[Appendix M6]
1 PROPOSAL CONTENT AND EVALUATION CRITERIA
Importance and Significance of the Work
This proposal is one of eight research plans comprising the initial research programme of the Brackishwater Station (BS) of the Fisheries Research Institute (FRI). These proposals have been prepared within the overall framework of the original Five Year Research Plan envisaged for the BS, but additionally take into account the present lack of experimental and laboratory facilities due to the delay in acquiring the selected site in Paikgacha. The proposed work should be conducted in the field using existing FRI staff who have already been assigned to the BS plus additional staff specifically recruited for the BS.
Since some access to laboratory facilities will be necessary, it is recommended that, until such time that construction of the BS is completed and it becomes fully operational, project staff will be based for at least part of the time at the Marine Station (MS) of the Fisheries Research Institute at Cox's Bazar, under the supervision of the CSO appointed for the BS.
The proposed three year study on the growth and biology of wild Penaeus indicus with a view to assessing the suitability of this species for pond cultivation in Bangladesh should commence as soon as the necessary project staff are available.
Fisheries production in Bangladesh is extremely important to the economy. Although the capture and culture fisheries contribute about 2.9 % of the GDP and 9 % of foreign exchange earnings, fisheries products account for 6 % of the total per capita protein intake and about 80 % of the per capita animal protein intake. The estimated total fisheries production in Bangladesh during 1983–84 was 751,000 t. The production from inland waters was about 577,000 t (77 %), of which 118,400 (21 %) was contributed by aquaculture. In recent years fisheries production has declined from about 822,000 t in 1974– 75, whilst daily per capita fish consumption has fallen from 33 g in 1963–64 to 21 g in 1983–84 (a decrease of 36 %).
Even if per capita fish consumption is to be maintained at the current level, fisheries production will need to be increased to 1,100,000 t by the year 2005 in order to keep pace with the projected population growth. If daily per capita fish consumption is to reach 38 g (recommended by the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science) then production will have to be increased to 1,900,000 t. This represents an increase of about 150 % above present fisheries production levels. The Government of Bangladesh has therefore introduced an ambitious fisheries development programme in the Third Five Year Plan, to increase production from both inland and saline waters for both domestic consumption and for export (Rahman, 1986; Anon, 1985d).
The Brackishwater Station (BS) is being established by the Fisheries Research Institute to conduct research into the cultivation of brackishwater species to help meet both domestic and export requirements (Anon, 1986e, 1986g, 1987a, 1987b, 1987c; Karim, 1986a; Farmer, 1988; Muir, 1989). At the present time brackishwater aquaculture is virtually limited to shrimps of the genera Macrobrachium and Penaeus. Penaeid shrimps (mostly Penaeus monodon) currently provide an increasing source of foreign currency through exports to the USA, Europe and particularly Japan.
Brackishwater aquaculture production for local consumption is minimal. Smaller, commerically less important penaeid shrimps (Metapenaeus brevicornis and Metapenaeus monoceros) and some Macrobrachium rosenbergii are consumed locally. Small quantities of mullet (Mugil spp) are also produced as a by-product or secondary crop in some shrimp ponds.
Shrimp culture in Bangladesh started to develop in the early 1970s. At that time there was little local demand and the price of shrimp was consequently very low. The potential of farmed shrimp as a hard currency earner was quickly realised by the private sector, and within 10 years more than 26,000 ha of shrimp ponds were under cultivation. During this period the shrimp farming industry received little or no support from the Bangladesh Government. Only since 1980 with the introduction of the Second Five Year Plan (1980–85) has brackishwater aquaculture been given official recognition by the Government.
The Directorate of Fisheries has estimated that by the beginning of 1986 more than 115,000 ha had been turned over to shrimp farming activities in the whole of Bangladesh. Shrimp farming takes place in the districts of Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Barisal, Patuakhali, Bhola, Chittagong and Cox's Bazar. The two most important areas lie in the Khulna-Satkhira area to the north of the Sundarbans (ca 90,000 ha) and in the vicinity of Cox's Bazar (ca 24,000 ha). According to the Third Five Year Plan (1985–90) shrimp production is expected to increase from 9,000 t in 1984–85 to 34,000 t by 1989–90.
Market Demand and Economic importance
The local demand for fish is likely to approach 1.9 million t yr-1 by the year 2005. Some of this demand will have to be met by increasing the production from existing inland waters through the introduction of improved husbandary and water management practices, however, other sources of fish will need to be sought. Bangladesh has about 2,500,000 ha of coastal tidal lands, of which about 2,167,000 ha may be suitable for aquaculture. There is therefore an enormous potential for increasing fish production through brackishwater aquaculture. So far these coastal tidal lands contribute very little to the domestic consumption of fish, although they are already an important and increasing source of foreign exchange through farmed shrimp exports.
The local demand for farmed shrimp in Bangladesh is poor since very few Bangladeshis eat shellfish. However, the international market is extremely important and a major source of hard currency for Bangladesh. It has been projected that the export value of shrimp will have increased from about US$ 57 million in 1984–85 to around US$ 225 million in 1989–90. Most of the shrimp produced in Bangladesh is exported to Japan. Recent export prices for shrimp exported to Japan are shown in Table 1.
Less emphasis has been placed on the freshwater shrimp market by shrimp processing and exporting companies. This may be a reflection of the preference for marine shrimp in Japan, which is currently the main market for Bangladeshi shrimps. There are increasing market opportunities for both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp in Europe, whilst the US market can still absorb additional imports of high quality brackishwater species (Rackowe et al, 1983).
