and the model parameters therein may be modified in the light of new knowledge and/or new objectives. The model is part of a larger district and national level planning tool, and is expected to be expanded and refined with use.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO or IIASA concerning the legal or constitutional status of any sea area or concerning the delineation of frontiers.

M-51
ISBN 92-5-103389-7

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored In a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

Land and Water Development Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
and
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Rome, 1991

© FAO 1993


Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

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Contents

REPORTS AND ANNEXES

1   INTRODUCTION

2   METHODOLOGY

3   LAND RESOURCES

4   ESTIMATION OF FEED SUPPLY

4.1   Sources of Feed

4.2   Grasslands and Pastures

4.3   Fodder from Browse, Fodder Trees and Fuelwood Trees

4.4   Fodder from Fallow Land

4.5   Fodder from Fodder Crops

4.6   Crop Residues, By-products and Primary Products

4.7   Feed Supply Potential (Primary Productivity)

5   CHARACTERIZATION OF LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS

5. 1   Cattle Systems: Dairy and Meat

5.2   Goat Systems: Dairy and Meat

5.3   Sheep Systems: Meat and Wool

5.4   Pastoral Systems: Meat and Milk

6   QUANTIFICATION OF HERD PERFORMANCE

6.1   Cattle Systems: Dairy and Meat

6.2   Goat Systems: Dairy and Meat

6.3   Sheep systems: Meat and Wool

6.4   Pastoral Systems: Meat and Milk

6.5   Poultry and Pig: Meat and Egg

6.6   Pests and Diseases

7   ESTIMATION OF FEED REQUIREMENTS

7.1   Cattle Systems: Dairy and Meat

7.2   Goat Systems: Dairy and Meat

7.3   Sheep systems: Meat and Wool

7.4   Pastoral Systems: Meat and Milk

7.5   Poultry and Pig: Meat and Egg

8   LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

Figures

2.1   Schematic presentation of the livestock productivity model

3.1   Make-up of land resources data base

4.1   Sources of feed supply

4.2   Schematic presentation of suitability assessment for grassland/pasture

4.3   Schematic presentation of the land suitability assessment programme for pasture production

4.4   Generalized land suitability for rainfed pasture production at intermediate level of inputs

Tables

4.1    Pasture and fodder species of grasses and legumes

4.2    Attributes of land utilization types considered for production of pasture and fodder grasses and legumes

4.3    Thermal zones

4.4    Patterns of growing periods (LGP-Patterns) -Historical profiles of occurrence of number of length of growing periods per year

4.5    Relationships between mean total dominant and mean total associated lengths of growing period

4.6    Relationships between individual component mean length and mean total length of growing period

4.7    Thermal zone screen for pasture and fodder species

4.8    Relationships between temperature and rate of leaf photosynthesis (kg CH2O/ha/hr) for legume species in adaptability groups I and II, and grass species in adaptability groups III and IV

4.9    Potential biomass from pasture and fodder grasses and legumes (t/ha dry weight) at three input levels

4.10   Fluvisols ratings by length of growing period (days) at high, intermediate and low levels of inputs

4.11   Photosynthetically active radiation on very clear days (ac) in cal cm-2 day-1 and the daily gross photosynthesis rate of standard crop canopies on very clear (bc) and overcast (bo) days in kg CH2O ha-1day for-1 Pm = 20 kg CH2O ha-1 hr-1

4.12   Soil units

4.13   Texture classes

4.14   Soil phases

4.15   Associated slope classes

4.16   Quartiles of slope classes

4.17   Relations between basic soil requirements for pasture species and soil characteristics

4.18   Diagnostic horizons and properties of soil units

4.19   Soil unit ratings for pasture at high, intermediate and low levels of inputs

4.20   Soil phase ratings for pasture at high, intermediate and low levels of inputs

4.21   Stoniness ratings for pasture at high, intermediate and low levels of inputs

4.22   Relationships between topsoil loss and yield loss

4.23   Ranking of soils (Kenya Soil Survey) according to their susceptibility to productivity loss per unit of topsoil loss

4.24   Regeneration capacity of topsoil (mm/year) by length of growing period (LGP) and thermal zone

4.25   Crop residue (Cr) and by-product (Cb) factors

5.1   Attributes of the non-pastoral land utilization types considered for livestock production

5.2   Cattle herd structures

5.3   Goat herd structures

5.4   Sheep herd structures

5.5   Herd proportions by districts of nomadic herds in areas with LGPs < 120 days, expressed in TLUs

5.6   Pastoral cattle herd structures

5.7   Pastoral sheep and goat herd structures

5.8   Pastoral camel herd structures

6.1   Suitability ratings for livestock systems by thermal zone

6.2   Suitability ratings for livestock systems by LGP zone

6.3   Output of livestock products per herd TLU

7.1   Feed requirements per herd TLU (kg/day dry weight)

APPENDIX

A6.1    Herd performance parameters for the dairy and meat cattle systems

A6.2    Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat cattle system at low inputs

A6.3    Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat cattle system at intermediate inputs

A6.4    Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat cattle system at high inputs

A6.5    Herd performance parameters for the dairy and meat goat systems

A6.6    Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat goat system at low inputs

A6.7    Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat goat system at intermediate inputs

A6.8    Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat goat system at high inputs

A6.9    Herd performance parameters for the meat and wool sheep systems

A6.10   Herd performance calculations for the meat and wool sheep system at low inputs

A6.11   Herd performance calculations for the meat and wool sheep system at intermediate inputs

A6.12   Herd performance calculations for the meat and wool sheep system at high inputs

A6.13   Herd performance parameters for the cattle pastoral systems

A6.14   Herd performance calculations for the cattle pastoral system (nomadic distant)

A6.15   Herd performance calculations for the cattle pastoral system (nomadic with market access) at intermediate inputs

A6.16   Herd performance calculations for the cattle pastoral system (semi-nomadic) at high inputs

A6.17   Herd performance parameters for the goat pastoral systems

A6.18   Herd performance calculations for the goat pastoral system (nomadic distant) at low inputs

A6.19   Herd performance calculations for the goat pastoral system (semi-nomadic) at high inputs

A6.20   Herd performance parameters for the sheep pastoral systems

A6.21   Herd performance calculations for the sheep pastoral system (nomadic distant) at low inputs

A6.22   Herd performance calculations for the sheep pastoral system (semi-nomadic) at high inputs

A6.23   Herd performance parameters for the camel pastoral system (nomadic)

A6.24   Herd performance calculations for the camel pastoral system (nomadic) at low inputs