AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATION PROGRAMME
- Lectures presented at the ADCP Inter-regional Training Course
in Inland Aquaculture Engineering,
Budapest, 6 June-3 September 1983
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome. 1984
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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
M-44
ISBN 92-5-102168-6
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© FAO 1984
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Chapter 1. Considerations in the Selection of Sites for Aquaculture
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SITE SELECTION
2.1.1 Water supply
2.1.2 Water quality
2.1.3 Climate
2.1.4 Hydrological characteristics
2.1.5 Soil characteristics
2.1.6 Land2.2 Biological and operational factors
2.3 Economic and social factorsChapter 2. Hydrological Information for Design and Operation of Agriculture Systems
1. TYPE OF INFORMATION NEEDED FOR DESIGN AND OPERATION
2. HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING FOR OPERATION PURPOSES
2.1 Forecasting on Headwaters and Small Rivers
2.2 Forecasting the Regime of Large Rivers3. DETERMINING DESIGN PARAMETERS
4. DETERMINATION OF AREAL PRECIPITATION
5. THE REGIME OF SOIL MOISTURE
6. EVAPORATION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
7. GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS ARISING IN CONNECTION WITH AQUACULTURE STRUCTURESChapter 3. Hydraulic Aspects in Designing Aquaculture Systems
1. WATER CONVEYING CAPACITY OF PIPELINES
1.1 Calculation of Head Loss
1.2 Fundamental Equation for Calculating Head Loss in and/or Discharge of Pipelines2. WATER CONVEYING CAPACITY OF OPEN CANALS
2.1 Fundamentals for Calculating the Characteristics of Uniform Steady Flow in Open Canals, the Chézy Formula
2.2 The Velocity Coefficient (Chézy's C)
2.3 Characteristics of the Canal Cross-Section, Permissible Velocity
2.4 Computation of Cross-Section Dimensions or Discharge3. OUTFLOW UNDER GATES AND MOVABLE WEIRS
3.1 Various Types of Outflow Under Gates and their Hydraulic Computation
3.2 Hydraulic Computations for Estimating Characteristics of Tailwater Apron and the Hydraulic Jump4.1 Sharp Crested Weirs
4.2 Weir Section Shaped to fit the Nappe, or Ogee Profile
4.3 Special Weirs
4.4 The Tailwater Apron Following WeirsChapter 4. Input Load Determination and Ecosystem Modelling
1. INPUT LOAD DETERMINATION AND ECOSYSTEM MODELLING IN THE DESIGN AND CONTROL OF PERFORMANCE OF FISH FARMS
2. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEMS VIEWING
3. INPUT LOAD DETERMINATIONS
4. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM MODELS
5. SUMMARIZING REMARKS
6. REFERENCESChapter 5. Soils Engineering for Design of Ponds, Canals and Dams in Aquaculture
1. INTRODUCTION - THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
2.1 Pond Areas and Canal Traces
2.2 Borrow Sites
2.3 Structure Sites3.1 Additional Tests for Pike and Dam Materials
3.2 Interpretation of the Results4. DESIGNING FISH-POND DIKES AND DAMS
5. CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION
Chapter 6. Principles of Designing Inland Fish Farms
1.1 Considerations in Site Selection
1.2 Basic Principles of Arrangement2.1 Technological Requirements
2.2 General Technical Data
2.3 Geodetical Data
2.4 Hydrological and Meteorological Data
2.5 Geotechnical Data