Table 1. Shrimp export prices (C&F Tokyo) January 1989.
| International market size (tails 1b-1) | Equivalent harvest size (whole shrimp kg-1) | Price (US$ kg-1) |
| 4–6 | 10 | 24.23 |
| 6–8 | 12 | 24.23 |
| 8–12 | 15 | 23.61 |
| 13–15 | 20 | 17.16 |
| 16–20 | 27 | 13.21 |
| 21–25 | 35 | 11.54 |
| 26–30 | 45 | 10.30 |
| 31–40 | 53 | 8.53 |
| 41–50 | 65 | 7.02 |
| 51–60 | 80 | 5.98 |
| 61–70 | 95 | 4.78 |
| 71–90 | 115 | 4.16 |
Most shrimp farms in Bangladesh are operated on a very extensive basis, relying on natural productivity and little or no management. Current production levels generally lie within the range of <50 kg ha-1 yr-1 to >300 kg ha-1 yr-1, although the majority of shrimp farms are operating towards the lower end of the scale. A few enterprising farmers are claiming production levels of 900 kg ha-1 yr-1 or more.
In the long term there is enormous potential to increase the total production of shrimp in Bangladesh. This can be achieved in two ways: first by encouraging the introduction of more intensive shrimp farming methods whereby average production could be increased to >600 kg ha-1 yr-1 (Table 2), and secondly by developing freshwater shrimp farming which has the potential of being even more important economically than brackishwater shrimp farming.
Much of the area currently used for brackishwater shrimp production in the vicinity of Khulna and Satkhira, could be utilised for the production of both brackishwater shrimp during the dry season and freshwater shrimp during the rainy season. The latest estimate (1986) of the area of land under shrimp production is 115,000 ha. This leaves an enormous potential for increasing not only brackishwater and freshwater shrimp production for export, but also brackishwater fish production for local consumption.
It is, however, essential that the importance of the Sundarbans to both the capture and culture fisheries is fully appreciated and that these forests are should not be cleared for the construction of fish and shrimp ponds. This issue is the subject of another closely related research proposal that has been prepared for the BS:
Impact of Aquaculture on the Mangrove Environment: code no O-04.
Table 2. Characteristics of different levels of intensification of brackishwater shrimp farming. [In practice, the distinction between categories is artificial. A continuum exists between the lowest and highest levels of production.]
| Parameter | Extensive | Semi-intensive | Intensive |
| Feed | natural only | natural plus supplementary feed | formulated feed (complete diet) |
| Water supply | tidal | tidal or pumped | pumped |
| Aeration | none | none | paddles or blowers |
| Stocking density (ha-1) | 1,000–10,000 | 10,000–50,000 | 50,000–200,000 |
| Tambak area (ha) | 2.0–15.0 | 1.0–4.0 | 0.1–1.0 |
| Yield (kg ha-1 yr-1) | 100–500 | 600–4,000 | 5,000–15,000 |
| Unit cost (US$ ha-1)* | 1,000–2,000 | 3,000–5,000 | 8,000–12,000 |
| Gross income (US$ ha-1) | 1,000–5,000 | 6,000–40,000 | 50,000–150,000 |
* Approximate construction cost for a bare site.
Brackishwater aquaculture has become increasingly important throughout the tropics and sub-tropics, especially in the cultivation of penaeid shrimp for export to Japan, North America and Europe. Both brackishwater and freshwater shrimp farming are still major growth industries in many parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America (Rackowe et al, 1983) and represents an extremely valuable element in the economy of many developing countries as a major source of foreign exchange.
Penaeid shrimps are found thoughout the tropics and sub-tropics in coastal and estuarine waters. The life cycle of most penaeid shrimps follows the same general pattern. The adults spawn offshore and each female can produce up to 500,000 eggs. The minute eggs hatch very quickly after being released directly into the water. The planktonic larvae pass through a number of distinct stages (up to six naulius stages, three protozoea stages and three mysis stages) before metamorphosis. The late larval stages and postlarvae migrate towards the coast seeking lower salinity conditions in estuarine and mangrove areas before settling on the bottom. The postlarvae grow rapidly as a result of the enormous biological productivity in these coastal ecosystems.
After spending one to two months living in these rich nursery grounds the young shrimps gradually migrate away from the coast where they eventually mature and spawn to complete the life cycle. Widespread destruction of coastal mangroves throughout the tropics and sub-tropics has led to substantial decreases in the landings of shrimp fisheries in affected areas, and shortages of shrimp fry for stocking shrimp farms.
Mohammed (1968) has summarised the basic biology of P indicus in an FAO species synopsis. P indicus has been reported from Australia, through Southeast Asia to Pakistan and the east coast of Africa in shallow coastal waters (> 43 m). Larvae and postlarvae are common in the subsurface plankton along the coast of Madras and in the vicinity of Cochin (Menon, 1937; Mohammed, 1968). George (1962) has studied the recruitment of this species and found that the postlarvae enter the backwaters of Cochin throughout the year except during June-September. The postlarvae and juveniles live in estuaries and coastal backwaters until they reach a total length of 100–120 mm, after which they migrate into deeper water (Menon, 1955; Menon & Raman, 1961). In Madagascar (Malagasy Republic), juveniles and adults rangng from 30–200 mm total length have been found in the intertidal zone, although in slightly deeper waters (5–10 m) offshore only shrimp larger than 100 mm were found.
