COMMUNICATIONS (continue)

USE OF RAW MATERIAL AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (continue)

Table 1. Contribution of aquaculture to world fishery production ¹

AQUACULTURE OF CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD FISHERY PRODUCTION 1984–1990 (VALUES GIVEN IN '000 MT)
		1984	1985	1986	1987	19087	1988	1990
World catch and culture of fish shellfish²		83,925	86,378	92,829	94,399	99,062	100,333	97,246
	Total catch	77,253	78,641	84,020	84,243	87,855	88,911	85,111
	Total cultured	6,672	7,37	8,809	10,156	11,207	11,422	12,135
	- % total	7,9%	9,0%	9,5%	10,8%	11,3%	11,4%	12,5%
Total fish landings		73,997	75,959	81,831	82,073	86,368	87,206	84,416
	- Capture	69,568	70,709	75,834	75,198	78,790	79,422	76,005
	- Culture	4,429	5,250	5,997	6,875	7,578	7,784	8,411
	- %total	6,0%	8,737	9,715	10,442	11,115	11,468	12,025
	Freshwater fishes	8,037	8,737	9,715	10,442	11,115	11,468	12,025
	- Capture	4,498	4,368	45,642	4,598	4,691	4,891	5,057
	- Culture	3,539	4,369	5,073	5,844	6,424	6,577	6,968
	- %total	44,0%	50,0%	52,2%	56,0%	57,3%	57,9%
	Diadromous fishes	2,448	2,6036	2,537	2,666	2,676	3,050	3,073
	- Capture	1,768	1,746	,846,	1,897	1,804	2,116	1,938
	- Culture	680	660	691	769	872	934	1,135
	- %total	27,8%	25,3%	27,2%	28,8%	32,6%	30,6%	36,9%
	Marine fishes	63,512	64,616	69,579	68,966	72,577	72,688	69,318
	- Capture	63,302	64,395	69,346	68,705	72,295	72,415	69,011
	- Culture	210	221	233	261	282	273	307
	- % total	0,33%	0,34%	0,33%	0,38%	0,39%	0,38%	0,44%
Total crustacean landings		3,349	3,676	4,082	4,268	4,458	4,571	4,583
	- Capture	3,122	3,398	3,694	3,680	3,813	3,896	3,867
	- Culture	227	278	388	588	645	675	716
	- % total	6,8%	7,6%	9,5%	13,8%	14,5%	14,8%	15,6%
	Shrimps, prawns	1,920	2,138	2,236	2,372	2,527	2,480	2,527
	- Capture	1,757	1,928	1,938	1,890	1,927	1,913	1,927
	- Culture	163	210	298	482	600	567	600
	- % total	8,5%	9,8%	13,3%	20,3%	23,7%	22,9%	23,7%
	Freshwater spp.	155	177	208	239	223	249	248
	- Capture	117	138	150	168	163	190	182
	- Culture	38	39	58	71	60	59	66
	- % total	24,5%	22,0%	27,9%	29,7%	26,9%	23,7	26,6%
Total mollusc landings		6,379	6,444	6,567	7,692	7,954	8,238	7,947
	- Capture	4,385	4,264	4,173	5,027	5,004	5,323	4,982
	- Culture	1,994	2,180	2,394	2,665	2,950	2,915	2,965
	- % total	31,3%	33,8%	36,4%	34,6%	37,1%	35,4%	37,3%
Miscellan-aquatic animals		249	299	348	365	282	318	300
	- Capture	227	271	318	337	248	269	256
	- Culture	21	28	30	28	34	49	44
	- % total	8,7%	9,4%	8,7%	7,7%	12,2%	15,3%	14,5%
World landings of aquatic		3,775	3,877	3,863	3,547	4,133	4,377	4,338
	- Capture	329	443	463	524	783	1,379	1,150
	- Culture	3,446	3,434	3,400	3,023	3,350	2,998	3,188
	- % total	91,3%	88,6%	88,0%	85,2%	81,0%	68,5%	73,5%

¹ Fao (1992, 1992a)
² 1991 total world catch and culture of fish and shelfish is reported to be 96,925,000 mt (FAO, unpublished data)

