Annex VIII (Cont.)

Appendix 3

PROGRESS REPORT OF THE
NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF RLCC
(Mr. Shan Jian)

I. INTRODUCTION

The implementation of the activities of the Regional Lead Centre in China (RLCC) has been making further progress since the Second Advisory Committee Meeting held in Bangkok last December. This is attributed to the strong support provided by the Chinese Government. Training, research and construction of additional facilities have continued to dominate the activities of RLCC. The information activity will soon be implemented. The HP3000 computer is being installed in a specially designed computer room, the construction of which has been completed.

Construction of the new Research and Training Building has been initiated soon after its plan and design have been approved.

II. FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT AND STAFF

More recreation facilities catering to the needs of trainees from the region have been added. These include horizontal and parallel bars and renovation of the basket-ball court. Along with the trainees recreation building which houses a ping-pong table, indoor games and a television, the recreation needs of the trainees are being met. Facilities for the training activity are now complete. These include two dormitories, a building for dining, a library, classroom and laboratories, and recreation facilities.

The construction of the concrete road leading to the centre and the enclosing wall have also been completed along with more staff quarters.

Plans for the new 4-storeyed Research and Training Building of 4500 m² in floor area have been approved, and construction work has begun. It is expected to be completed by the end of next year. Meanwhile, the centre is using the new facilities of its host institution, the Changjiang Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI), including the 3-storeyed research building of 3500 m² and the 85 ponds of total water surface area of about 80 mu* or 5.3 ha. The ponds, with size range of 0.1–6.0 mu consist of 4 × 0.1 mu concrete ponds and 61 earthen ponds, including 28 of 0.5 mu, 19 of 1.0 mu, 10 of 2.0 mu and four of 6.0 mu. Livestock pens will be constructed along the embankment of some of these ponds.

* 1 mu = 667 m²

Through integration with CFRI whose director is Mr. Liu Shiying, the centre has now expanded its capacity for implementing the activities of the Network. With Mr. Yang Lu-wei as the Adviser of CFRI, it is expected that the centre will make rapid progress in its contribution to aquaculture development in the region.

RLCC has also increased the number of its technical manpower by six, four for information activity and two for administration. Apart from supportive staff, the total number of technical and administrative personnel at RLCC is 52. The centre also draws upon the technical services of the host institution to implement its activities, especially in training and research.

Mr. R.D. Zweig, the FAO Research and Training Adviser of the centre departed in January 1983 after the completion of his one year contract. The centre and its staff wish to place on record their appreciation for his valuable services rendered during the initial phase of operation.

III. TRAINING ACTIVITY

1. Preparation for the Third Training Course

Based on the experience gained during the first two courses, and feedbacks from the centre staff and former trainees, the programme of activities for the Third Training Course was planned with the objective of ensuring a more effective training for the participants. More emphasis was placed on practical and field work, enriching the content of the study tours and increasing the number of farms and the duration for field investigations. Suggestions and comments were invited from various workers and institutions and necessary amendments were made. Lectures covering the following main areas were given:

• Biology and artificial propagation of major Chinese carps

• Culture of fry, fingerling and food fish

• Main fish diseases, prevention and control

• Models of integrated farming system and economic benefit

• Design of integrated fish farm with crop production and animal husbandry

The practicum and field surveys were organized in close association with the lectures. Comprehensive arrangements of basic daily necessities, sports and recreation activities were also made for the trainees. All aspects of the preparation were completed with the backup support of the Chinese Government and institutions concerned, including NACA.

The Third Training Course commenced with a welcoming ceremony on 18 April 1983 and successfully completed on 15 August 1983, thus fulfilling the training task of the centre for the year.

2. Participants of the Third Training Course

Attending the training course were 16 participants from eight countries in the Asia-Pacific region, namely, Bangladesh, Burma, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All participants have several years of aquaculture experience. With the exception of one, all possess either bachelors or masters degrees in related biological and fisheries sciences. They have demonstrated keen interest and enthusiasm in the training course and their work performance has been exemplary. In order to benefit from the course it is hoped that candidates of similar standard will be nominated for future courses by governments in the region.

The list of participants appears as Attachment 1.

3. Activities of the Third Training Course

The course covered a period of 120 days from 18 April to 15 August 1983. Except for 18 Sundays for sight seeing, rest or recreational activities, 102 days were used for training. Some 30 days were for lectures on the mentioned subjects and the remainder for laboratory and field work with 3 days devoted to seminar. The practicum including field surveys were organized after careful consideration, and these were closely related to the lectures given. Although field work and farm investigation were mainly conducted in the neighbouring Holei Fish Farm and Xinan Fish Farm, the following study tours were organized:

These dtudy tours were intended to provide the trainees a better appreciation of the different integrated fish farming systems as practised in different agro-climatic conditions, in the Changjiang River Basin in the temperate area, and in the Pearl River Delta in the subtropical area.

In order to provide the trainees with a better understanding of the freshwater fishery activities in China, guest speakers, including specialists and academicians from other institutions were invited to give lectures on fisheries resources and management of Taihu Lake, wastes utilization for biogas production, field machinery for freshwater fishery and aquaculture operations, etc.

Report writing on various subjects of the training course and on field investigations was a part of the training. In order to widen the knowledge of the trainees on the progress of aquaculture development in the region, seminars were organized for them to present their respective national aquaculture activities and development, and to exchange views and information. Regular tests were also given. At the final examination all participants passed with satisfactory results, and subsequently received certificates of proficiency.

During a review of the training course prior to their departure from China, the participants spoke highly of the training they received. The balanced approach was much appreciated especially in relation to lectures before practicum. They were particularly pleased with the 100% success which individual participants achieved in the artificial propagation of the Chinese carp at the Yixing Fish Farm.

4. Visit of the RLCP-based Training Course Participants

Twenty-one trainees from the Regional Lead Centre in the Philippines led by Dr. T.E. Chua, visited the centre from August 25 to September 7. Lectures given were similar to those given to the participants of the Third Training Course. Laboratory work and visits to fish farms were also organized. Efforts were made to enable the trainees to receive a fairly comprehensive understanding of the freshwater fish culture in China.

IV. RESEARCH ACTIVITY

The research conducted at the China Lead Centre is aimed at establishing a better understanding of the biological processes that are taking place in fish ponds under the Chinese system of integrated farming. This understanding is essential for the transfer and adaptation of the technology, developed over many years of practical experience, in countries with different agro-climatic conditions. On the other hand, as an interim measure and for a more rapid dissemination of information needed for formulating policy for integrated rural development in the region, efforts are also being made to collect data from various integrated fish farms operating in different parts of the country. This is in preparation for the modelling studies of different integrated fish farming systems as practised in China. When developed, these models based on production and economic parameters could be adapted in other countries.

The research activity at RLCC is very much strengthened by the pond facilities made available at CFRI. Better designed experiments is now possible.

The centre has continued with its research on the following:

1. Comparative studies on the performance of different livestock manures in relation to fish production.

2. Studies on the relationship between size and depth of manured ponds and fish yield.

3. Modelling of integrated fish farming systems as practised in China.

Preliminary results of these studies are briefly described below.