According to De Bruin (1965) adult P indicus are normally associated with sandy shallow coastal regions with a depth of less than 10 m, although along the coast of India adults are caught by fishermen at depths of up to 45 m. George and Mohammed (1966) have observed that the commercial shrimp fishery in the Kanyakumari district (southernmost extremity of the west coast of India) is supported exclusively by large P indicus, possibly indicating that this is a major spawning area. According to Panikkar and Menon (1956) the breeding season appears to be from October through November and May through June, although in the backwaters of Cochin the peak spawning periods are November through December and February through April (George, 1962; Rao, 1963).
The larval and postlarval stages of P indicus have already been described (Muthu, 1978; Muthu et al, 1978a, b), whilst Silas et al (1985) have reported the successful hatchery production of fry of this species.
Although there have been no deliberate attempts to cultivate P indicus in Bangladesh, this species is currently farmed in India (CMFRI, 1978, 1979; Kurain & Sebastian, 1976). According to Hall (1962) the growth rate of P indicus in Malayan (Malaysian) shrimp ponds was about 0.102 mm per day (carapace length).
Very little is known about this species in Bangladesh, although it does constitute a small proportion of the production of shrimp farms in some areas. The distribution of P indicus in Bangladesh appears to be patchy. In view of its large size (> 200 mm) when fully grown, it appears to be a potential candidate for commercial cultivation provided that sufficient shrimp fry are available.
In view of the enormous potential for the development of both freshwater and brackishwater shrimp farming in Bangladesh, it is very important that basic scientific data on both freshwater and brickishwater shrimp should be obtained in order to exploit the full potential of these resources.
Current Status of Shrimp Culture in Bangladesh
As has already been described, there is currently very little brackishwater aquaculture being practised in Bangladesh in relation to the potential for future development. Virtually all brackishwater production at the present time is directed towards the farming of brackishwater penaeid shrimp for export.
Most shrimp farming has developed within polders created by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) in low-lying coastal flood plains. These activities have been started without the consent of the BWDB, and one of the major concerns has been the creation of unauthorised sluice gates or channels through the perimeter dykes of the polders. Only those areas that are low enough to permit inundation of the land by at least 0.5 m of the water at spring tides have generally been used for shrimp farming.
Only two species are deliberately stocked in ponds: Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Of these P monodon is by far the more important. Other species of penaeid shrimps are also cultivated, through the accidental introduction of their fry when the ponds are filled or water exchange takes place. These include: P indicus, Penaeus merguiensis, Metapenaeus monoceros and Metapenaeus brevicornis.
Shrimp farming in Bangladesh relies entirely on the supply of wild fry for stocking purposes. It has been estimated that 1–3 billion fry of P monodon were harvested in 1985. The main collection centres are Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat and Cox's Bazar. At present, most fry collection for P monodon is conducted within the rivers and creeks of the coastal flood plain. It has been suggested that there may be a huge unexploited resource within the Sundarbans.
Collection of shrimp fry is carried out using either a fixed bagnet (behundi jal) which relies on tidal streams in small rivers and creeks to carry postlarval shrimp into the codend, or alternatively triangular (or less frequently rectangular) nets which are pushed or pulled along the bed of the river or creek. In Cox's Bazar shrimp fry collection is also carried along the beach. In the Khulna-Satkhira area the peak season for shrimp fry is February-May, whilst at Cox's Bazar it is April-June.
Shrimp fry collectors transfer their catches to earthenware bowls which are then carried back to the villages where the fry are sorted and counted by children using white enamelled plates. This undoubtedly results in a very large wastage of fry of both penaeid shrimps and other commercially important species including fish. The shrimp fry then pass through a chain of middlemen before reaching the shrimp farmers, during which the fry are usually transported in 20–30 l aluminium vessels using every conceivable form of transport. Shrimp fry mortality is believed to be very high, due to extreme water temperature and salinity fluctuations, low dissolved oxygen levels, and even the use of table salt in the mistaken belief that this will provide the correct salinity for the fry.
The price of P monodon fry in the Khulna-Satkhira area has risen dramatically from about Tk 40–50 in 1980 to Tk 400–600 per thousand (postlarvae of ca 15 mm total length) in 1988. The price of shrimp fry is much lower in the vicinity of Cox's Bazar being only Tk 40–100 per thousand for fry of a similar size.
Macrobrachium fry (postlarvae and juveniles) are collected in the Khulna region for stocking freshwater or low salinity brackishwater shrimp farms. There are no estimates available on the number of fry collected annually. Fry are available in the Khulna area from April onwards with the peak demand occurring in July. The price of Macrobrachium fry in the Satkhira area in 1986 was Tk 500–1,000 per thousand (25–50 mm total length), although at Paikgacha prices were only half this figure. Hatchery reared Macrobrachium fry produced in Cox's Bazar were being sold in 1988 for Tk 440 per thousand (15–20 mm total length).
In the Khulna-Satkhira area the shrimp farming pattern, often in rotation with agriculture, reflects the ambient seasonal salinity fluctuations in response to the monsoon:
January-July [high salinity season]:
August-December[low salinity season]:
In the Cox's Bazar area this pattern may be reversed due to the generally higher ambient salinities. Therefore some farmers produce salt during the the dry season and brackishwater shrimp during the rainy season.
Most of the shrimp farming is carried out within larged dyked areas (polders or ghers). Transplanted aman rice can be grown from August-December, when water and soil salinities are low. Agricultural crop production from January to July is difficult due to the shortage of freshwater and increased salinities in the soil. Acid sulphate soils may also present special problems in some areas.