2.6 Water Quality Data3. PURPOSE AND DIMENSIONING OF FISH FARM STRUCTURES
3.1 Hatchery
3.2 Fry Rearing Ponds and Basins
3.3 Nursery Ponds
3.4 Production Ponds
3.5 Fish Holding Facilities5.1 Dams and Dikes
5.2 Feeder Canals
5.3 Drainage canals
5.4 Drain Ditch
5.5 Internal Pond Drains
5.6 Borrow Pits
5.7 Internal Harvesting Pits6.1 Wave Action
6.2 Biological Protection
6.3 Wave Control Linings7.1 Monk Sluices
7.2 Open Sluices
7.3 Spillways
7.4 Fish Control StructuresChapter 7. Preparation of Plans and Cost Estimates and Tender Documents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OUTLINE OR FEASIBILITY PLAN
2.1 Purpose of Outline Plan
2.2 Procedures for Preparation of Outline Plan2.2.1 Site selection
2.2.2 Collection of maps and data
2.2.3 Outline plan3.2.1 Project report
3.2.2 Designs
3.2.3 Criteria for designing pond facilities
3.2.4 Preparation of detailed drawings4.1 Preparation of Detailed Estimates
4.1.1 General abstract of cost
4.1.2 Abstract of cost
4.1.3 Analysis of rates
4.1.4 Quantity estimates5.1 Advertisement for Bids (Notice to Contractors, or Invitation to Bid)
5.2 Draft Contract5.2.1 Types of contracts
5.2.2 General provisions or general conditions
5.2.3 Special provisions or special conditions5.3 Statements of Work, Services and Technical Specifications
5.4 Bill of Quantities
5.5 Schedule of Execution
5.6 Bidding Schedule
5.7 Approved Drawings6. REFERENCES
ANNEX 1 HYDROLOGICAL FORMULAS
ANNEX 2 GENERAL PROVISIONS
ANNEX 3 SPECIAL PROVISIONS
ANNEX 4 CONSTRUCTION OF CHIPATA FISH FARM IN ZAMBIA
ANNEX 5 Bill No........ Construction of Outlets
ANNEX 6 Bill of Quantities and Contract Cost
ANNEX 7 Bidding ScheduleChapter 8. Hydraulic Formulas Used in Designing Fish Farms
1. LIST OF SYMBOLS, DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
2. DESIGN FORMULAS FOR CHANNEL FLOW
3. DESIGN FORMULAS FOR HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
3.1 Design Formulas for Intakes
3.2 Design Formulas for Inlets
3.2.1 Free fall pipe inlet
3.2.2 Submerged pipe inlet
3.2.3 Open flume inlet3.3 Design Formulas for Outlets
3.4 Design Formulas for Culvert
3.5 Design Formulas for Vertical Falls
3.6 Design Formulas for Spillways
3.6.1 Recommended design floods for the spillways
3.6.2 Types of spillways
3.6.3 Discharge formulas3.7 Design Formulas for Siphons
4.1 Well Types
4.2 Well Discharge in a Confined Aquifer
4.3 Well Discharge in an Unconfined Aquifer
4.4 Radius of Influence
4.5 Screen Entrance Velocity
4.6 Recommended Well Diameter5. DESIGN FORMULA FOR SCREEN
6. DESIGN FORMULA FOR FILTER
7. DESIGN FORMULAS FOR FLOW IN PIPES
8. DESIGN FORMULAS FOR PUMPING
8.1 Types of Pumps Used in Aquaculture
8.2 Total Dynamic Heads
8.3 Specific Speed
8.4 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
8.5 Power Requirement
8.6 Determination of the Most Economical Pipe DiameterChapter 9. Problems on Pond Construction and Maintenance on Cat Clay Soils
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FORMATION OF ACID SULPHATE SOILS
3. FIELD IDENTIFICATION
4. PROBLEMS OF POND CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING
5. REMEDIES FOR PONDS BUILT ON ACID SULPHATE SOILS
6. MANAGEMENT MEASURES
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
8. REFERENCESChapter 10. The Organization and Supervision of Fish Farm Construction
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PREPARATIONS FOR FISH FARM CONSTRUCTION