1. Comparative studies on the performance of different livestock manures in relation to fish production

The content and scale of the experiment were more substantial than that conducted in 1982. In addition to the manure from chicken, pig and cow, duck manure was included in the comparative study. The ponds used were larger and one mu (667 m²) each in size, instead of the 15 m²- concrete ponds used in 1982. Efforts were also made to ensure that the manures given were constitutionally uniform and stable, and that the amount given was maintained at a standard rate for all ponds. Improvement was also made in the sampling and determination of various biological and physico-chemical factors.

The experiment began on March 19, 1983. The manures were applied at 20% of body weight of the fish every week. The fingerlings stocked at a rate of 1000/mu were composed of one-year old silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), big head (Aristichthys nobilis), Japanese koi (Carassius carassius), and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at the ratio of 9:2:6:3. Water sampling was made continuously from April 3 to 9 and from May 8 to 18, and determinations were made on the standing crops of phytoplanktons and aquatic microbes as well as chemical and physical parameter of water in the experimental and control ponds, according to the “Outline Research Programme”. Preliminary results show that:

1. Survival rate in the experimental ponds in 1983 (94%) was higher than that of 1982 (90%).

2. Manure conversion coefficient was better, from a high of 5.7 in 1982 to 2.5 in 1983.

3. The increment coefficient of fish body weight in 1983 is higher than that of 1982. They are 3.58, 3.16, 3.15 and 2.53 in the ponds applied with manures of chicken, duck, pig and cow respectively.

4. Stocking rate was 1000/mu in 1983 and 2220/mu in 1982 but fish production was 370 jin*/mu and 275 jin/mu respectively.

* 1 jin = 500 gm

The 1982 data have been analyzed and a working paper is being prepared for circulation to participating governments.

2. Studies on the relationship between size and depth of manured ponds and fish yields

Last year the experiment was performed in five ponds ranging in size of 1.0 mu, 2.4 mu, 3.1 mu, 4.7 mu and 5.7 mu at the Wuxi fish Farm. Results showed that the 5.7 mu pond was better than any other ponds in terms of fish yield, plankton and dissolved oxygen. This year, the experiment was repeated, but in larger ponds. Four ponds ranging in size of 1 mu, 3 mu, 5 mu and 11 mu were selected. The fish stocked in January were composed of silver carp, big head, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Wuchang fish (megalobrame amblycephala), Japanese koi and common carp at the stocking ratio and density of 3:1:3:2:2:1 and 1200/mu respectively. The body weight of silver carp was 100 g, big head 150 g, grass carp 300 g, Wuchang fish 85 g, common carp 100 g and koi 130 g. The stocking weight per mu was 177 kg in the 1 mu-pond, 178 kg in the 3 mu-pond, 178 kg in the 5 mu-pond and 163 kg in the 11 mu-pond. Based on the “Outline Research Programme”, the ponds were applied with pig manure and green fodder. Pig manure was supplied by the fish farm. In spring and summer, the ponds were applied with English rye grass (Colium penne) as the main feeds and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) as additional feeds. In autumn and winter, aquatic weeds and terrestrial grasses were used.

Measure was made on the total nitrogen in the pond mud, rye grass and pig manure before the stocking of fingerlings. Analysis was also made on the pond water for total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, monthly phytoplankton standing crops (chlorophyll method), zooplankton (qualitative & quantitative) and primary productivity. Because of exceptional floods in the Wuxi area, some of the ponds were damaged. This might affect the experiment to some extent. This experiment is still in progress.

3. Modelling of integrated fish farming systems as practised in China

In preparation for the development of models for different integrated fish farming systems, a survey project for the data collection of farm operations has been initiated late last year. A thorough investigation of the Holei Fish Farm has been completed. The report is being edited for publication as a working paper.

In 1983, the survey programme has been expanded. Concerted effort has been directed at the collection and analysis of farm data in the province of Guangdong in the south and Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the north with much mobilisation of staff. Three reports have been prepared for the proposed modelling workshop scheduled for 25 October 1983 in Wuxi, a day before the Third Advisory Committee Meeting. These reports are (a) Characteristics of Integrated Fish Farming in China, (b) Integrated Management of Fish-cum-crop and its economics and (c) Mulberry Cultivation, Sericulture and Fish Farming -- A Man-made Ecosystem.

During the course of data collection, the rich variety of integrated fish farming practices has become more apparent. It is a result of accumulation of varying conditions, time and place, as well as the practical experience and customs of the local populace. Every model is a system of balanced ecology and economics. Each model has different characteristics which are subject to changes in accordance to socio-economics and development. In order to adapt these models in different agro-climatic conditions and to understand the effects of these characteristics, it is of vital importance to conduct more comprehensive investigations.

4. Delta Carbon as a tracer of nutrient pathways

With the assistance of NACA, Dr. G. Schroeder provided consultancy on the use of stable carbon isotope (delta C) as a tool to trace the carbon pathways from agriculture and livestock wastes which end up in fish flesh through the food web in an integrated fish pond. Preliminary analyses of δC values were made on fish, phytoplankton, periphyton, pig manure, vegetation and pond mud. The results as published in working paper NACA/WP/83/8 show that the δC method could be an effective tool in establishing a better understanding of the pond biological processes in an integrated fish farm. This understanding would enable the transfer and adaptation of integrated fish farming technology in areas with different agro-climatic conditions. Experiments related to δ C are being planned.

V. INFORMATION ACTIVITY

The centre received the HP3000 in June this year. In preparation for the implementation of the information activity several technicians were sent for training in Beijing at the China Computer Centre and the Sharp Company.

Construction of physical facilities for the information activity has been completed. These are:

• A computer room of 30 m² with false flooring

• An operation room of 15 m² with false flooring

• A changing room of 15 m²

• An office of 12 m²

The computer and its peripherals have been installed. During testing it was found that the main HP3000/40 had power supply failure. It is now being repaired by the China HP representative in Beijing. Upon unpacking for installation, the line conditioner ISOREG 5 KVA and the software (Basic and Fortran) and edition system were not found in the package.

VI. MAJOR PROBLEMS

Except for some teething problems related to newly constructed facilities, there have been no major problems which impede the implementation of NACA activities. The centre has benefitted much under the new administrative arrangement.

The centre is now well-equipped to meet the regional training needs in integrated fish farming. All basic training facilities have been constructed and are in operation. With the completion of the Research and Training Building, the training capacity of the centre will be further strengthened. It is hoped that these facilities specially built for regional training will continue to be utilized for the benefit of developing countries.

VII. PROPOSED PROGRAMME OF ACTIVITIES FOR 1984

The centre will continue and expand its research activity. Special effort will be made to study the biological processes, especially the carbon pathways in fish pond fed with agricultural and livestock wastes. The centre will soon be in a position to implement its information activity. With the arrival of the ADCP System Analyst expected in late October, the information activity will be launched. The data which have been collected from integrated fish farms for the modelling exercise will be fed into the computer using the AQUIS Data Input Sheets received from ADCP. Training activity will continue to be improved. Preparations are now being made for the 4th Training Course.

In looking back at the establishment of the new centre and the implementation of its activities, much progress has been achieved since the centre started operation slightly over 2 years ago. Now that it is almost at the take-off phase, it is hoped that the momentum of progress will be maintained with continued support by all concerned.