Before the recent and rapid growth of shrimp farming, the land used to be left fallow during the dry season and used instead for grazing cattle and water buffalo. Animal dung remaining on the land, if not collected for fuel, would help to increase the production of aman rice in the following rainy season. The loss of grazing has resulted in very serious conflicts in land use in some areas.
Until recently all shrimp farmers, either individually or in groups, have leased land within BWDB polders. In some cases the land has been seized from the rightful leaseholders by force. The BWDB perimeter dykes are deliberately breached and wooden sluice gates or reinforced concrete culverts installed before repairing the dykes. The ponds, which may extend up to 500 acres (200 ha) or more, are usually allowed to remain dry during January after havesting the rice. The stubble is left in place. The ponds are then flooded during spring tides.
Since the early 1980s the Government of Bangladesh has played an active rôle in improving the level of shrimp farming husbandry and technology. Screens to prevent the entry of predators and competitors have become much more widespread, in combination with the selective stocking of fry. Simple nursery production methods have been introduced in some cases through the construction of a shallow nursery pond within the confines of each growout pond. Pond preparation, liming, fertilisation, pest control, nursery production, supplementary feeding and water management have only started to be introduced during the last five years, and even now are employed in only a few areas.
Recently P monodon production has been increased by the more enterprising farmers from <50 kg ha-1 yr-1 to >300 kg ha-1 yr-1. In the case of the Allah-Wala shrimp farm at Cox's Bazar, production of up to 900 kg ha-1 yr-1 was claimed during 1988.
There are plenty of signs that shrimp production levels in Bangladesh will continue to rise as a result of the gradual introduction of more intensive practices. At the present time, however, most farms are operated on an extensive basis, with relatively few examples of semi-intensive production.
Although the farming of P monodon and, to a lesser extent, M rosenbergii has become very important in Bangladesh, little attention has paid to the cultivation of other shrimp species, in particular P indicus. It is felt that this large penaeid, which occurs quite commonly in Bangladesh particularly in the Cox's Bazar region should be the subject of investigation to determine whether it has any potential for brackishwater aquaculture.
Previous Research in Bangladesh
Some research on the development of brackishwater shrimp cultivation has already been completed at Chittagong University (sponsored by BARC) and the Directorate of Fisheries.
Chittagong University:
Directorate of Fisheries:
Shrimp culture demonstration project at Satkhira: demonstration of improved culture techniques; provision of practical training for fishery officers, identification of the socio-economic support required to assist small scale shrimp farmers. [FAO/BOBP.]
The first of the public sector shrimp farming activities in Bangladesh was the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP) shrimp farm at Satkhira. This semi-intensive demonstration and research unit has recently been taken over by the Gramin Bank and is now known as the Satkhira Shrimp Farm.
Very little by way of practical research results is available from these various projects.
Present Status of Research in Bangladesh
Research on shrimp culture is currently being undertaken or alternatively being planned by the Fisheries Research Institute, the Directorate of Fisheries and Chittagong University. In most cases this work has only started recently and few research results are available. Some of this work is sponsored by BARC, whilst the rest is supported by ADB, FAO/UNDP and the World Bank. The various projects are summarised below:
Fisheries Research Institute:
Establishment of the Brackishwater Station (formerly designated the Brackishwater Fisheries Research Station) at Paikgacha. Part of the World Bank Second Agricultural Research Project. [WB/FAO/UNDP.]
Directorate of Fisheries:
Chittagong University:
Studies on growth and quality of shrimp and mullet with supplementary feeds (1986 onwards).
The largest of the Government shrimp farming projects is the IDA Shrimp Culture Project which is being adminstered by the Directorate of Fisheries. The Project comprises two parts: one near Khulna and another south of Cox's Bazar. The budget for the entire project is 117 crore Taka (US$ 36.5 million). The six year Project (1985/86 to 1990/91) involves the development of 3,500 acres (1,405 ha) of shrimp-cum-paddy farming in the Khulna area, most of which will be leased to individual farmers as 10 acre (4 ha) ponds. This part of the Project will also operate a demonstration farm and a hatchery, and provide an extension service for the leaseholders and other local farmers.
The second part of the IDA Shrimp Culture Project based at Cox's Bazar will comprise a penaeid shrimp hatchery and 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of shrimp ponds at Rampura within an existing polder with a perimeter of 39 miles (62 km). Single 10 acre (4 ha) ponds will be leased to individual shrimp farmers. A further 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) have been earmarked for subsequent development by the private sector. In the long term it is planned to establish a total of nine private hatcheries. A 22 acre (9 ha) demonstration farm and training centre will be built soon on a site already selected at Teknaf.
The ADB shrimp farming project at Rampura, also near Cox's Bazar, comprises a 50 acre (20 ha) demonstration shrimp farm for penaeid shrimps and a further 1,715 acres (700 ha) for private farmers. The concept is the same as for the IDA project in that single 11 acre (4 ha) ponds will be leased to 115 individual shrimp farmers. The demonstration farm comprises 13 growout ponds of 13.4 ha each and four smaller nursery ponds.
As soon as the Brackishwater Station of the Fisheries Research Institute has been constructed and becomes fully operational, the FRI will play an increasingly important national rôle in the development of the shrimp farming industry in Bangladesh.
