Appendix 2: Results of field exercises and stove selection stages 1 to 4

Group 1 - Merembu
Group 2 - Bedugul Village
Group 3 - Mapak
Group 4 - Mapak

Group 1 - Merembu

Stove Selection Stage 1: Identifying Community Context and Stove Selection Stage 2: Assessing Kitchen, User and Traditional Stove

Stoves	Current stove	Suggestions
Quantity	2 stoves	1-2 stoves (1 pothole stove and a small scale industry stove)
Stove function	Cooking, drying	Cooking, drying
Raw materials	Sand, mud, clay, brick	Mud, clay, sand, straw, rice husks
Cost	Rp. 2000	Rp. 3000 or a mud stove (no cost) Should be around the cost of the traditional stove
Fuel	Fuelwood, coconut leaves, cassava sticks	Increase fuelwood plantation
Program Considerations
Traditions, culture, habits	Sitting for cooking, Islam
Promotion	Fuelwood scarcity, reduce amount of smoke, health benefits, time saving, reduce pollution, Poster, introduce stove design
Integration	Health, forestry, income generation, energy program, sanitation, women's organizations, block development office
Human Resources
Collect raw materials	Women
Build stoves	Women & men
Install stoves	Women & men
Sell stoves	Women
Promote stoves	Women & men
Trainers	Women & men
Program leaders	Women

The traditional stove (left) and the improved cookstove (right)

The Merembu team evaluated the current stove as resulting in poor, smoky combustion with poor heat transfer. Unnecessary heat loss was caused by the pot rests being too high.

Food preparation, cooking and serving from the pots were all done sitting.

ICS functions remained the same as those of the traditional stove, that is cooking and drying. Wood and agri-residues would be the fuel of the improved stove. Raw materials were mud, sand, ash, brick and bamboo for a chimney hood. Under the chimney hood, the design included a rack for drying. The food preparation, cooking and serving positions would be the same.

Stove Selection Stage 3: Dissemination of the ICS

Dissemination strategy	User based
Cost of ICS	A little more expensive than the traditional stove
Promotion	In the village, training and IEC (information, education and communication)
Training and other interventions	Stove construction use and maintenance
Collection of raw materials	Men and women
Construction of ICS	Women
Selling the stove	Women, local NGOs
Program leaders	Women leaders

Stove Selection Stage 4: Formulate a Workplan for Introducing ICS on Pilot Scale

Activities	Appropriate involvement of men and women	Objectives
Introduction of ICS on pilot scale	Through local NGOs, local women and men	To introduce the stove to potential users and to create demand
Review, analyze and optimize	Both women and men and project staff	To optimize the ICS if necessary
Organize training program	Local women and project staff	To upgrade stove construction and maintenance skills
Dissemination	Through local NGO (PSP) /, women and men	To improve the living conditions of the community
Monitoring & evaluation	Local NGO, women and men and project staff	To know whether the ICS is really providing benefits to the community or needs any improvement

Group 2 - Bedugul Village

Stove Selection Stage 1: Identifying Community Context and Stove Selection Stage 2: Assessing Kitchen, User and Traditional Stove

Stoves	Current stove	Suggestions
Quantity	Semi-portable mud stove with 1, 2 or 3 potholes	Portable or fixed (based on traditional design)
Stove function	Cooking, drying
Raw materials	Mud and sand	Ceramic or mud and sand
Cost	Rp. 1500, 2500, 3500	Rp. 2500
Fuel	Agricultural residues or loose biomass	Rice husks
Program Considerations
Traditions, culture, habits	Muslim community, eat two meals a day, squat while cooking, install stoves on Tuesday (fire day) There needs to be an awareness program for promotion
Promotion
Integration	Child health programs (POSYANDU), women's savings group (ARISAN)
Human Resources
Collect raw materials	Men
Build stoves	Women
Install stoves	Women & men & extension workers
Sell stoves	Women & men & extension workers
Promote stoves	Women & men & extension workers
Trainers	Women & men & extension workers
Program leaders	Women & men & extension workers

The traditional stove (left) and the improved cookstove (right)

During stove selection stage 2 the Bedugul team made a technical evaluation of the current stove identifying design problems such as an oversized combustion chamber. They also gave credit to a fairly strong stove that was durable.

They noted that cooks sat for food preparation, cooking and serving. The ICS design was a two pothole design, with the fuel entrance and combustion chamber at the first pot hole, not between the two pot holes. The materials were mud, sand, bricks and an iron rod; the price was Rp. 3000 and the size the same as the traditional stove. The cooking and drying functions were maintained.

Stove Selection Stage 3: Dissemination of ICS

Dissemination strategy	Multilevel marketing training
Cost of ICS
Promotion	At buildings were social gatherings take place such as mosque, etc. Awareness program on health, benefits, income, time saving and small scale industry
Training and other interventions
Collection of raw materials	User and field worker
Construction of ICS	User and field worker
Selling the stove	User and field worker
Program leaders	Existing development groups i.e., women's savings group, women's health care, religious groups

The multilevel marketing training was criticized as being more comprehensive than necessary for the village of Bedugul.