Attachment 1

Participants of the Third Training Course

RLCC, Wuxi

Appendix 4

REPORT OF THE

NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF RLCI
(Dr. V.R.P. Sinha)

I. ESTABLISHMENT OF CENTRE AND ITS FACILITIES

The Trainees' Hostel is almost completed which will house both national and international trainees. 94 living quarters of the first phase are completed and are being occupied by scientific and other staff of the Centre. The stationing of the scientific, technical and other support personnel at farm site has given further impetus to the progress of research work envisaged under the RLCI.

The back-sector ponds, damaged during the 1982 floods, are being renovated while construction of 101 new ponds in the back sector which includes 60 nursery ponds (20 × 20 m), 28 rearing ponds (40 × 20 m) and 13 stocking ponds (100 × 30 m) is also almost completed. A major part of the farm road in the back sector has been constructed which has greatly facilitated the construction work of ponds in the back sector of the farm.

Two 15 HP pumps have been procured and installed to supply water to the experimental ponds during the lean period when irrigation canal is closed. The Public Health Engineering Department has also initiated necessary action on the hatchery construction and sinking of RCC well for supply of water to the hatchery is under progress. Work order for construction of garages, farm stores and workshop has been awarded by the CPWD and the work is in progress. A wind-mill has been installed at the farm site for experimental studies on the economics of different sources of water for undrainable ponds.

II. RESEARCH ACTIVITY

While research investigations have been continuing in the fields of fish pathology, fish genetics, fish nutrition, feed formulation, reproductive physiology, bio-modelling, a new laboratory has been set up for investigations on Pond Microbiology. Multidisciplinary research work on carp farming system has made further progress.

1. Pond Microbiology

A pond environmental monitoring system involving 31 parameters has been evolved to study the chemical, bio-chemical and biological (including microbiological) characteristics of undrainable fish culture ponds. All the parameters having direct relevance to the fish culture practice in undrainable ponds have been included in this monitoring system avoiding other parameters which require sophisticated instrumentation and highly skilled staff. A survey of 32 fish ponds in the Districts of Puri and Cuttack involving these parameters revealed that the sediment contains practically no animals as natural feed for bentho-phagous fishes but while the pond water is deficient, the sediment is rich in nutrients and efforts are hence afoot to evolve suitable technologies to enhance the productivity of the ponds by recycling the nutrients locked up in the sediment.

A gas collector has been fabricated at the Centre to collect the gases produced and trapped in the sediment during bacterial action. In addition, a sediment sampler was also designed and fabricated to collect the samples from heavily silted rural ponds.

2. Gynogenesis in silver carp

Artificial gynogenesis has been successfully done through fertilization of eggs with genetically inactivated sperms of the same species by using ultraviolet rays followed by thermal shocks. Rearing of the gynogenetic fry of silver carp is in progress.

3. Fish nutrition and feed technology

A pelleted feed with 30% protein was prepared and the same is being evaluated.

4. Ichthyopathology and fish health protection

Primary monolayer cell cultures prepared from Indian major carp tissues have been grown and are being maintained and sub-cultivated. These have also been used for diagnostic virology.

A rear deposition of haemosiderin pigment (haemosiderosis) has been observed in Indian major carp, Catla catla. Its implications and probable relevance to the poor gonadal maturity are being studied.

A communicable disease resulting in emaciation, haemorrphages on body surface and accumulation of ascitic fluid in the coelomic cavity was encountered in silver carp. Identification of the bacterial pathogen isolated from kidney, liver, heart and coelomic fluid is in progress. Heavy deposits of haemosiderin have also been found in the liver.

Use of drugs to reduce post-handling mortality of fish is being studied. Preliminary trials with incorporation of ascorbic acid and preliminary investigations on oxytetracycline in the feed 2–3 days prior to handling have indicated that the ascorbic acid-antibiotic combination is the most effective. Further standardization of dosages is in progress.

5. Bio-economic modelling

Studies on fasting catabolism have been initiated with a view to collecting the data for bio-economic modelling.

6. Multidisciplinary research project

Further work on environment and nutrition of brood stock, quantitative analysis of gonadotropins in common carp, rearing of fry and fingerlings with aeration, increasing fish production from ponds with aeration, etc., are progressing well. The first set of experiments on the effects of aeration on the growth and survival of silver carp fry has been completed. The fry (47 mm/0.95 gm) stocked @ 0.02 million/ha in .02 ha nurseries with three different treatments viz., with feed/ organic fertilizer/inorganic fertilizer attained the maximum growth in aerated ponds with feed (141 mm/20.1 gm) as against 138 mm/18.1 gm and 99 mm/6.5 gm with organic and inorganic fertilizers respectively. The growth with the treatments in non-aerated ponds was 86 mm/5.8 gm, 78 mm/6.0 gm and 71 mm/5.1 gm with feed, organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer respectively.

A set of experiments conducted in 10 non-drainable ponds (0.1 ha each) with a view to determine the production potential of such ponds under different package of management practices viz., (1) with feed, fertilizer and aeration, (2) with only feed and fertilizer, (3) with organic and inorganic fertilizers, (4) with organic manure alone and (5) with only manual inputs, involving no cash cost, is in progress with one replicate for each practice.

7. Micro-encapsulated whole egg diet

A freeze-dried preparation of micro-encapsulated whole egg diet fortified with minerals and vitamins, done for the first time at ‘Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology Laboratory’, FARTC, Dhauli, was tested on the spawn of Asiatic grass carp and silver carp in the lab.

Grass carp spawn (6.5 mm/0.0018 gm), stocked at 1.5/litre in 8-litre glass jars and fed ad libitum on the micro-encapsulated diet/ pelletized traditional feed comprising a 1:1 mixture of groundnut oil cake and rice bran, attained a length and weight of 10.90 mm/0.0095 gm in jars provided with micro-encapsulated diet as against 9.86 mm/0.0060 gm in jars with traditional feed indicating 1.57 times better growth in weight with micro-encapsulated diet. Three replicates were maintained for both the control and experimental jars and the experiment run at 28–30°C for a period of 15 days. The protein content of the traditional feed was 23.4% as against 46.8% of encapsulated diet.

In another experiment, silver carp spawn (8.2 mm/0.0030 gm), stocked at 1.5/litre in 8-litre glass jars in three replicates each and fed on the same diets but on an iso-proteinous level attained a length and weight of 13.97 mm/0.01958 gm and 11.90 mm/0.01171 gm respectively, when fed on the traditional feed (protein 23.4%) and encapsulated diet (46.8%) indicating 1.6 times faster growth in weight with traditional feed as compared to the encapsulated diet. The feeding rate of traditional feed was, however, four times the initial weight of silver carp spawn and worked out to half (two times) in case of encapsulated diet to maintain the iso nitrogenous level. Silver carp thus showed just the opposite trend in growth when compared with grass carp.

8. Economics projects

Studies on economic analysis of experimental, pilot scale and large scale freshwater aquaculture operations in India is progressing. Regression analysis considering five variables viz., (i) organic NPK, (ii) inorganic NPK, (iii) feed protein, (iv) stocking number and (v) size on data pertaining to 38 case studies on composite fish culture in the eastern region is being attempted.