The overall purpose of this research project is to study the basic biology and ecology of chapda chingri or chaka chingri (Penaeus indicus) and the subsequent evaluation of this species as a suitable candidate for shrimp farming in Bangladesh. In particular, the project will investigate the distribution of this species throughout the coastal areas of Bangladesh, its growth rate, recruitment and environmental requirements as far as these can be determined from field surveys.
Distribution Survey
Objective: To determine the distribution and relative abundance of P indicus in the estuarine and coastal areas of Bangladesh.
Shrimp Farm Survey
Objective: To determine the proportion of P indicus currently being cultivated as an incidental crop and the growth rate of this species in shrimp ponds.
Ecological Survey
Objective: To investigate the basic biology and ecology of P indicus including natural growth rate, reproduction, recruitment and environmental requirements.
Interpretation and Evaluation
Objective: To analyse and interpret the result of the project and to evaluate the potential of P indicus as a suitable candidate for commercial shrimp farming in Bangladesh.
Report Preparation
Objective: To prepare a final report consisting of a description of the work undertaken during the course of the project, the methodology, the results and their subsequent analysis and interpretation, and the evaluation of the suitability of P indicus as a candidate for aquaculture in Bangladesh.
Project Management
Objective: To provide overall technical and administrative control of the research project, co-ordination with other projects, other sections of FRI and other Government agencies, and the preparation of concise quarterly progress reports covering both research and administrative issues.
This project has been designed to provide basic data for the future research programme of the BS once the laboratory and experimental facilities are fully operational. The information collected by the project will provide an important data base for the future development of the shrimp farming industry in Bangladesh.
During the first six months the proposed project will investigate the apparent distribution of P indicus within the estuarine and coastal areas of Bangladesh based on available records and interviews with farmers, fishermen and, processing plant and coldstore operators. This will be followed by a detailed study of the distribution over the following 12 months.
Input from project no O-01 (Survey and Assessment of Shrimp Fry Resources) in terms of the distribution and abundance of P indicus fry will form an essential part of the present project. On the basis of this information a number of shrimp ponds will be selected in order to monitor the growth rate of this species in pond conditions over a complete culture season. This will also provide estimates of the proportion of P indicus currently being produced in such areas.
The distribution survey will be followed by a 12 month ecological study on aimed at investigating the natural growth rate, reproduction, recruitment and environmental requirements of this species.
Finally the the data will be analysed and evaluated in order to determine whether P indicus is a suitable candidate for aquaculture in Bangladesh. If this is found to be the case, then a proposal for phase II will be prepared in order to carry out culture trials on this species.
The implementation of this project will additionally provide an excellent opportunity for research and technical staff recruited for the BS to gain useful field experience in survey and research activities prior to the BS becoming fully operational. This should make the process of commissioning the BS and implementing the full research programme a much easier task for the appointed CSO. The project can also be used to provide ad hoc training for technical and support staff during its three years' duration.
The scheduling of the major project activities or tasks is summarised in Table 3. Ideally the project should be timed to coincide with project no O-01 (Survey and Assessment of Shrimp Fry Resources) so that information on the distribution of P indicus fry can be utilised by the present project. Close co-operation and co-ordination with project no O-01 will therefore be extremely beneficial.
Table 3. Activity chart (time scale: units of 2 months).
| Activity | Months | |||||||||||||||||
| 02 | 04 | 06 | 08 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 | |
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| TASKS - | ||||||||||||||||||
| Work plan preparation | - | |||||||||||||||||
| Literature survey | -- | -- | ||||||||||||||||
| Initial field survey | -- | -- | ||||||||||||||||
| [Shrimp fry survey#] | [-- | -- | --] | |||||||||||||||
| Distribution survey | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||||||||
| Shrimp farm survey | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||||||||
| Ecological survey | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||||||||
| Interpretation | -- | -- | ||||||||||||||||
| Report Preparation | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -- | -- | ||||||
| Proposal for phase IIx | -- | |||||||||||||||||
| DELIVERABLES - | ||||||||||||||||||
| Work plan | * | |||||||||||||||||
| Quarterly reports | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||||
| Final report | * | |||||||||||||||||
| Proposal for phase IIx | * | |||||||||||||||||
- Project activity/task.
* Reporting date.
# Included in project no O-01 (Survey and Assessment of Shrimp Fry Resources).
x Experimental trials (if the final evaluation is positive).
The methodology and procedures to be utilised in this project have been kept as simple as possible in order to permit the completion of the project without the need for the specialised facilities which will eventually became available at the BS. There will, however, be some need for laboratory work and it is proposed that this should be undertaken primarily at the FRI Marine Station's laboratories at Cox's Bazar. Some support will probably also be required from the Freshwater Station at Mymensingh.
The project will investigate the basic biology and ecology of chapda chingri or chaka chingri (Penaeus indicus) as a potential candidate for aquaculture in Bangladesh.
At the start of the project the principal investigator should translate the project proposal into a written and detailed work plan which should be approved by the CSO of the BS before the research investigations get underway. This work plan should define the following elements: project objectives; detailed methodology; equipment and consumable requirements; logistic support requirements; areas requiring co-operation or co-ordination with other projects or sections of FRI; staff assignment and manpower requirements, and reporting deadlines. A period of one month has been allowed for the preparation of the work plan and its approval by the CSO of the BS.
Before commencing the field work components of the project, a thorough review of the literature should be made. The bibliography appended to this proposal not only includes references for those citations incorporated in the text, but also recommendations for background reading. The FRI Library and Documentation Centre should obtain as many as possible of these references before that start of the project. These should be reviewed and digested by the principal investigator and his scientific staff at the beginning of the project. In view of the very large number of references which will need to be consulted a period of four months has been allowed for the completion of this task.