The proposed stove dissemination strategy for Bedugul village.

Stove Selection Stage 4: Establishing a Workplan for Introducing the ICS on a Pilot Scale

Activities	Time Period 1997-1998	Appropriate involvement of men and women	Objectives
Needs assessment study (environment, social, economic, infrastructure and political)	3 months	Male and female field workers	To determine demand and needs, and to consider stove design possibilities based on technological and social factors
Stove design	2 months	Male and female field workers	Appropriate stove design
Stove testing WBT, CCT, KPT	1 month	Female field workers
Dissemination to households and small scale industry		Male and female field workers
Training		Field workers and male and female users
Multi-level marketing
Awareness program/promotion	2 months	Male and female field workers	Raise the acceptability of the stove, information dissemination
Monitoring & evaluation	1 month	Male and female field workers	To ensure that the ICP continues to meet the community's needs

The Bedugul group was complimented on its time and activities chart. Some questions were raised about the workplan, including the use of stove testing and its objective, the exclusion of any stove design modification activity, the use of subsidies and possible commercialization, the placement of dissemination before awareness/promotion activities, and the involvement of the community in the early stages of the project.

Group 3 - Mapak 1

Stove Selection Stage 1: Identifying the Community Context and Stove Selection Stage 2: Assessing Kitchen, User and Traditional Stove

Stoves	Current stove	Suggestions
Quantity	3 stoves (pottery, kerosene and brick)
Stove function	Cooking, drying fuel, drying fish
Raw materials	Brick, clay, metal	Mud/clay, brick, rice husks, sawdust, cowdung, metal rod/net, pipe
Cost	Pottery - Rp. 500, 2000 Metal - Rp. 8000	Minimize cost
Fuel	Kerosene and wood	Rice husks
Program Considerations
Traditions, culture, habits	Kitchen work is women's work
Promotion	Reduce cost of fuel, save time and reduce smoke
Integration	MCH-FP, women's welfare, small credit, fish processing, other development projects can cooperate
Human Resources
Collect raw materials	Women
Build stoves	Women
Install stoves	Women
Sell stoves	Women & men
Promote stoves	Women & men
Trainers	Women
Program leaders	Women & men

The Mapak 1 Group decided to introduce one ICS - a portable stove which would minimize fuel consumption and enable efficient cooking during the rainy season. Minimizing cost was also a consideration. They also planned some kitchen improvement activities, such as roof repair, addition of a cement floor and brick walls.

Traditional stoves found in Mapak I village

The improved cookstove proposed for Mapak I

A traditional kitchen in Mapak I and improvements proposed shown on the right

The proposed stove dissemination strategy for Bedugul village is shown below.

Stove Selection Stage 3: Dissemination of ICS

Dissemination strategy	Training of potters, demonstration, leaflets
Cost of ICS	Rp. 500-600
Promotion	Village: Pengembur with the help of PSP
Training and other interventions	Training of potters
Collection of raw materials	Potters
Construction of ICS	Potters
Selling the stove	Traders and potters
Program leaders	Village leader, PSP field workers

The Mapak 1 Group decided to improve the design at the production point they knew of, that is Pengembur, the site of the field visit and a potters village. However, no discussion of transport of the stoves took place. Also, it turns out that Mapak 1 is not supplied with stoves from Pengembur, but from Banyumulek.

Stove Selection Stage 4: Formulating a Workplan to Introduce the ICS on a Pilot Scale in a rural area

Activities	Target	Time period July '97- Jun '99	Who will be involved	Objectives
Recruitment of field workers	5	1/7/97 - 12/7/97	PSP director	Ensure manpower
Training of field workers	5	13/7/97 - 17/7/97	Trainer	Human resources development
Workshop	1	19/7/97	Director and liaison officer	Involve a cross-section of people
Training of potters	7 potters	24/7/97 - 31/7/97	Trainer and field workers	Develop skills
Loan disbursement	Rp. 100, 000.00 per head	1/8/97 - 6/99	Field workers and potters	Create entrepreneurs
Production	10, 000 stoves	"	Potters	Promotion
Loan recollection	Monthly	"	Potters	Promotion
M&E	M: monthly E: Formative-1 Ex post-1	"	Staff and external evaluator	Proper implementation and future direction

Because of comments given during stove selection stage 3, the Mapak 1 Group decided to move production to Mapak 1, however Mapak 1 has no potters. This was the object of some discussion. The idea behind their choice to improve stoves at the current site of production was a good one - but the correct production site must be targeted. Further discussion centered on the use of field workers, the type of loan and its repayment and the scope of the program (10, 000 stoves). A loan program may not be necessary when the ICS is so cheap. Also someone cast doubt on the earlier plan for kitchen improvement.

