Appendix 1.

INS/81/008 culture trial results with seabass, grouper and rabbitfish at the National Seafarming Development Centre in Teluk Hurun between 1984 and 1988

TRIAL No.	1
SPECIES CULTURED:	Siganus javus/S. canaliculatus (SGD)
	Lates calcarifer (SBS)
	Epinephelus tauvina/E. malabaricus (GPR)
AIM OF TRIAL:	General trial on the growth of rabbit fish, seabass and
	grouper in floating net cages
DIETARY TREATMENTS:	SGD	-	moist pellet A (3:1 mixture of broiler starter diet and Eucheuma seaweed)
		-	moist pellet B (100% broiler starter diet)
	SBS	-	frozen fish
	GPR	-	frozen fish
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments and species fed at 10% of their body weight per day; two feedings per day
CAGE SIZE:	1.5 × 1.5 × 3 m (6.75m³) for all species and treatments

RESULTS REPORTED:

	SGD A	SGD B	SBS	GPR
Trial length (months)	6	6	5	3
Stocking density (fish/m³)	50	50	17	10
Initial fish body weight (g)	12.34	18.08	132.14	274.2
Initial fish body length (cm)	8.22	9.95	19.4	24.2
Final fish body weight (g)	75.7	80.1	412.6	488.0
Final fish body length (cm)	16.08	17.32	38.0	29.08¹
Fish weight gain (g/fish/day)	0.352	0.344	1.87	1.93²
Fish survival (%, final)	50.0	100.0	32.47	100.0

SOURCE:

Anon (1989), Laporan Kegiatan Pelita IV, Balai Budidaya Laut 1984–1989, Lampung, 75p (Report of the activities of the Seafarming Development Centre during Repelita IV between the period 1984–1989)

COMMENTS:

Interpretation of the results is difficult because no information is given on the species composition of the rabbit fish or grouper used, the species of frozen fish fed, the moisture content of moist pellets A and B, or on the food conversion ratio observed for the different diets fed. However, the growth and survival of rabbit fish and grouper fed 100% broiler starter and frozen fish respectively, was good. It is not reported why the survival of rabbit fish fed diet A and seabass fed frozen fish was so poor.

¹ Length appears to be small bearing in mind the initial length of the fish and the high final body weight

² On the basis of the initial and final body weights reported daily weight gain is 2.37g/day and not 1.93g/day

TRIAL No.	2
SPECIES CULTURED:	Lates calcarifer (SBS)
AIM OF TRIAL:	Effect of stocking density on the growth of seabass fed frozen fish in floating net cages
DIETARY TREATMENT:	Frozen fish
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments fed at 10% body weight/day; two feedings/day
CAGE SIZE:	1 × 1 × 1 m (1m³) all treatments
TRIAL LENGTH:	6 months (180 days)

RESULTS REPORTED:

	SBS 1	SBS 2	SBS 3
Stocking density (fish/m³)	13	17	21
Initial total fish biomass (kg)	0.61	0.84	1.20
Initial fish body weight range (g)¹	46.9	49.4	57.1
Initial fish body weight range (g)	40–50	40–60	50–65
Initial fish body length range (cm)	9.5–12	9.5–13.5	12–15.5
Final total fish biomass (kg)	4.22	5.04	5.58
Final fish body weight (g)¹	324.6	336.0	328.2
Final fish body weight range (g)	252–465	218–450	167–364
Final fish body length range (cm)	26–31.5	25–31.5	21–29.5
Total food fed (kg)	33.87	43.42	48.87
Food conversion ratio	9.4	10.3	11.2
Fish weight gain (g/fish/day)	1.54	1.59 ²	1.51 ²
Fish survival (%, final)	100.0	90.0	80.0

SOURCE:	Anon (1989), Laporan Kegiatan Pelita IV, Balai Budidaya Laut 1984–1989, Lampung, 75p
COMMENTS:	As stocking density increased from 13 to 21 fish/m³ survival and food conversion efficiency increased accordingly. Food conversion efficiencies and growth rates observed were poor.