Before commencing the main field studies, there should be an initial survey to ascertain the areas most likely to be frequented by P indicus. Four main sources of information will be used:
The locations of the main field surveys will be selected on the basis of this information. Particular emphasis should be placed on whatever can be gleaned about the location of wild shrimp fry of this species, and the occurrence of adults in shrimp ponds.
[This task will not form a part of the overall project, since this information should become available through project no O-01 (Survey and Assessment of Shrimp Fry Resources). However, the relative timing of both projects will need to be carefully co-ordinated so that the information on the distribution and availability of P indicus fry can be utilised during the initial survey task of this project.]
The distribution survey will start immediately after the initial field survey has been completed and the precise locations of the various sampling stations have been determined. The distribution survey will consist of netting or trapping samples of shrimp from a mimumim of 100 locations distributed throughout the apparent range of this species during a period of 12 months (minimum 10 per month). The following data will be recorded for each sample:
Water temperature
Water temperature should be measured by using a standard mercury thermometer capable of being read to 0.1 °C.
Salinity
Salinity should be measured using a temperature compensated salinity refractometer capable of being read to 1.0 ‰.
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
Dissolved oxygen concentration should be measured using a portable oxygen meter capable of being read to 0.1 mg l-1. [In the case of the Shrimp Farm Survey (see next section), dissolved oxygen measurements should be taken at hourly intervals during a period of 24 hours at each field station once per month.]
Within the apparent overall distribution of P indicus in Bangadesh, a minimum of 10 shrimp ponds will be identified for monthly monitoring over a period of 12 months. This task will require the full co-operation of the shrimp farmers concerned, since it is proposed that cast net samples of shrimp (including P indicus) will be taken from each pond during the culture season. Therefore the selection of the ponds must to some extent be based on the attitudes of the farmers concerned. The purpose of the study will be to investigate the growth rate of P indicus in shrimp ponds as an incidental crop. The following parameters will be recorded monthly during the culture season:
The ecological survey will consist of catching monthly samples of wild shrimp using nets or traps at not less than 10 locations selected within the identified range of this species based on the distribution survey. The following data will be recorded monthly during a period of 12 months:
It is unlikely to be feasible to locate the spawning grounds of P indicus, since these will probably be located in the Bay of Bengal and would require full scale fisheries and plankton surveys using shrimp trawlers.
The final task of the project will be the interpretation of the final results and the evaluation of P indicus as a possible candidate for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh. The final evaluation should be based on a combination of biological, technical and economic factors:
This list is not exhaustive and additional factors are likely to be identified during the course of the project. A period of four months has been allocated for the completion of this task.
If P indicus appears to be a suitable candidate for brackishwater cultivation, then a new proposal describing the next phase of the research programme should be prepared.
Specialist Equipment Requirements
The following specialist equipment and supplies will be required:
* Supplier: Yellow Springs Instrument Company Inc, USA.
The project will require the following manpower:
| - Principal investigator (team leader) | 1 |
| - Shrimp biologist | 1 |
| - Field/laboratory technicians | 2 |
| - Boat operator | 1 |
| - Driver | 1 |
The budget estimates will be prepared by BS/FRI staff at a later stage.
The principal investigator (team leader) will be responsible for the day to day technical and administrative management of the project under the overall direction of the CSO of the BS. Until such time that the BS is fully operational, administrative support will have to be provided by the FRI at Mymensingh.
Assignment of individual work tasks and the timing of those tasks will be the responsibility of the principal investigator in collaboration with the CSO of the BS and the principal investigators of other projects. Since the BS will not be operational for some time and furthermore it is likely that most of the field work will be conducted in the Cox's Bazar area, the project will be dependent to a large extent on the laboratory facilities of the FRI Marine Station (MS) at Cox's Bazar. The success of the project will therefore be reliant in part on the degree of co-operation between BS, MS and FS scientific staff.
Efficient co-ordination between the CSOs of the BS, MS and FS will permit the shared use of facilities and equipment until such time that the BS becomes fully operational. Where project staff are not required on a continuous basis, they should be temporarily assigned to other projects in order to make the most effective use of their time. It may be possible to combine field sampling and other field work with related projects in order to use FRI and BS resources as efficiently as possible.
The principal investigator will be responsible for the initial planning of the field investigations, monitoring of the data collection and analysis, and in conjunction with the other members of the team, interpretation of the results and report preparation. The principal investigator should meet with his project team on a weekly basis to ensure schedules are being met and to resolve problems or other project-related issues.
Quarterly progress reports and a final project report should be prepared by the principal investigator with assistance from the other team members. The responsibility for the quality of the quarterly and final reports and their submission on time will be the responsibility of the principal investigator alone. It must, however, be recognised that administrative support to achieve this end will need to be provided by the FRI until such time that the BS is fully operational, after which it will become the responsibility of the CSO of the BS.
The CSO of the BS will also be responsible for reviewing the progress and final reports and making sure that the individual activities of the project have been completed properly and on time. Delays and other problems affecting the success of the project should be identified as early as possible so that corrective action can be taken.
[It should be noted that this bibliography contains not only those references cited in the text of this proposal, but also suggestions for additional background reading prior to the start of the project.]
Ali, M Liaquat, 1983. Shrimp farm survey in coastal area of Bangladesh, Dhaka. [Mimeographed.]