2.1.1 Methods used in organization of construction work
2.1.2 Detailed plans required of the contractor
2.1.3 Choosing and operating the equipment3. EXECUTION OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS
3.1 Approach Road
3.2 Public Services
3.3 Temporary Buildings
3.4 Planning Material to be ordered
3.5 Ordering Equipment and Instruments
3.6 Organization and Transport of Plant and Equipment
3.7 Site Clearing
3.8 Setting Out of Buildings, Dikes, etc.
3.9 Earthworks
3.10 Structures
3.11 Buildings
3.12 Site Finishing4. SUPERVISION OF CONSTRUCTION BY THE ENGINEER
Chapter 11. Technology for Fish Propagation
1. GENERAL TECHNOLOGY FOR FISH PROPAGATION
1.1 Culture and Management of Brood Stock
1.2 Environmental Conditions for Culturing Breeders2. PRACTICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF THE ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF CULTIVATED FISH SPECIES
2.1.1 Reproduction
2.1.2 Economic characterization
2.1.3 Artificial propagation2.2 Chinese Herbivorous Fishes
2.2.1 Reproduction
2.2.2 Economic characterization
2.2.3 Artificial propagation
2.2.4 Sexual differentiation
2.2.5 Handling of spawners
2.2.6 Hypophysation
2.2.7 Keeping injected fish in the hatchery
2.2.8 Procurement of eggs and milt
2.2.9 Fertilization of eggs
2.2.10 The ripening, attending and hatching of the eggs
2.2.11 Keeping the larvae
2.2.12 Biological and technological data spawning ages in years2.3.1 Reproduction
2.3.2 Economic characterization
2.3.3 Artificial propagation2.4.1 Reproduction
2.4.2 Economic characterization
2.4.3 Propagation
2.4.4 Sexual differentiation
2.4.5 Spawning in fish ponds
2.4.6 Hypophysation
2.4.7 Hatching
2.4.8 Biological and technical data2.5.1 Reproduction
2.5.2 Economic characterization
2.5.3 Artificial propagation
2.5.4 Sexual differentiation
2.5.5 Hypophysation
2.5.6 Hatching
2.5.7 Biological and technical data2.6 Semi-Artificial Propagation of Indian Carps
2.6.1 Propagation
2.6.2 Economic features
2.6.3 Way of distinguishing male or female spawners
2.6.4 Age of fish at first propagation
2.6.5 Hypophysation
2.6.6 Keeping of spawners and spawning
2.6.7 Hatching of the seed
2.6.8 Rearing of larva
2.6.9 Biological and technical figuresChapter 12 Planning of Fish Hatcheries
1. BASIC DATA
2. PROCESSING OF BASIC DATA
3. CALCULATION OF WATER REQUIREMENT OF A FISH HATCHERY
4. TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT OF HATCHING
5. TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN
6. CONNECTED FACILITIES
Chapter 13 Deign and Construction of Raceways and Other Flow-Through Systems
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WATER SUPPLY
2.1 Conventional Flow-Through Systems
2.2 Intensive Flow-Through Systems3. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DESIGN OF FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
3.1 Water Pumping System
3.2 Tank Design
Chapter 14 Freshwater Cage for Fish
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SITE SELECTION FOR CAGE CULTURE
2.1 Characteristics of the Site
2.2 Environmental Considerations
2.2.1 Effects of cage fish farming on the environment
2.2.2 Effects of the environment on cage fish farming
2.2.3 Service and operational considerations3. THE MAIN PARTS OF A CAGE FARM
3.1 Netting
3.2 Floats
3.3 Frame
3.4 Mooring
3.5 Shore Facilities4. RESULTS OF THE CAGE FISH CULTURE EXPERIMENTS IN HUNGARY
4.1 Culture of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) in Net Cages
4.2 Net Cage Culture of Sheatfish (Silurus Glanis)
4.3 Net Cage Culture of Bester (a hybrid of Huso huso × Acipenser ruthenus)
4.4 Biculture of Sheatfish (Silurus glanis) and Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in a Net Cage
4.5 Net Cage Polyculture of Carp and Herbivorous Fish
4.6 Fish Polyculture in an Enclosure
Chapter 15 Recirculatig Systems and Re-use of Water in Aquaculture
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESIGN OF RECIRCULATION SYSTEMS