In another study on the economics of filling undrainable ponds through different sources of water supply, it was shown that the cost was minimum when the water was drawn from the wind mill (Rs 1000/ha-m) followed by irrigation canal (Rs 1080/ha-m) and diesel (Rs 1800/ha-m). The maximum expenditure was incurred on the supply through dug wells (Rs 2250/ha-m). The rates of diesel and electricity in the present analysis were Rs 1.31/1 and Rs 0.16/KW/hr (1979–80 level).

9. Control of copepods in nurseries

Investigations on the effects of malathion treatment and prophylactic measures on the survival rate of common carp fry during larval rates could be easily increased by treating the nurseries with malathion at 0.25 ppm five days prior to stocking for controlling the larger copepods. Prophylactic treatment with oxytetracycline and potassium permanganate solution before stocking further increased the survival rates. In a statistically-designed experiment in sixteen 0.01 ha ponds, a survival of 54.5% was recorded with malathion treatment + medication as against 45.5% with malathion treatment and 26.75% with medication alone. The survival in the control ponds was 16.25% only.

III. TRAINING ACTIVITY

Training programmes have been undertaken for national and international fellows on various aspects of freshwater aquaculture. Participants of the Third Training Course for Senior Aquaculturists in Asia visited RLCI during 30 July-12 August 1983. Lecture notes were prepared and distributed to the participants.

Under the Lab to Land Programme, demonstrations on fish seed rearing were arranged for 30 farmers in different villages. Integration of fish culture with horticulture was also demonstrated to them to enhance their economic returns. Extension programmes under Lab to Land, KVK (Farm Science Centre) and Trainers' Training Centre (TTC) have been further intensified.

IV. INFORMATION ACTIVITY

The Computer Maintenance Corporation of India (CMC) is being entrusted the job of site preparation, installation and maintenance of the HP3000 computer on a turn key basis. Action has been taken to fill up the input data sheets to initiate AQUIS.

Appendix 5

PROGRESS REPORT OF THE

NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF RLCP
(Dr. A.C. Santiago, Jr.)

I. INTRODUCTION

RLCP continues to implement the three project activities of NACA in accordance with the recommendations of the Second Advisory Committee Meeting held in Bangkok last December 14–15, 1982. The host institution, SEAFDEC AQD, has changed its administration as of January, 1983. The new chief, Dr. A.C. Santiago, Jr., becomes the Director of RLCP based on the Memorandum of Understanding between SEAFDEC and NACA.

II. PROGRESS OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

1. Training Programme

1.1 Completion of the Second Training Course for Senior Aquaculturists in Asia and the Pacific Region 1982–1983 Session

The Second NACA Training Course for Senior Aquaculturists in Asia and the Pacific Region ended last 25 March 1983 with 16 participants from eight countries receiving their diplomas in a closing ceremony held at the SEAFDEC compound. Over 100 guests attended the graduation ceremony which included UNDP Deputy Resident Representative, Mr. Ross Milley, FAO Representative, Mr. Peer Hijmans, Indian Ambassador to the Philippines, R.K. Jerach and Mr. Joemarie Gerochi of the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Top officials of the host institution and the University of the Philippines in the Visayas were also present.

Fourteen out of the sixteen participants received the degree of Master of Aquaculture on 28 April 1982. Attachment 1 shows the list of participants with the corresponding diplomas and degrees awarded.

One participant, Mr. Florentino Apud, was not admitted to the UPV Master of Aquaculture Programme as he had already earned a Master of Science Degree (major in Aquaculture) from the same University. The other participant was not successful in the Comprehensive Examination of the University although he completed all the course requirements.

1.2 Third Training Course for Aquaculturists in Asia and the Pacific Region, 1983–1984 Session

The third training course formally began on 25 March 1982 with 21 participants, five from the host country - the Philippines, three from Indonesia, two each from the People's Republic of China, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Thailand and one each from Vietnam, Nepal, Korea, Singapore and Pakistan.

The increase in the number of participants over last year's may indicate the growing interest among governments and aquaculturists in the region.

Ten out of the twenty-one trainees are sponsored by SEAFDEC AQD. They are from the Philippines (5), Singapore (1), Thailand (2) and Malaysia (2). Three are supported by IDRC with two from Indonesia and one from Sri Lanka. The rest of the trainees are FAO sponsored (Attachment 2).

The trainees were given a pre-course examination on 28 March 1983. Their performance along with their biodata and cultural background were analyzed. The pre-course examination revealed the following:

1. At least one trainee each from China and Indonesia are seriously handicapped in the following training course due to poor command of the English language. They have great difficulty in reading, writing and understanding English.

2. Other trainees from China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Korea and Thailand are rather weak in English but can easily catch up through specific language training.

3. Most of them are weak in statistics, however, majority have a sound knowledge of aquaculture.

The participants visited Thailand (3–30 July, 1983) to study the various major aquaculture practices especially on those species of regional importance such as Macrobrachium, snakehead, Clarias, Trichogaster, Lates, oyster, Penaeus, etc. They also conducted practicum on seed production of Pangasius, Puntius and Clarias and farm survey of cage culture farms along the Nan and Kliong River. They also learned the various sampling methods in reservoir and conducted field observation at Ubol Ratana Reservior in Kon Khen Province. While in India (30 July – 13 August, 1983), the participants focused their studies on composite culture and extension programme such as the lab-to-land programme. In China (14 August – 12 September, 1983), the participants took active part in field survey on the polyculture system of fish farming and integrated management of integrated farming system. They also visited lakes and reservoirs to understand how these bodies are stocked and managed. In addition, they participated in seed production of Chinese carps in Guangzhou. While in China, special attention was focused on the use of cages to raise fish fingerlings in reservoirs, and in Hong Kong on fish production in marine floating cages. All participants returned to the Philippines on 15 September for the final semester which commenced on 21 September.

The tentative list of instructors is given in Attachment 3.

1.3 Admission to UPV Master of Aquaculture Programme

Seventeen out of twenty-one participants are admitted by the University of the Philippines in the Visayas to its Master of Aquaculture degree Programme. Four participants were not admitted due to inability to fulfill the University admission requirements.

1.4 Trainees Assessment of the Course

The participants assessed, after the completion of each course, the quality and relevance of the subject. The favourable feedbacks could be seen from the expression of satisfaction of the trainees and appreciation of the participating governments during the First and Second NACA Advisory Committee Meetings. The feedbacks of the participants of the Second Training Course are also reflected in their yearbook “Aqualink”.

The past participants have recommended the continuation of the NACA training programme, funding by the participating countries which benefit from their candidates' attendance and strengthening of ties between NACA and other international, regional and national institutions. They also suggested that there should be an improvement in the arrangement of courses and study tour.

A significant response of the participants of the training programme is the proposal to establish a NACA Alumni Association which not only will maintain communication and exchange of experience between the graduates but also will develop into a professional association where many future leaders in aquaculture are key members.

1.5 Communication with past trainees

The project office maintains close communication with graduates of the First and Second Training Courses. Most past trainees wrote to the project office to inform of their current activities. A description of the performance of the First batch is given in the 3rd issue of the NACA Newsletter.