Anonymous, 1979. Draft final report, Annexe B. Proposed fisheries components for an agricultural credit project. Agricultural Credit Studies Project. Prepared by Nathan Associates, USA on behalf of the Bangladesh Bank, Dhaka.
Anonymous, 1984a. National Water Plan Project. Second interim report, vol VII - Fisheries. Master Plan organisation, Ministry of Water Development and Flood Control, Bangladesh. Prepared by Harza Engineering Co Int.
Anonymous, 1984b. Bangladesh coastal aquaculture project engineering study. Draft report, vol 1. Prepared by Development Consultancy Services Ltd and Engineering Consultancy Services Ltd, Dhaka on behalf of the World Bank.
Anonymous, 1985a. Delta Development Project: Bangladesh-Netherlands Joint Programme under the Bangladesh Water Development Board. Shrimp culture in the semi-saline zone of the delta. Technical report no 13, volume I, 60 pp. Arnhem and The Hague, The Netherlands.
Anonymous, 1985b. Delta Development Project: Bangladesh-Netherlands Joint Programme under the Bangladesh Water Development Board. Shrimp culture in the semi-saline zone of the delta. Technical report no 13, volume II, 102 pp. Arnhem and The Hague, The Netherlands.
Anonymous, 1985c. Report on tidal areas study. Draft report prepared by Development Consultancy Services Ltd and Engineering Consultancy Services & Associates Ltd, Dhaka on behalf of FAO.
Anonymous, 1985d. List of projects for the Third Five Year Plan. Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh.
Anonymous, 1985e. Report on engineering study. Vol 1: Bangladesh coastal aquaculture project. Prepared by Development Consultancy Services Ltd and Engineering Consultancy Services Ltd, Dhaka on behalf of the World Bank.
Anonymous, 1985f. Twenty year fishery development plan for Bangladesh. Prepared by John C Marr & Associates on behalf of FAO/UNDP.
Anonymous, 1985g. Proceedings of the Seminar on the Present Status of Prawn Farming in India, Bhubaneswar, May 1985. Marine Products Export Development Authority, Kerala, India.
Anonymous, 1986a. Bangladesh Second Aquaculture Development Project. Preparation report. Prepared by Aquatic Farms Ltd, Hawaii, USA on behalf of the Government of Bangladesh and the Asian Development Bank.
Anonymous, 1986b. Draft feasibility report on package 1: khulna Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project (TA no 665-BAN). Vol I. Prepared by Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC), Seoul, South Korea in association with Associated Consulting Engineers (Bangladesh) Ltd.
Anonymous, 1986c. Draft feasibility report on package 1: Khulna Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project (TA no 665-BAN). Vol III. Prepared by Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC), Seoul, South Korea in association with Associated Consulting Engineers (Bangladesh) Ltd.
Anonymous, 1986d. Socio-economic impact and constraints of shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, project proposal no 4, 59 pp.
Anonymous, 1986e. Brackishwater Aquaculture Research Station (BARS): design - phase 1. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 3, 22 pp.
Anonymous, 1986f. Research plans for nutrition and feed technology. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 4, 146 pp.
Anonymous, 1986g. Research plans for the Brackishwater Fisheries Research Station (BFRS). Fisheries Zesearch Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 5, 24 pp.
Anonymous, 1987a. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh. Five Year Masterplan: General research plan. FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010. Arnhem: Euroconsult BV, 149 pp.
Anonymous, 1987b. Brackishwater Fisheries Research Station (BFRS): design - phase 2. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 13, 125 pp.
Anonymous, 1987c. Five Year Masterplan: Equipment and civil works (final version). Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 14, 26 pp.
Anonymous, 1987d. Advice on literature. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 15, 50 pp.
Anonymous, 1988a. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Fisheries Research Institute (FRI): Revised project. Mymensingh: Fisheries Research Institute, 112 pp.
Anonymous, 1988b. Project of the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Integrated resource development of the Sundarbans reserved forest. UNDP project document, BGD/84/056/A/01/12, 27 pp plus annexes.
Anonymous, 1988c. Regional overview, status of facility and coastal aquaculture research proposals. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 19, pag var.
Apud, F, J H Primavera & P L Torres, 1983. Farming of prawns and shrimps. SEAFDEC Extension Manual no 5 (3rd edition), 67 pp.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1986. 1986 Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Ministry of Planning, 1048 pp.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1985. Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh 1984–85. Dhaka: Ministry of Planning, 654 pp.
Cheung, T S, 1960. A key to the identification of Hong Kong penaeid prawns with comments on points of systematic interest. Hong Kong University Fisheries Journal, (3): 61–69.
Chowdhury, A Q, 1986. Fishermen community and development of closed water fishery in Bangladesh. [Mimeographed.]
CMFRI, 1978. Breeding and rearing of marine prawns. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, special publication no 3, 128 pp.
CMFRI, 1979. Coastal aquaculture. Proceedings of the Fizst Workshop on Technology Transfer, Cochin and Mandapam. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, special publication no 6.
Cook, H L & H R Rabanal (ed), 1978. Manual on pond culture of penaeid shrmp. ASEAN National Co-ordinating Agency of the Philippines, Manila, 132 pp.
Crosnier, A, 1965. Les crevettes penaeidés du plateau continental Malgache. Cahiers ORSTOM (Océanographie), 3 (supplement 3): 158 pp.
Dall, W, 1957. A revision of the Australian species of Penaeinae (Crustacea Decapoda: Penaeidae). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 8 (2): 136–231.