2.1 Design of Oxygen Supply
2.2 Design for Ammonia Removal
2.3 Design of Complex Recirculation Systems
2.4 Calculation of Water Requirement
2.5 Other Design Criteria3. THE PROPER UTILIZATION OF CAPACITY
4. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
5. REFERENCES
Chapter 16 Design of Pumping Stations
1. GROUPING OF PUMPING STATIONS
2. PUMP WELL
3. SETTING OF PUMPS
4. CHARACTERS OF PUMP SETTING
5. CAPACITY OF THE PUMP STATION
6. CALCULATION OF HEAD
6.1 Entrance Loss:
6.2 Resistance of Suction Screen
6.3 Resistance of Foot Valve
6.4 Pressure Loss Coming from Pipe Friction (h3)
6.5 Valves Built in the Pipeline (Gate Valve, Check Valve, etc.)
6.6 Pressure Loss from Inversion (h7)7. PIPE SYSTEM IN THE PUMP HOUSE
8. VALVES
9. PUMPS
9.1 Choice of the Proper Type of Pump
9.2 Control of Delivering CapacityChapter 17 Artificial Feeding in Intensive Fish Culture
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TABLES AND DIAGRAM USED FOR INTRODUCTION OF LECTURE
3. REFERENCESChapter 18 Fish Feed Production, Storage and Transportation
2.1 Cereal Harvesting and Treatment
2.2 Moisture Content of Cereals
2.3 Storage of Cereals2.3.1 Vacuum storage
2.3.2 Storage with ventilation
2.3.3 Cold storage3. TYPES OF DRIERS AND SOME DRYING TECHNOLOGIES
4. STORAGE OF FEEDS
5. MACHINERY FOR PREPARATION OF COMPOUND FEED
6. IMPORTANT POINTS IN THE PREPARATION OF MEALY MATERIALS
7. TYPES OF MILL CONSTRUCTION
7.1 Types of Feed Mixing Apparatus
7.2 Preparation of Pellets
7.3 Types of Driers8. AUXILIARY PARTS OF THE FEED MILL
9. MACHINERY FOR TRANSPORTATION
10. REFERENCESChapter 19 Mechanized Feeding in Aquaculture
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FISH FEED STORAGE FACILITIES
3. FEED TRANSPORTING EQUIPMENT
4. FEED DISTRIBUTORS
4.1 Stationary Feeding Equipment
Chapter 20 Mechanized Harvesting in Fish Culture
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HERDING OPERATIONS
2.1 Mechanical Driving
2.2 Hydraulic Driving
2.3 Electrical DrivingChapter 21 Aeration and Oxygenation in Aquaculture
1. OXYGEN BUDGET OF FISH PONDS
1.1 Diurnal Changes of Dissolved Oxygen Content
1.2 Factors Influencing the Dissolved Oxygen Content of Pond Water1.2.1 Production of macro- and microorganisms in the water
1.2.2 Oxygen consumption by pond water
1.2.3 Oxygen consumption by the pond bottom
1.2.4 Oxygen consumption by fish
1.2.5 Natural diffusion caused by wind action
1.2.6 Artificial control of the dissolved oxygen content of water2. AERATION DEVICES FOR FISH PONDS
2.1 Hydraulic Type Fish Pond Aerators
2.2 Air Diffusion Type Fish Pond Aerators3. UTILIZATION OF PURE OXYGEN IN INTENSIVE FISH CULTURE SYSTEMS
3.1 Oxygen Absorption and its Devices
3.2 Pipeline Injection of Oxygen
3.3 U-tube Oxygenation4. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE DESIGN OF FISH POND AERATORS
4.1 Equilibrium Concentration of Oxygen in Water
4.2 Mass Transfer Processes of Aerators5.1 Bubble Aeration
5.2 Examples for Dimensioning Fine Bubble Aerators
5.3 Aeration with Ejectors
5.4 Aeration with Paddle Wheels
Chapter 22 Maintenance of Fish Farms
1.1 Maintenance of Earthworks
1.2 Maintenance of Biological Slope Protection
1.3 Maintenance of Water Control Structures
1.4 Steel Structures
1.5 Stone and Concrete Linings2.1 Reconstruction of Earthworks
2.1.1 Dikes
2.1.2 Internal drainage canals and harvesting pits
2.1.3 Canal3. MECHANIZATION OF MAINTENANCE AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS
3.1 Mechanization of Fish Pond Maintenance
3.2 Mechanized Maintenance of Canals
Chapter 23 Fish Health Viewpoints in Planning Fish Producing Systems
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FISH DISEASES
2.1 Important Types of Fish Diseases
3. TECHNICAL ADVICE FOR PLANNING FISH BREEDING SYSTEMS
3.1 Location of Fish Farms
3.2 Organizing Water Supply System3.2.1 Insufficient water supply (figure 3)
3.2.2 Good water supply (figure 4)3.3 Hatcheries
3.4 Nursery Ponds
3.5 Ponds for Larger and Marketable Fish4.1 Water Change
4.2 Aeration of Ponds
4.3 Bottom Treatments
4.4 Removal of Mud
4.5 Bird Problem
Chapter 24 Economic Aspects of Aquafarm Construction and Maintenance
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN SITE SELECTION
3. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION
4. ESTIMATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT COSTS
4.1 Construction Costs
4.2 Equipment Costs
4.3 Case Study5.1 Comparison of Initial Costs
5.2 Cost-Return Analysis5.2.1 Capital costs
5.2.2 Annual operating costs
5.2.3 Gross revenue
5.2.4 Indicators of performance
5.2.5 Example of cost-return analysis