FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 503 Pearl oyster health management
by Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso Fishery Resources Officer (Aquaculture) Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy Sharon E. McGladdery Aquatic Animal Health Division Canadian Food Inspection Agency Ottawa, Canada and Franck C.J. Berthe Animal Health and Welfare Panel European Food Safety Authority Parma, Italy |
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
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Bondad-Reantaso, M.G.; McGladdery, S.E.; Berthe, EC.J. Pearl oyster health management: a manual FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 503. Rome, FAO. 2007. 120p. Abstract The pearl oyster industry is a growing multibillion dollar sector of mollusc aquaculture. Pearl farming occurs throughout Australasia, the Middle East and South America. Few species of molluscs possess the ability to produce pearls of gem quality. The South Sea pearl oyster is one of them. Pearl production in the wild is an unpredictable and uncontrolled event which human intervention, through pearl culture, has progressively overcome by improving culture practices. Farming mother-of-pearls shares commonalties with edible mollusc aquaculture. However, the endproduct, pearl production, is unique to this sector. In aquatic production, heal issues are of utmost importance; pearl production is based entirely upon health. The pearl itself is a product of the oyster’s immune defences as a response to soft-tissue irritation. Exploited stocks receive frequent handling stresses which often predispose farmed animals to infection and diseases. Therefore, the importance of health management for pearl oysters is paramount. Today, most disease problems are caused by opportunistic pathogens taking advantage of oysters weakened by the stress of handling, including pearl surgery and sub-optimal growing conditions. Except for the mass mortalities experienced in Japan, the pearl oyster industry have not yet faced the types of epizootics which has impacted mollusc culture elsewhere in the world. Development of the industry will, inevitably, lead to increased risk of disease introduction, spread or emergence. Against such an unwanted future, health management is the critical defence line. |
Introduction (Download 510 kb)PART 2 – PEARL OYSTER HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Silver-lip/gold-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima
Black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (Download 691 kb)
Akoya pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata
Winged pearl oyster, Pteria spp. (Download 670 kb)
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
2.1.1 Purpose, approach and target audience2.2 General
2.2.1 Husbandry and handling2.3 Disease diagnostic protocols (Download section 2.3 775 kb)
2.2.2 Hatchery production
2.2.3 Introduction and transfers
2.3.1 Field collection of samples2.4 Health zonation (Download section 2.4 – 2.5 – 2.6 – 2.7 149 kb)
2.3.2 Gross external observations
2.3.3 Gross internal observations
2.3.4 Laboratory protocols
Abstract3.2 The Cook Islands experience: pearl oyster health investigations (Download 770 kb)
Introduction
Infectious diseases and parasites
Diseases with non-infectious aetiology
Management options
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Abstract3.3 The Australian experience: pearl oyster mortalities and (Download 476 kb)
Introduction
Pearl oyster health investigations
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Abstract3.4 The Japanese experience: pearl oyster mortalities and constraints (Download 367 kb)
History of the industry
Disease issues
Western Australian pearl oyster health management
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Abstract3.5 The French Polynesian experience (Download 332 kb)
History of fishery of pearls in Japan
Parasites and pathogens
Fouling organisms
Predators
Red tide
Mass mortality
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Abstract3.6 Pearl oyster health: experiences from the Philippines,China,
Introduction
Outbreaks of mass mortality
Main pathogens recorded in French Polynesia
Health management
Conclusion
References
Abstract (Download 714 kb)Back Cover (Download 171 kb)
The Philippines experience
The Chinese experience (Download 811 kb)
The Persian Gulf experience
The Red Sea experience
References