1.6 University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV)

The implementing guidelines underscored the following areas:

1. Admission Requirements
2. Registration Period and Procedure
3. Requisitions for Faculty Appointments
4. Faculty Performance Evaluation
5. Student Examination
6. Preparation and submission of Grades
7. Participation of Faculty from UPV

2. Research Programme

In the joint collaborative programme of SEAFDEC AQD and FAO (NACA) at RLCP, are testing and refining existing shrimps culture techniques and the economically important finfishes such as sea bass. These culture techniques are being practised in the Philippines, Thailand, Japan and the Province of Taiwan, China. The main objective of the programme is to generate an appropriate shrimp and finfish (sea bass) technology that can be immediately transferred to the farmers.

2.1 Progress of Research Activities

The research activities of the programme have started since September 1982. Studies were geared towards the economic evaluation of various culture techniques, extensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture specifically on the optimum stocking density and testing of commercially available feeds. Upon the completion of hatchery-nursery complex in early March 1983, the activities on testing and refinement of existing shrimp and finfish seed production techniques were started.

2.1.1 Successful spawning of Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer Bloch)

Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer Bloch) were induced to spawn in captivity by hormone injection. Spawning occurred naturally last 28 August 1983 and the larvae were subsequently reared. Further test and refinement on induced spawning and larval rearing techniques are now in progress.

2.1.2 Verification of shrimp larval rearing techniques

The various larval rearing techniques currently practised in different parts of the world such as in Japan, Taiwan, Galveston, USA, Thailand and the Philippines are being tested, evaluated and refined. The studies are being conducted in 10 forty-ton capacity outdoor concrete tanks and 12 three-ton ferrocement tanks. The expected result of this study is to provide information needed for standardization and packaging of larval rearing techniques which will be reliable, repeatable and commercially viable. The experiments are now in progress.

2.1.3 Semi-intensive Culture

This method of farming is aimed at increasing production output through manipulation of the traditional extensive culture techniques without substantial increase of initial investment. The experiment is based on the assumption that the natural food in a fertilized pond can support a higher density of shrimp larvae for the first two months. Supplementary feeding will be given after the second month to provide the necessary nutrient for the growing juveniles. The preliminary trial were conducted in nine 300 m² pond at a stocking density of 1.2 and 4/m², after the routine preparation of the ponds, elimination of predators and competitors, liming and fertilization. The water is changed during spring tide. The growth parameters are closely monitored. The experiment is now in progress.

2.1.4 Experiments of Feeding Regime of Postlarvae (PL5–PL35)

The 16 experimental earthen ponds which are desinged for shrimp culture are being utilized for various experiments in order to yield the necessary information pertaining to the optimum stocking rates, economical feeds, optimal feeding regimes, etc.

Experiments were conducted to test the preference of post-larval shrimps (PL5–PL35) to fresh mussel meat and pellet feeds. Results so far indicated that there is no significance in growth and survival rate between mussel meat and a commercial feed (40% protein content).

Since commercial feed is readily available and cheaper than mussel meat, experiments were further conducted to verify its efficiency and yield. The survival rate of the juveniles was found to be 33.4%. The length and weight of the juveniles were 45.65 mm and 0.83 gm., respectively.

2.1.5 Experiments on Stocking Density

In order to determine the optimum stocking density of juveniles for commercial production. A preliminary trial was conducted in 600 m² experimental ponds with juveniles at 4, 8 and 12/m². Prior to stocking, the ponds were prepared by eliminating the predators and competitors, liming and fertilizing the pond. The water was replenished at about 30% of the volume daily. The shrimps were fed with commercial pellets at 3–10% of biomass per day. The result of the first trial was very encouraging. The average yield ranged from 67.6 gm/m² to 73.8/m². Although the net yield was not significantly different, the size of shrimps was highly variable. At stocking rates of 12/m² the shrimps were smaller (11 gm) while at stocking rate of 4/m², 90% of the harvest consisted of shrimps of marketable size (25 gm). Due to these reasons, further tests were made to improve the culture techniques which will increase the production of the pond and produce more uniform sized animals.

The second run of this experiment was conducted last May, however, this time, selective harvesting was employed to compare the production with that of the total harvesting scheme. Selective harvest is carried out every spring tide after three months of culture. Seine nets are used. Only shrimps over 30 grams in weight are harvested, with the remaining animals to be harvested at the end of the experiments. The comparison between selective and total harvesting schemes will be evaluated in terms of production per unit area.

2.1.6 Testing of Commercially Available Feeds

The experiment was conducted in 500 m² ponds to evaluate their efficiency in terms of growth and survival rates over the culture period of 120 days. Results of the first series of experiments indicated that one of the commercial feeds tested yielded the best growth rate with the average weight of 23.5 grams. However, the survival rate was not significantly different among the four types of feeds used. The second series of experiments was conducted in early May and is still in progress. Results of this test will be made available to the fish farmers in the Philippines for them to choose which among the feeds will best suit their culture techniques.

2.1.7 Maturation of Tiger Shrimp

To ensure sufficient and constant supply of tiger shrimp spawners, studies are being conducted towards inducing the maturation of tiger shrimps in pond conditions (net cages were installed in ponds) and in maturation tanks by eye-stalk ablation techniques. Cages measuring 2 × 3 × 2 m are being used for the experiments. The cages were installed in 600 m² pond. The stocks in the cages were fed with high protein diet. Initial results indicated that some shrimps (both ablated and unablated) attained maturity. Hatching rates however, were low and the nauplii produced were weak. Experiments towards this direction will be further intensified.

The induced maturation studies by eyestalk ablation in concrete tanks indicated that selected wild broodstock have attained better maturation than the unselected animals. The criteria for selection are the following:

1. complete appendages
2. no broken backs
3. thelycum full of spermatophore
4. size of female animals should be more than 100 grams

2.1.8 Alternative culture of P. monodon and P. indicus/P. Merguiensis

Shrimp farmers have always experienced poor growth rate of P. monodon during summer season or in ponds with high salinity. The production per unit area can be raised if species such as P. merguiensis/P. indicus which are more tolerant to high salinity can be cultured as an alternate species in lieu of P. monodon during dry period. This experiment is now ongoing.

3. Information

A modification of the AQUIS programme was implemented at RLCP to reflect the request made by users mainly for the development of a more flexible reporting system covering comparative production and economic data. This was done by Mr. George Mantzarlis of ADCP, FAO, Rome, who was in Iloilo from March 3–28. An option was added to generate tables of retrieved data according to search criteria related to any combination of keywords.

The AQUIS data collection activity is progressing satisfactorily. More than 150 data units have been added to the AQUIS data base, mainly on Penaeus monodon and Chanos chanos species. Voluminous aquaculture information materials available at SEAFDEC AQD like thesis results, experimental projects, research, technical reports and the like were already identified, located and requisitioned. From these sources of information, relevant aquaculture data are being extracted and transferred to AQUIS Input Sheet for ready transmittal to the computer.