De Bruin, G H P. 1965. Penaeid prawns of Ceylon (Crustacea Decapoda, Penaeidae). Zoölogische Mededeligen, Leiden, 41 (4): 73–104.
Euroconsult BV, 1985. Government of Bangladesh and FAO/UNDP. Second Agricultural Research Project - Fisheries Component. FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010. Technical assistance report no 1 (revised version). Arnhem: Euroconsult BV, 90 pp.
Funegaard, P, 1986. Shrimp seed - Any to sell? Come to Satkhira, Bangladesh. FAO Bay of Bengal News, no 22.
George, M J, 1961. Studies on the prawn fishery of Cochin and Alleppey coast. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 8 (1): 75–95.
George, M J, 1962. On the breeding of penaeids and the recruitment of their postlarvae into the backwaters of Cochin. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 9 (1): 110–116.
George, M J & K H Mohamed, 1966. An assessment of marine prawn fishery resources of Kanyakumari District - southwest coast of India. Proceedings of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, 12 (2): 210–215.
George, M J & P V Rao, 1967. Distribution and sex ratios of penaeid prawns in the trawl fishery of Cochin. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of India, 2 (2): 698–700.
George, M J, K Raman & P K Nair, 1968. Observations on the offshore prawn fishery of Cochin. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 10A (2): 460–499.
Gopalakrishnan, V, 1952. Food and feeding habits of Penaeus indicus Journal of Madras University, series B, 22 (1): 69–75.
Gopinath, K, 1956. Prawn culture in the rice fields of Travancore-Cochinm India. Proceeding of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, 6 (3): 419–423.
Hall, D N F, 1956. The Malayan Penaeidae (Crustacea Decapoda). Part I. Introductory notes on the species of the genera Solenocera, Penaeus and Metapenaeus. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 27: 68–90.
Hall, D N F, 1962. Observations on the taxonomy of some Indo-west Pacific Penaeidae (Crustacea, Decapoda). Fisheries Publications of the Colonial Office, 17: 229 pp.
Hall, D N F, 1967. Penaeidae of the east coast of Africa. Publications of the Scientific and Technical Research Commission, Organisation for African Unity, (96): 89–101.
Karim, M, 1986a. Site selection for the Brackishwater Fisheries Research Station (BFRS). Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 11, 44 pp.
Karim, M, 1986b. Integrated farming of shrimp, fish, paddy and goat at Satkhira. FAO Bay of Bengal report, Madras, India.
Karim, M, 1986c. Brackishwater shrimp culture demonstration in Bangladesh. SIDA/FAO Bay of Bengal Programme, Madras, India, report BOBP/REP/35, 40 pp.
Karim, M, 1987. Brackishwater aquculture in Bangladesh: A review. Fisheries Research Institute - Bangladesh, FAO/UNDP TA Project BGD/83/010 report no 12, 36 pp.
Kesteven, G L & T J Job, 1957. Shrimp culture in Asia and the Far East: A preliminary review. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 10: 49–68.
Kibria, C, 1983. Prawn and shrimp resources of Bangladesh, Dhaka. [Mimeographed.]
Kubo, I, 1949. Studies on the penaeids of Japan and its adjacent waters. Journal of the Tokyo College of Fisheries, 36 (1): 1–467.
Kungvankij, P, 1984. Overview of penaeid shrimp culture in Asia. NACA, Bangkok, Thailand, 28 pp.
Kurian, C V & V O Sebastian, 1976. Prawn and Prawn Fisheries of India. Delhi: Hindustan Publishing Corporation, 280 pp.
Mahmood, N, 1986. Effects of shrimp farming and other impacts on mangroves of Bangladesh. Paper presented at the Third Session of the IPFC Workshop on Inland Fisheries/Mangrove, 22–25 June, Bangkok, Thailand.
Majumder, M R, 1983. Shrimp culture status and extent in Cox's Bazar area, Dhaka. [Mimeographed.]
Menon, M K, 1937. Decapod larvae from the Madras plankton. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum (Natural History), 3 (5): 1–55.
Menon, M K, 1955. On the paddy field prawn fishery of Travancore-Cochin and an experiment in prawn culture. Proceedings of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, 5(2): 131–135.
Menon, M K, 1957. Contributions to the biology of penaeid prawns of the southwest coast of India. I. Sex ratio and moveents. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 4 (1): 62–74.
Menon, M K, 1965. Life history of prawns - A review of recent studies with special reference to Indian species. Fishery Technology, Ernakulam, 2 (1): 12–18.
Menon, M K & K Raman, 1961. Observations on the prawn fishery of the Cochin backwaters with special reference to the stake net catches. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 8 (1): 1–23.
Mohamed, K H, 1967a. Penaeid prawns in the commercial shrimp fisheries of Bonbay with notes on species and size fluctuations. Symposium Series of the Marine Biological Association of India, 2 (4): 1408–1418.
Mohamed, K H, 1967b. Prawn fisheries. In: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Government of India, 20th Anniversary Souvenir, Mandapam Camp, pp 75–81.
Mohamed, K H, 1968. Synopsis of biological data on the Indian prawn Penaeus indicus H Milne Edwards, 1837. (FAO Fisheries Synopsis no 94.) FAO Fisheries Report, (57) 4: 1267–1286.
Motoh, H, 1977. An annotated list of scientific and English common names of commercially improtant penaeid prawns and shrimps. SEAFDEC Technical Report no 2, 15 pp.
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