¹ Calculated figures based on fish stocking densities and initial total fish biomass figures given in report

² Re-calculated figures; original values for SBS 2 and SBS 3 in report were 1.3 and 1.2g respectively. However, no assumptions were made in these original computations for the fish mortalities which occured over the 180 day culture trial

TRIAL No.	3
SPECIES CULTURED:	Siganus canaliculatus (SGD)
AIM OF TRIAL:	Comparison between feeding live seaweed and a broiler starter pellet on the growth of rabbit fish in floating net cages
DIETARY TREATMENTS:	Live Eucheuma spinosum - 1
DIETARY TREATMENTS:	Broiler starter (moist pellet form) - 2
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments fed at 10% body weight/day; two feedings/day
CAGE SIZE:	1.5 × 1.5 × 3 m (6.75m³) all treatments
TRIAL LENGTH:	5 months (150 days)
RESULTS REPORTED:

	SGD 1	SGD 2
Stocking density (fish/cage)	88	88
Stocking density (fish/m³)	13	13
Initial total fish biomass (kg)	1.92	2.28
Initial fish body weight (g) ¹	21.8	25.9
Initial fish body weight range (g)	50–100	60–120
Initial fish body length (cm)	14–19	15–18.5
Final total fish biomass (kg)	6.847	9.698
Final fish body weight range (g) ²	55–110	85–145
Final fish body length range (cm)	16.3–20.5	18–21.5
Total food fed (kg)	93.16	116.043
Food conversion ratio ³	18.9	15.6
Fish weight gain (g/fish/day) ⁴	0.37	0.56
Fish survival (%, final)	40.0	80.0

SOURCE:

Anon (1989), Laporan Kegiatan Pelita IV, Balai Budidaya Laut 1984 – 1989, Lampung, 75p

COMMENTS:

Interpretation of results is difficult as report states that rabbit fish of 50 – 190g do not like to eat the live seaweed, but prefer rather to eat the algae growing naturally on the net. However, results reported are contradictory; final weight range of SGD 1 given as 55–110 (initial 50–100) yet final biomass reported is over three times higher than the initial biomass value (equivalent to a mean final body weight of 195.63 g assuming the 40% survival figure).

¹ Calculated figures based on reported results

² Reported weight range is very low bearing in mind final fish biomass figure

³ Re-calculated figures; original values given as 18 and 15 respectively

⁴ Daily fish weight gains reported assume no mortality over the 150 day feeding trial.

TRIAL No.	4
SPECIES CULTURED:	Epinephelus tauvina/E. malabaricus
AIM OF TRIAL:	Growth of grouper to market size in floating net cages
DIETARY TREATMENT:	Frozen fish
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments fed at 8% body weight/day; two feedings/day at 0800 and 1500h
CAGE SIZE:	1.5 × 1.5 × 3 m (6.75m³) all treatments
RESULTS REPORTED:

	E. malab. 1	E. malab. 2	E. Tauvina
Length of trial (days)	150	150	150
Initial fish stocking density (fish/m³)¹	9.03	6.22	4.15
Initial total fish biomass (kg)	20.71	18.54	8.74
Initial fish body weight (g) ¹	339.51	441.43	312.14
Initial fish body weight range (g)	140–480	205–460	75–500
Initial fish body length range (cm)	20.6–28.6	18.5–28.5	19.5–32.5
Final total fish biomass (kg)	60.54	48.95	29.97
Final fish body weight (g) ¹	992.46	1165.71	1070.36
Final fish body weight range (g)	710–1300	700–1500	800–1600
Final fish body length range (cm)	36–43.5	33–47	38–45
Total food fed (kg)	294.74	269.82	150.73
Food conversion ratio	7.4	8.9	7.0
Fish weight gain (g/fish/day)	4.35	4.82	5.05
Fish survival (%, final)	100.0	100.0	100.0

SOURCE:	Anon (1989), Laporan Kegiatan Pelita IV, Balai Budidaya Laut 1984–1989, Lampung, 75p Chan, W.L., Murdjani, M., Widodo, S. and P. Hartono (1988), The culture of seabass and the estuarine grouper in floating netcage in Teluk Hurun, pp. 81–90. In Seafarming Workshop Report, Bandar Lampung, 28 October - 1 November 1985 - Part II Technical Report, INS/81/008/GEN/2 June 1988
COMMENTS:	Good growth observed for all treatments

¹ Calculated figures based on reported results

TRIAL No.	5
SPECIES CULTURED:	Lates calcarifer (SBS)
AIM OF TRIAL:	Growth of seabass to market size in floating net cages
DIETARY TREATMENT:	Frozen fish
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments fed at 8% body weight/day; two feedings/day at 0800 and 1500h
CAGE SIZE:	1.5 × 1.5 × 3 m (6.75m³) all treatments
RESULTS REPORTED:

	SBS 1	SBS 2	SBS 3
Length of trial (days)	152	152	152
Initial fish stocking density (fish/m³)	6.37	6.07	3.40
Initial fish stocking biomass (kg)	10.53	10.67	10.03
Initial fish body weight (g) ¹	244.88	260.24	436.09
Initial fish body weight range (g)	180–320	195–400	310–600
Initial fish body length range (cm)	23–29	23.8–30	29.5–36
Final total fish biomass (kg)	38.74	35.98	25.18
Final fish body weight (g)	900.93	877.56	1094.78
Final fish body length range (cm)	32–42	33.4–44	41–48
Total food fed (kg)	228.5	192.1	124.23
Food conversion ratio	8.1	7.6	8.4
Fish weight gain (g/fish/day)	4.31	4.05	4.33
Fish survival (%, final)	100.0	100.0	100.0

SOURCE:	Anon (1989), Laporan Kegiatan Pelita IV, Balai Budidaya Laut 1984 – 1989, Lampung, 75p Chan, W.L., Murdjani, M., Widodo, S. and P. Hartono (1988), The culture of seabass and the estuarine grouper in floating netcage in Teluk Hurun, pp. 81–90. In Seafarming Workshop Report, Bandar Lampung, 28 October - 1 November 1985 - Part II Technical Report, INS/81/008/GEN/2 June 1988
COMMENTS:	Good growth observed for all treatments

¹ Calculated figure based on reported results

TRIAL No.	6
SPECIES CULTURED:	Lates calcarifer
AIM OF TRIAL:	Effect of moist pelleted feeds on the growth of seabass in floating net cages
DIETARY TREATMENTS:	Three dietary treatments were tested;
	SBS	1	-	Frozen fish (control)
	SBS	2	-	Frozen moist pellet A (Trash fish 46%, fish meal 24%, soybean meal 14%, bone meal 4%, mussel meat 2%, fish oil 3%, seaweed binder 5%, vitamin premix 2%)
	SBS	3	-	Frozen moist pellet B (Trash fish 20%, fish meal 35%, soybean meal 25%, bone meal 4%, rice bran 4%, mussel meat 2%, fish oil 3%, seweed binder 5%, vitamin premix 2%)
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments fed at 10% body weight/day; four feedings/day at 0800, 1100, 1400 and 1700h
CAGE SIZE:	1 × 1 × 1 m (1m³) all treatments

RESULTS REPORTED:

	SBS 1	SBS 2	SBS 3
Length of trial (days)	180	180	180
Initial fish stocking density	60	60	60
Initial total fish biomass (kg)	10.71	10.71	10.71
Initial fish body weight (g)	178.64	178.64	178.64
Final total fish biomass (kg)	19.20	14.37	15.15
Final fish body weight (g)	331.05	266.16	270.10
Total food fed (kg)	83.60	65.75	68.92
Food conversion ratio	9.85	17.95	15.70
Fish weight gain (g/fish/day) ¹	0.85	0.49	0.51
Final fish stocking density	58	54	56
Fish survival (%, final) ²	97	90	93

SOURCE:	Anon (1989), Laporan Kegiatan Pelita IV, Balai Budidaya Laut 1984 – 1989, Lampung, 75p
COMMENTS:	Growth of fish poor; trash fish controls growing much faster and having a food conversion ratio almost half that of fish fed moist pelleted diets. Cost of diets reported as Rp 500/kg for frozen fish, Rp 720/kg for pellet A and Rp 775/kg for pellet B.

¹ Calculated figures based on reported results

² Re-calculated figures; original report states survival of 90.75% and 90.33% for SBS1 and SBS3 respectively. However, final fish stocking densities suggest that survival was higher.