A data base of aquaculture abstracts has been created through MINISIS as part of the bibliographic information system. The library of the host institution has initially entered aquaculture abstracts of the following subjects:

1. Aquaculture (in general) - economic, pollution, fertilizer, integrated culture, etc.

2. Crustaceans - crabs, prawn/shrimp, sugpo, etc.

3. Mollusk - mussel, oyster

4. Species - bass, carp, milkfish, tilapia, mullet, etc.

5. Aquatic plants - algae, diatom

Linear programming was developed on Least Cost Feed Formulation for Feed Development project of the host institution.

4. NACA Newsletter

The third issue of NACA Newsletter was released in June 1983. The fourth issue is being prepared and is expected to be circulated in October this year.

5. National Aquaculture Centre

The Memorandum of Understanding in connection with the implementation of activities of the Philippine National Aquaculture Centre linked with NACA was signed on 21 July, 1983 by Mr. Felix Gonzales, Director of Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Dr. Alfredo C. Santiago, Jr., Chief of SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department and Director of RLCP and Dr. T.E. Chua, Senior Aquaculturist (Training) on behalf of NACA/FAO. The approval of the Memorandum is presently being considered by the Minister of Natural Resources.

5.1 Visit to Pagbilao Centre

Pagbilao was recently visited by Mr. Pinij Kungvankij, Dr. T.E. Chua and BFAR officials to observe the UNDP/FAO-BFAR Brackishwater Demonstration and Training Center at Pagbilao, Quezon, in connection with the implementation of activities at Pagbilao which was designed by the Philippine Government as the National Aquaculture Centre linked with NACA.

Based on the information given, Pagbilao Station is suitable for the farming of shrimp to marketable size all year round as the salinity was said to fluctuate between 7 ppt and 35 ppt. The soil condition and pH indicate favourable conditions for shrimp farming. However, it was noted that Pagbilao is located in climatic Zone II with pronounced rainfall in November-January during which the salinity is said to drop to 7–10 ppt which is not suitable for hatchery work. This means that hatchery production will be limited to summer months only. An alternative source of good seawater was explored. The water from two existing tube wells is being tested to find out if there is sufficient water when the well is revived to supply the necessary saline water for hatchery.

The existing milkfish ponds can be converted to shrimp ponds only with some simple modifications such as digging of peripheral canal, drainage gate and installation of screens.

It was also suggested that a small-hatchery-nursery complex be constructed using local materials cheap enough for farmers to apply.

6. Video Production

A Video Production Committee was created by the Chief of SeAFDEC with Dr. T.E. Chua as chairman. Other members of the committee include Dr. Rafael D. Guerrero, III as co-chairman and the following as members: Engr. Rolando R. Platon, Mr. Mitsuro Yamasaki and Mr. Jovenal Lazaga.

The Committee had its first meeting last 18 May 1983 and the following were agree upon by the members:

• The video equipment shall be used for the preparation of instructional materials for training and extension and shall be utilized for documentation of research observation. It was stated that the committee shall approve any request for documentation. It was also agreed that the use of facilities should be given priority to the NACA training programme. Preparation of information materials for public information can be made but a script must be approved by the committee.

• The Video Committee endorsed eleven topics which had been earlier approved by SEAFDEC Council and the 2nd NACA Advisory Committee:

  1. Introduction to prawn culture in the tropics
  2. Milkfish culture in the Philippines
  3. Prawn hatchery operations
  4. Culture of micro-organisms for fish food
  5. Oyster and mussel farming
  6. Pond culture of prawn in brackishwater
  7. Culture of Tilapia
  8. Pen and cage culture
  8. Pen and cage culture
  9. Culture of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
  10. Integrated fish farming
  11. Seaweed culture

It was agreed that copyright should be imposed for duplication of the video tapes for commercial purposes.

7. Project Staff

7.1 FAO Staff

1. Dr. Chua Thia-Eng, Senior Aquaculturist (Training) and OIC, NACA Project RLCP (since 16 October 1980)

2. Mr. Pinij Kungvankij, Aquaculturist (Research) (since July 1, 1982)

7.2 SEAFDEC AQD Staff

The following SEAFDEC AQD Staff are assigned to assist the Project office in the effective implementation of its activities:

III. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

The equipment ordered through the project have continued to arrive.

IV. MAJOR OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS

The project continue to face the same types of operational constraints contained in the previous reports especially:

1. Lack of sufficient funds to pay for honoraria of instructors (who are not AQD personnel), study tours, research information and supportive activities.

2. Lack of sufficient professional and supportive staff to cope up with increasing project activities.

3. Late nomination of candidates by some governments leading to constraints in selection exercise and admission to M.Aq. programme of UPV.

4. Tedious procedures and enormous time spent to obtain entry visa of trainees of different nationalities to India, China and Hong Kong due to certain governmental restrictions on travel.

Attachment 1

List of Trainees Awarded with Diploma in Aquaculture
and Master of Aquaculture Degree, 1982/1983 Session

1. Apud, Florentino (Philippines) *

2. Aquino, Salvador (Philippines)

3. Baticados, Ma. Cecilia (Philippines)

4. Doan Van Dau (Socialist Republic of Vietnam)

5. G.N.B. Pradhan (Nepal)

6. Gomut Unsrisong (Thailand)

7. Gopinath Nagaraj (Malaysia)

8. Jayantha Chandrasoma (Sri Lanka)

9. K.S.B. Tennakoon (Sri Lanka)

10. Ling Kai Huat (Singapore)

11. Mohamad Hilmi Sastraprawira (Indonesia) *

12. Prakorn Unprasert (Thailand)

13. Roldan, Raul (Philippines)

14. Solis, Noel (Philippines)

15. Thalathiah Saidin (Malaysia)

16. Tonny Sarwono (Indonesia)

* Awarded with Diploma in Aquaculture only.

Attachment 2

FELLOWSHIPS

Attachment 3

THIRD TRAINING COURSE FOR SENIOR AQUACULTURISTS
IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGION
1983/84 Session

INSTRUCTORS & RESOURCES SPEAKERS

* Subject to confirmation.

Appendix 6

PROGRESS REPORT OF THE
NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF RLCT
(Dr. Thiraphan Bhukaswan)

I. INTRODUCTION

Since the last Advisory Committee Meeting held in Bangkok on 14–15 December 1982 considerable progress has been made in all activities of the Regional Lead Centre in Thailand (RLCT), despite the fish disease outbreak in the country. While research has continued to dominate the activities of the centre much efforts have been directed at the implementation of the information activity earlier this year. Highlight of the year is the incorporation of research results into an extension programme to replace rice cultivation with gouramy culture in low yield rice fields. The bulk of Thai literature and reports on aquaculture research results covering 10 genera over the past 15 years have been processed in the AQUIS format and stored in the RLCT computer. The Centre has also organized a 4-week training programme for participants of the RLCP-based Training Course for Senior Aquaculturists.

The year also saw the appointment of Mr. Vanich Varikul, the former National Director of RLCT, as the Director General of the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, with effect from 1 October 1983. On behalf of NACA, the Centre congratulates Mr. Varikul for his appointment and looks forward to the continued support and cooperation of the Department of Fisheries in Thailand. In bidding a fond farewell to the former Director General of Fisheries, Commander Swarng Charernpol, RTN, the Centre wishes to place on record its deep appreciation for his strong support and encouragement given to the Centre throughout its formative years, and to extend to him NACA good wishes for an active and happy retirement.