Group 4 - Mapak 2

Stove Selection Stage 1: Identifying the Community Context and Stove Selection Stage 2: Assessing Kitchen, User and Traditional Stove

Stoves	Current stove	Suggestions
Quantity	2 stoves (mud and ceramic)	Improve mud stove
Stove function	Drying, cooking, boiling water	Ensure efficient burning capacity
Raw materials	Mud, fibre	Use mud, fibre, rice husks, cow dung
Cost	Mud - free Ceramic - Rp. 500	The cost of the stove should be around Rp. 500
Fuel	Agricultural residues, coconut fibres, wood stems	The stove should have a bigger fire chamber in comparison to the wood stove
Program Considerations
Traditions, culture, habits	Farmers, separate kitchens, sitting position for cooking, mud stove for cooking two meals, ceramic stove for boiling water
Promotion	By three organizations: women, youth and village defence
Integration	Sanitation program, plantation program
Human Resources
Collect raw materials	Women & children
Build stoves	Women
Install stoves	Women
Sell stoves	Women & men
Promote stoves	3 organizations
Trainers	Members of 3 organizations
Program leaders	Heads of 3 organizations

Traditional stoves in Mapak II (above) and the proposed improved version on the right

The current stove was determined to result in poor combustion, evidenced by the production of too much smoke. No secondary air hole and a small firebox were also identified as problems. Heat transfer was determined to be okay but with some undesirable heat loss occurring. The group noted that food preparation, cooking and serving were all carried out in the sitting position.

The ICS design selected was to be made of mud and fibre and the same size as the traditional stove. Its functions remained the same as the traditional stove. The cost was determined at no more than Rp. 1000, with the option of no cash needed if the stove could be made by the users themselves.

Stove Selection Stage 3: Dissemination of the ICS

Dissemination strategy	Analyze the traditional stove in relation to combustion and heat transfer compare with ICS
	No more than Rp. 1000
Cost of ICS	Demonstration in different focal points
Training and other interventions	Training for awareness, stove making skills, use and maintenance
Collection of raw materials	Women stove producers
Construction of ICS	Women stove producers
Selling the stove
Program leaders	Male leaders

Stove Selection Stage 4: Establishing a Workplan for Introducing the ICS on a Pilot Scale

Activities	Appropriate involvement of men and women	Objectives
Workshop/meeting on stove efficiency	Men and women	To enable users to understand the efficiency of traditional stoves and compare with ICS based on combustion and heat transfer
Training on stove modification and building	Women	To enable users to modify and build their own improved stoves
ICP promotion through training of users on stove use, maintenance and trouble shooting	Women	To create awareness and increase acceptability
Monitoring and follow-up	Men and women	To assess progress and further development of ICPs

Social Cost Benefit Analysis

To facilitate stage 3 of the stove selection process, a social cost benefit analysis was introduced and case study handouts were distributed. Field exercise groups selected a number of factors to conduct the social cost benefit analysis for their villages. After this, groups were given a stove selection stage 3 handout and asked to fill it out and prepare to present the information. The results below were summed up from each group's presentation.

Benefits		Merembu	Bedegul	Mapak 1	Mapak 2
Need to collect less fuel	M	Ö
	W	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Gain skills as a leader	M		Ö		Ö
	W	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Shorter cooking time	M
	W	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Better kitchen environment	M	Ö
	W	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Exposed to less smoke	M
	W	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Choice of stove type	M		Ö	Ö	Ö
	W	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Improved quality product	M	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
	W	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Less time cleaning pots	M
	W	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Less money spent on fuel	M	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Disbenefits/Disadvantages		Merembu	Bedegul	Mapak 1	Mapak 2
Need to spend more money for ICS	M	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
	W
Needs more time processing fuel	M	Ö
	W	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö
Needs more time tending fire	M
	W		Ö	Ö	Ö
Change in cooking habits	M
	W		Ö	Ö	Ö
Displace indirect functions of traditional stove	M
	W		Ö	Ö	Ö
Need to buy new pots or pans	M		Ö	Ö	Ö
	W		Ö	Ö	Ö
Alters taste of food	M		Ö	Ö	Ö
	W		Ö	Ö	Ö
Negative ergonomic/working flow effects	M
	W		Ö	Ö	Ö

The grid shows overall agreement between the groups on the social cost benefit analysis, including agreement on the benefits and disbenefits for men and women. Only in Merembu were men assessed as standing to benefit from less collection of fuel, to benefit from an improved kitchen environment and to lose from more fuel processing. This suggests that men are involved in fuel collection, processing and kitchen activities in Merembu but not in other places. Also, only in Merembu were men assessed as not standing to gain by another choice in stove technology. So perhaps this suggests that the choice of the stove is the women's, not the men's choice. It should be noted that Merembu is the most urban of all the four case study communities. Men's control over money and men's decision making power are also reflected in the social cost benefit analysis.