TRIAL No.	7
SPECIES CULTURED:	Lates calcarifer (SBS)
AIM OF TRIAL:	Effect of different dietary feeding regimes on the growth of fingerling seabass in indoor experimental tanks
DIETARY TREATMENTS:	Three dietary treatments were tested:
	SBS	1	-	Frozen fish control (control)
	SBS	2	-	Frozen moist pellet A (Trash fish 46%, fish meal 25%, bone meal 4%, rice bran 4%, fish oil 3%, soybean meal 10%, vitamin premix 1%, mussel meat 2%, seaweed gum 5%)
	SBS	3	-	Frozen moist pellet B (Trash fish 35%, fish meal 25%, soybean meal 10%, bone meal 4%, rice bran 4%, fish oil 5%, vitamin premix 1%, mussel meat 1%, seaweed gum 5%)
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments fed at 20% body weight/day; two feedings/day
TANK SIZE:	60 litre containers
RESULTS REPORTED:

	SBS 1	SBS 2	SBS 3
Length of feeding trial (days)	30	30	30
Initial fish stocking density/tank	18	18	18
Initial total fish biomass (g)	5.652	5.652	5.652
Initial fish body weight (g)	0.3014	0.3014	0.3014
Initial fish body length (mm)	19.2	19.2	19.2
Final total fish biomass (g)	6.559	3.053	1.319
Final fish body weight (g)	0.6653	0.4710	0.3747
Final fish body length (mm)	34.366	30.166	26.846
Total food fed (g)	67.824	67.824	67.824
Food conversion ratio	10	22	51
Fish body weight increase (g)	0.3644	0.1696	0.0733

SOURCE:	Anon (1989), Laporan Kegiatan Pelita IV, Balai Budidaya Laut 1984 – 1989, Lampung, 75p
COMMENTS:	Interpretation of results impossible due to errors in figures presented; ie. on the basis of the values reported fish mortality was higher in treatments SBS 2 and 3 (see final total fish biomass value) and food conversion likewise (on the basis of reported figures food conversion ratio for SBS 1, 2 and 3 is calculated as 74.8 and negative, respectively (SBS 2 and 3 lost weight).

TRIAL No.	8
SPECIES CULTURED:	Lates calcarifer (SBS)
AIM OF TRIAL:	Effect of different dietary feeding regimes on the growth of seabass in floating net cages
DIETARY TREATMENTS:	Three dietary treatments were tested:
	SBS	1	-	Frozen fish (Clupea sp. ‘Tanjan’, Control)
	SBS	2	-	Frozen moist pellet A (Trash fish 46%, fish meal 25%, soybean meal 14%, fish oil 3%, meat and bone meal 4%, mussel meat 2%, seaweed gum 5%, vitamin premix 1%; proximate composition (dry matter basis) given as 55.93% protein, 10.77% fat, 15.78% ash, 2.17% carbohydrate and 3.99% calcium; moisture content 45.31%)
	SBS	3	-	Frozen moist pellet B (Trash fish 35%, fish meal 25%, soybean meal 10%, 15% rice bran 15%, fish oil 5%, meat and bone meal 4%, seaweed gum 5%, vitamin premix 1%, proximate composition (dry matter basis) siven as 39.26% protein, 11.55% fat, 16.75% ash, 2.72% carbohydrate and 3.01% calcium; moisture content 42.76%)
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments fed to satiation four times daily at 0800, 1100, 1400 and 1700h
STOCKING DENSITY:	55/m³ for all treatments; three replicates/treatment

PRELIMINARY RESULTS REPORTED:

	SBS 1	SBS 2	SBS 3
Mean fish body weight (g)
Week 0	21.2	41.3	37.7
Week 4	59.4	80.2	63.6
Week 8	116.7	102.3	94.5
Week 12	136.0	109.1	93.6

Fish mortality: considerable mortality reported after one month for fish fed SBS 2 and 3; after two months the disease signs included fin and scale loss, lower jaw edema, reddish discolouration near caudal fin, and abnormal colouration. This mortality was believed to have been due to the poultry vitamin premix used in the moist diet formulations which would have been low in thiamine and pyridoxine, and deficient in vitamin C and inositol. By contrast, fish fed the control trash fish diet displayed less than 5% mortality after three months.

SOURCE:	Meyers, S.P. (1987), A summary follow-up report for the Seafarming Project INS/81/008 at Teluk Hurun, Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia, 22p. INS/81/008/GEN/5 September 1987
COMMENTS:	Results indicate the clear necessity for a complete vitamin premix; apart from observed fish mortalities growth of fish fed moist pellet A and B from week 8 to 12 was negligible and even negative in the case of diet B. No additional information is available as this feeding trial was still in progress after the visit of Dr Meyers (trial was initiated on 16 March 1987; Meyers, 1987).