II. FACILITIES AND STAFF

In addition to the established facilities at the National Inland Fisheries Institute, Chachoengsao Fisheries Station and Suphanburi Fisheries Station, pond facilities at the Nong Sua Fisheries Station were made available to RLCT by the Department of Fisheries of Thailand this year. The Station is located 70 km north of Bangkok, in the Province of Pathum Thani. It is still under construction under an Asian Development Bank project loan with a total construction cost of 15.6 million baht. Construction will be completed later this year. Facilities consist of 84 earthern ponds (42 × 800 m², 20 × 1600 m² and 12 × 3200 m²) and a reservoir of 2.24 ha. Water is supplied by gravity flow from a large irrigation canal in the district. 10 × 1600 m² ponds are used for an RLCT experiment on Macribrachium stocking density and 4 × 800 m² ponds are being used for a Clarias nursery experiment. Under construction are 50 concrete ponds of 50 m³ each, 100 concrete tanks of 6 m³ each and 43 round concrete tanks of 2–3 m in diameter and 0.8 m in depth. In addition to the pond facilities, living quarters have also been made available to the RLCT research staff.

The Head of the Station, Mr. Panu Tavarutmaneepul is actively involved in both RLCT research projects. In addition to the Head, permanent staff consists of 2 biologists, 2 technicians and 10 workers. Two more biologists and 5 more technicians will be added to the staff later this year. National staff of RLCT is therefore strengthened by this addition. However, in view of expanded activities, a number of biologists were hired temporarily as technical assistants for some research projects and the preparation of aquaculture data units for entry into the computer.

III. RESEARCH ACTIVITY

Cooperation with small-scale farmers continue to play an important role in conducting adaptive and production-oriented research in RLCT. Such cooperation is expected to provide a greater impact and a more effective method of technology transfer.

The Thailand Lead Centre is concentrating its research effort on three culture systems, namely, Trichogaster culture system in disused ricefields, catfish culture system and Macrobrachium (giant freshwater prawn) culture system. With the pond facilities provided at the new Nong Sua Fisheries Station at Pathum Thani, some of the production studies on catfish and freshwater prawn are conducted. The results of experiments on the three culture systems are summarised below.

1. Trichogaster culture system in disused ricefields

The research team headed by Ms. Jiamjit Boonsom, continued with adaptive and production research on the extensive system of Trichogaster culture in cooperation with farmers. Studies in 1981 and 1982 have shown that a yield of more than 2000 kg/ha/8 months can be achieved with initial application of chicken manure until such time when the cut grass, through a slower decomposition process, could release the required nutrients for pond enrichment. This yield is more than double that of the traditional system which uses only cut grass as green manure.

The introduction of a nursery component into the artisanal culture system has also generated encouraging results. A recently concluded experiment conducted in a nursery pond fenced with netting materials to exclude entry of predatory fish species yielded 550 fry per female brood fish, the highest figure achieved so far.

Broodstock development is another aspect of work directed at improving the culture system. Under the artisanal practice, brood fish are not maintained and are therefore at different stages of gonadal development. Bubble nests (signs of spawning activity) continue to appear during the first two months after the stocking of brood fish. This results in a large variation in the size of fish harvested after 8 months. Smaller fish have to be sold at a lower price than the large fish and subsequent lower rate of returns for the farmers.

A recently concluded study on the feeding of brood fish with NIFI #12 pelleted feed for one month before stocking has produced encouraging results. The feed comprises 50% of fish meal, 12% rice bran, 12% peanut meal and 14% Alfa starch, 4% fish oil and 1.6% vitamin and mineral mix and 0.4% basfin. Most of the fish spawned within 10 days after stocking. The harvested fish which attained marketable size in only 6 months were more uniform in sizes. Besides a shorter culture period, fish production increased by 1.5 times.

Present studies include the monitoring the progress of the pilot farms at Ayutthaya covering the environmental parameters and analysis of production and economic data.

2. Macrobrachium culture system

A preliminary experiment on the grow-out aspect of the prawn culture system has been initiated at the Nong Sua Fisheries Station. The research approach is system-oriented and multidisciplinary. Although the experiment proper is on stocking density simultaneous studies on feeds and feeding rates, fertilization and environmental changes (water quality) are also being conducted. The studies, under the research team leadership of Dr. Mali Boonyaratpalin, are continuing.

Another study on small-scale hatchery production of prawn juveniles has been conducted, using saline water prepared from residues collected from salt-pans. This concentrated seawater solution has a salinity of 380‰. The study, headed by Mr. Anand Tunsutapanich of Chachoengsao Fisheries Station, is aimed at developing a hatchery technology which would be independent of the regular supply of seawater needed for the existing juvenile production method. With the development of this new technology, Macrobrachium culture could be practised further inland from the coastal plains.

Although Macrobrachium culture is being practised rather successfully in the north and northeastern part of Thailand, introduced in 1981 as part of the national effort to improve the living standard of the rural poor and to create additional employment opportunity in the rural areas, the cost of transportation coupled with stress and subsequent high rate of mortality of juveniles produced in coastal plains have contributed to the increase in overall operating cost, thereby offsetting the advantage of cheaper labour and land in remote region. The development of this technology will have obvious benefit, not only in Thailand but elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific region.

The study was conducted at the Chiangmai Fisheries Station located about 735 km from the sea. At a stocking density of 100 larvae per litre; production rate of juveniles ranged from 71 to 90 per litre - a remarkable survival rate of 71–90%. This is attributed to the eradication of predatory protozoans.

3. Catfish culture system

With the pond facilities made available at the Nong Sua Fisheries Station, a repeat of last year's experiments on the catfish culture system was made. The studies were:

1. Effects of organic fertilizer on the survival and production of catfish fry

2. Effects of stocking larger catfish fingerlings on yield and economic returns.

These experiments, however, were aborted as a result of acid soil condition in the new pond facilities of the Nong Sua Fisheries Station. Plans are afoot to repeat the studies elsewhere.

IV. EXTENSION OF TECHNOLOGY

1. Pilot project for Trichogaster culture in Ayutthaya Province

Based on the encouraging results of adaptive and production-oriented research on the culture of Siamese gouramy (Trichogaster pectoralis) in converted rice fields, in which the doubling of yields has been achieved in 1981 and repeated in 1982, Thailand has launched a development programme to extend the technology to poor rice-growing areas in the country. Initially, six demonstration farms covering a total area of 128,000 m² in Ayutthaya Province have been established in cooperation with paddy farmers. Because of poor returns from paddy cultivation resulting from heavy infestation of field mice and disease problem, rice growers have been encouraged by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives to go into Trichogaster culture as an alternate occupation. Incentives such as financial assistance in the form of loan at low interest rate, and technical guidance and supervision are provided by the Government.

The farming of ducks and chickens is also introduced into the system. The integration of poultry husbandry and fish farming will not only provide a free and ready supply of poultry manure needed for Trichogaster culture, but will also increase income and animal protein production per unit area. Thai carp (Puntius gonionotus) is also reared in a pond adjacent to the rice field, in an effort to ensure higher rate of returns for the farmers.

The average farm consists of a flooded rice field, a 1600 m² nursery pond for the breeding and rearing of Trichogaster fry for subsequent release into the rice field, a pond for the culture of Thai carp and duck pens for the production of ducks and duck eggs. While awaiting the fish to grwo to marketable size, the farmers are already selling the duck eggs, thereby improving the cash flow situation of the farms. With an expected increase in income from the sale of farm produce, the farmers will enjoy a higher standard of living than before. More farmers are expected to participate in the scheme next year.

2. Pilot project for Pen culture of Puntius and tilapia in Prachinburi Province

A pilot project for pen culture of Thai carp (Puntius gonionotus) and tilapia has been initiated in cooperation with small-scale farmers in a reservoir in Prachinburi Province. This is a follow-up of the experiment conducted last year in which a fish production of 1.5 kg/m² was achieved. This compares favourably with those from ponds but with less capital investment and operating cost. Supplementary feeds given consisted mostly of shredded water hyacinth (the scourge of waterways) or pellets with water hyacinth/rice bran base.

In an effort to maximise the use of aquatic resources for food production and to create economic activity in remote areas, the Department of Fisheries introduced the pen culture system to East Thailand. Two large movable pens, one of 3200 m² and the other 1600 m² were constructed and loaned to selected small-scale farmers interested to cooperate with the Government. A combination of Puntius and tilapia fingerlings were stocked at a rate of 14,000/rai (1600 m²) in a ratio of 5:2. Aquatic weeds from the reservoir and pellets are given as feeds. The joint study was initiated in mid 1983, and harvest is expected in December 1983.

V. TRAINING ACTIVITY

RLCT hosted the RLCP-based Training Course for Senior Aquaculturists in Thailand for the third consecutive year during 4–30 July 1983. Much efforts have been put into the preparation and organization of the training course prior to the arrival of the participants. Lecture notes were prepared and have been compiled as Lecture Notes on Aquaculture Practices and Extension in Thailand (NACA/TR/83/8).

The participants were given hands-on training in the artificial propagation and larval rearing of Clarias macrocephalus and Puntius goniontous at the National Inland Fisheries Institute, Bangkok, and Pangasius sutchii at the Chainat Fisheries Station. They also visited Nakhon Sawan Fisheries Station to study cage culture of sand goby (Oxyelotris marmorata) and Uthai Thani for Pangasius culture. The field visit to Chachoengsao Fisheries Station was related to the training in Macrobrachium and artemia production. They were also exposed to the culture system of seabass (Lates calcarifer) at the Rayong Fisheries Station. Three days were spent in Khon Kaen for the practical aspects of reservoir fisheries.

VI. INFORMATION ACTIVITY

With the installation of the AQUIS and MINISIS database at RLCT along with training on their use, the information activity of the Centre is gaining momentum.

1. Data Collection Programme for AQUIS

Based on feedback and suggestions of information personnel both the AQUIS operators and users manuals as well as its data input sheets have been modified and improved. The data input sheets printed by ADCP in Rome have been received. These will be distributed to the various fisheries stations and individual scientists in tertiary and other institutions for the collection of aquaculture production and operation data. Farmers will also be requested to contribute.

During the visit of the ADCP System Analyst in February 1983 and again in April 1983, cross reference tables for production and economic data abstracts have been developed and incorporated into the AQUIS software.

The data collection programme at RLCT is progressing satisfactorily. There are now about 350 data units stored in the computer system, of which ADCP contributed about 100. Culture systems covered include information on breeding, larval rearing and production of Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Channa striatus, Clarias batrachus, Puntius gonionotus, Penaeus and tilapia species, Trichogaster pectoralis, pangasius sutchii, Oxyeleotris marmorata, Lates calcarifer and Chanos chanos. Most of the data were collected from Thai literature and reports, and includes information on breeding and larval rearing, stocking rates, feeds, costs and profits for freshwater and brackishwater aquaculture operations in Thailand.

Duplicates of the entire database at RLCT will be sent to the other Lead Centres and merged to form a common database. When enlarged, RLCT will be in a position to extend limited services to requests for information.

2. Bibliographic Information System

The licensing agreement on the use of MINISIS database management system donated by IDRC has been formalised. A training course on “Introduction to MINISIS” was conducted by IDRC personnel during 14–25 February 1983. It was attended by 19 librarians, biologists and computer scientists from 8 Thai national agencies, including 7 RLCT information personnel.

Work is well underway in the construction of bibliographic information system on the computer using the MINISIS software package. Author and title references to local reports are being stored on the computer. A thesaurus of Fisheries and Scientific Terms has also been entered into computer while a conversion programme for the ASFA database (Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts) is being tested for storing titles in the computer using the MINISIS.

3. State of the Art

In response to the recommendation of the first NACA in-house meeting RLCT has prepared a working paper (NACA/WP/83/7) on the state of the art of Macrobrachium culture in Thailand. It is in a brief note from with information presented in simple language on the various techniques used in the culture of the freshwater prawn from seed production to grow-out. It is meant for those who are interested in initiating the development of its culture. It will also provide guidelines for the proposed video production of freshwater prawn culture. However, more advanced workers are advised to read the FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 225 (1982) on Freshwater Prawn Farming: A Manual for the Culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

VII. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

The proposed Memorandum of Understanding has been found to be unnecessary since RLCT started its operation. This is largely due to the excellent working relationship established on a give-and-take basis between DOF and the Centre. The Memorandum, like most memoranda, is inflexible and restrictive, and not conducive to generating friendly cooperation, which is also one of the aims of NACA.

VIII. MAJOR PROBLEMS

The major problems are similar to those faced by the Centre in 1982. Limitations in operating funds, suitable manpower and field facilities have continued to impede the implementation of RLCT activities. Although limited funds are available to hire casual technical personnel, the temporary arrangements have not been satisfactory. These causal personnel would leave after having found a more permanent but not necessarily a better paid position. The time and effort taken to train them would be lost.

The uncertainty of the extension and funding of the project is a major concern. It has created an unsettling effect on the implementation of RLCT activities. New initiatives could not be taken. Commitments to new research projects or contracual and consultant services are taken with caution, and these have a dampening effect on technical personnel at the operation level.

Fish disease outbreak in Thailand in early 1983 has interrupted the research work of the Centre whose staff have been diverted to assist in resolving the national crisis.

IX. PROPOSED PROGRAMME OF ACTIVITIES FOR 1984

RLCT will continue and expand on the work programme of 1983, irriespective of the extension of the project. It will continue to generate increased funding support from the host government and other agencies interested in the work of the Centre.

In addition to the three culture systems to be developed into packaged technology for transfer, research will be initiated on the culture of Pangasius, one of the culture systems selected for the Thailand Lead Centre. Intensified efforts will continue to be directed at the enlargement of AQUIS database. The participation in the collection of data on aquaculture operations will be solicited from aquaculturists in Thailand and in the region. Parallel effort will also be directed at the development of database bibliographic information using the MINISIS. RLCT will continue to support the training programme of the RLCP-based training course in Thailand.