TRIAL No.	9
SPECIES CULTURED:	Siganus canaliculatus (SGD)
AIM OF TRIAL:	Effect of different dietary feeding regimes on the growth of rabbit fish in floating net cages
DIETARY TREATMENTS:	Three dietary treatments were tested:
	SGD	1	-	Broiler starter diet (moist pelleted form; proximate dry matter composition given as protein 18.62%, lipid 4.35%, ash 8.34%, calcium 1.30%, carbohydrate 38.55%, and moisture content as 46.0%)
	SGD	2	-	Moist pellet C (70% broiler starter diet, 15% fish meal, 8% rice bran, 5% seaweed gum; proximate diet composition on a dry matter basis given as protein 24.15%, lipid 6.86%, ash 13.41%, calcium 1%, carbohydrate 30.95%, and moisture content as 43.84%)
	SGD	3	-	Moist pellet B (20% fish meal, 25% soybean meal, 27.5% rice bran, 10% corn meal, 10% coconut meal, 5% seaweed gum, 2% fish oil, 0.5% vitamin premix; proximate diet composition on a dry matter basis given as protein 30.52%, lipid 5.90%, ash 5.09%, calcium 1.48%, carbohydrate 10.31% and moisture content as 46.96%)
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments fed at 10% body weight/day; four feedings/day at 0800, 1100, 1400 and 1700h
STOCKING DENSITY:	150 fish/m³, three cages/dietary treatment, 1m³ cages
TRIAL LENGTH:	120 days

RESULTS REPORTED:

	SGD 1	SGD 2	SGD 3
Initial total fish biomass (kg)	2.1	2.1	2.1
Initial fish body weight (g) ¹	4.7	4.7	4.7
Final total fish biomass (kg)	22.6	25.2	40.3
Final fish body weight (g) ¹	52.2	62.5	96.6
Total food fed (kg)	164.41	148.76	154.71
Food conversion ratio	8.02	6.44	4.05
Fish survival (%, final)	96.23	89.56	92.67

SOURCE:	Anon (1989), Laporan Kegiatan Pelita IV, Balai Budidaya Laut 1984 – 1989, Lampung, 75p Kungvankij, P., Meyers, S.P., Budirahardjo and M. Kadari (1988), Growth and survival of rabbit fish (Siganus canaliculatus) on three formulated diets. INS/81/008 Technical Paper No.5
COMMENTS:	Excellent growth reported. Diet costs given as Rp 400/kg for SGD 1, Rp 405.5/kg for SGD 2 and Rp 380/kg for SGD 3 (ingredient costs only; do not include handling and processing). Poultry vitamin premix used.

¹ Meyers (1987) reports initial fish body weights of SGD 1, 2 and 3 as 3.35g, 6.09g and 4.67g respectively, and gives body weight after 3 months as 33.3g, 47.2g and 66.1g respectively.

TRIAL No.	10
SPECIES CULTURED:	Siganus canaliculatus (SGD)
AIM OF TRIAL:	Effect of stocking density on the growth of rabbit fish in floating net cages
DIETARY TREATMENT:	All fish and treatments fed a moist pelleted diet. Formulation - fish meal 20%, soybean meal 25%, corn meal 10%, rice bran 27.5%, broiler starter meal 10%, fish oil 2%, pfizer vitamin premix 0.5%, seaweed gum 5%; diet contains 25.4% protein.
FEEDING REGIME:	All treatments fed at 15, 10 and 5% body weight/day during the first, second and third month respectively; three feedings/day at 0800, 1100 and 1600h
CAGE SIZE/REPLICATION:	Fish housed in 1m³ cages; three cages per fish stocking density tested
TRIAL LENGTH:	3 months (90 days)

RESULTS REPORTED:

Fish stocking density/m³	125	150	175
Initial fish body weight (g)	4.596	4.596	4.596
Initial fish body length (cm)	4.936	4.936	4.936
Final fish body weight (g) ¹	33.216	36.190	34.817
Fish weight gain (g/fish/day)	0.319	0.351	0.336
Fish survival (%, final) ²	61.60	68.89	58.86

SOURCE: Mr. M. Kadari (unpublished data)

COMMENTS: No apparent effect of stocking density on growth.

¹ Fish body weights based on a sample of only 10 fish from a cage population up to 175 fish. Results may therefore not reveal true situation. Furthermore it is impossible with certainty to calculate food conversion efficiency as no total fish biomass estimate was made.

² No reason given for high fish mortality observed