Table 2. world aquaculture production by major group in 1990 ¹

1990 WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY SPECIES GROUPS
AQUACULTURE SPECIES GROUP		PRODUCTION (t)
FRESHWATER FISHES		6,968,053
	Carps, barbels & other cyprinids
	Silver carp (Hypophthalmichtys molitrix)	1,515,262	(30.4%)
	Cammon carp (Cyprinus carpio)	1,112,726	(22.3%)
	Gross carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)	1,047,050	(21.0%)
	Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)	671,460	(13.5%)
	Crucian carp (Carassius)	215,740	(4.3%)
	White amur bream (Parabramis pekinensis)	161,615	(3.2%)
	Mud carp (Cirrhinus mulitorella)	80,289	(1.6%)
	Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)	37,852	(0.8%)
	Java barb (Puntius javanicus)	22,525	(0.4%)
	Thai silver barb (Punitius gonionotus)	17,146	(0.3%)
	Nilem carp (Osteochilus hasselti)	12,480	(0.2%)
	Goldan shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)	9,802
	Roho labeo (LabeoLabeo rohita	8,209
	Roaches (Rutilus spp	2,505
	Tench (Tinca)	1,815
	others	64,083	(1.3%)
	Group total	4,980,559	(71.5%)
Tilapia & other cichlids
	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	201,933	(51.7%)
	Tilapia spp. (species not given)	131,817	(33.7%)
	Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambica)	37,386	(9.6%)
	Blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus)	18,683	(4.8%)
	Three spotted tilapia (O. andersonii)	1,000	(0.3%)
	Others	6
	Group total	390,825	(5.6%)
Miscellaneous freshwater fishes
Osteichthyes (species not given)		1,281,365	(80.2%)
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)		164,948	(10.3%)
Torpedo-shaped catfishes (Clarias spp)		57,761	(3.6%)
Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus)		40,260	(2.5%)
Snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis)		15,710	(1.0%)
Pangas catfish (Pangasius)		14,000	(0.9%)
Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy)		5,656	(0.3%)
Kissing gourami (Helostoma temmincki)		5,410	(0.3%)
Striped snakehead (Channa striatus)		3,805	(0.2%)
Colossoma (Colossoma spp.)		1,626
Black bullhead (Ictalurus melas)		1,600
Others		5,028	(0.4%)
Group total		1,596,669	(22.9%)
DIADROMOUS FISHES		1,135,118
	Sturgeons, paddlefishes
	Sturgeons (Acipenseridae)	358	(100%)
	Group total	358	(0.03%)
River eels
	Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)	95,817	(92.1%)
	European eel (Anguilla)	7,961	(706%)
	Others	290	(0.3%)
	Groups total	104,068	(9.2%)
Salmons, trouts, smelts
	Rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss)	271,478	(45.7%)
	Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar)	231,543	(39.0%)
	Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch)	39,402	(6.6%)
	Ayu sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis)	13,017	(2.2%)
	Chinook salmon (Oncor thynchchus tshawytcha)	12,094	(2.0%)
	Sea trout (Salmo trutta)	2,831	(0.5%)
	Whitefishes (Coregonus spp)	3,456	(0.6%)
	Trouts (Species not given)	16,305	(2.7%)
	Salmonoids (Species not given)	2,342	(0.4%)
	Others	960	(0.2%)
	Group total	593,428	(52.3%)
Miscellaneous diadromous fishes
	Milkfish (Chanos)	429,870	(98.3%)
	Giant sea perch (Lates calcarifer)	7,394	(1.7%)
	Group total	437,264	(38.5%)
MARINE FISHES		307,563
	Flounders, halibuts, soles
	Bastard halibut (Paralichthys olivaceus)	4,137	(85.8%)
	Turbot (Psetta maxima)	656	(13.6%)
	Others	30	(0.6%)
	Group total	4,823	(1.6%)
Cods, hakes, haddocks
	Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)	70	(100%)
	Group total	70	(0.02%)
Redfishes basses, congers
	Japanese seabream (Sparus (= Pagrus Major)	50,921	(72.1%)
	Gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus)	3,096	(4.4%)
	Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)	1,631	(2.3%)
	Groupers (Epinephelus spp.)	1,111	(1.6%)
	Other groupers, seabasses (Serranidae)	9.222	(13.1%)
	Puffers (Tetraodontidae)	1,150	(1.6%)
	Marble goby (Oxyeleotrix marmorada)	919	(1.3%)
	Goldined, seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba)	830	(1.2%)
	Others	1,730	(2.4%)
	Group total	70,610	(23.0%)
Jacks, mullets, sauries
	Japanese amberjack (Seriola guigueradiata)	161,568	(83.7%)
	Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)	12,526	(6.5%)
	Other mullets (species not given)	10,971	(5.7%)
	Japanese jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus)	6,200	(3.2%)
	Other jack & horse mackerels (Trachurus spp)	1,368	(0.7%)
	Others	311	(0.2%)
	Group total	192,944	(62.7%)
Tunas bonitos, billfishes
	Northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)	358	(100%)
	Group total	358	(0.1%)
Miscellaneous marine fishes
	Osteichthyes (species not given)	38,758	(100%)
	Group total	38,758	(12.6%)
CRUSTACEANS 715,586
	Freshwater crustaceans
	Red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clakii)	34,705	(52.7%)
	Giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)	22,995	(34,9%)
	Others	8,141	(12.4%)
	Group total	65,841	(9.2%)
Sea spiders, crabs
	Mud crab (Scylla serrata)	4,880	(50.0%)
	Chinese river crab (Eriocheir sinenis)	4,833	(49.5%)
	Others	50
	Group total	9,763	(1.4%)
Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters
	Palinurid spiny lobsters (Palinurus spp.)	120	(100%)
	Group total	120	(0.02%)
Shrimps, prawns		195,332	(32.6%)
	Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon)	186,438	(31.1%)
	Fleshy prawn (Penaeus chinensis)	83,783	(14.0%)
	Whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)	29,272	(4.9%)
	Banana prawn (Penaeus merguirensis)	9,900	(1.6%)
	Kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicus)	5,619	(0.9%)
	Indian white prawn (Penaeus indicus)	1,636	(0.3%)
	Blue shrimp (Peneaus stylirostris)	19,798	(3.3%)
	Penaeid shrimp (Species not given)	18,880	(3.1%)
	Metapenaid shrimp (species not given)	49,092	(8.2%)
	Natantian decapods (Natantia)	57
	Others	599,807	(83.7%)
	Group total
Miscellaneous marine crustaceans
	Crustacea (species not given)	40,055	(100%)
	Group total	40,055	(5.6%)
MOLLUSCS		2,965,040
Freshwater molluscs		550
Abalones, winkles, conchs		1,384
(Oysters)		876,629	(29.6%)
Mussels		1,081,774	(36.5%)
Scallops, pectens		340,738	(11.5%)
Clams, cockles, arkshells		499,688	(16.9%)
Squaids, cuttlefishes, octopuses		27
Miscellaneous marine molluscs		164,250	(5.5%)
MISCELLANEOUS AQUATIC ANIMALS		43,652
Frogs and other amphibians		139	(0.3%)
Turtles		801	(1.8%)
Crocodiles and alligators		60	(0.1%)
Sea-squirts and other tunicates		30,768	(70.5%)
Miscellaneous aquatic invertebrates		11,658	(26.7%)
Pearls, mother-of-pearl, shells		225	(0.5%)
Sponges		1
AQUATIC PLANTS		3,187,691
Brown seaweeds		2,039,115	(64.0%)
Red seaweeds		883,151	(27.7%)
Green seaweeds		12,463	(0.4%)
Miscellaneous aquatic plants		252.962	(7.9%)
FISH
	Freshwater fishes	6,968,053	(82.8%)
	Diadromous fishes	1,135,118	(13.5 %)
	Marine fishes	307,563	(3.7%)
	Group total	8,410,734	(54.9%)
CRUSTACEANS		715,586	(4.7%)
MOLLUSCS		2,965,040	(19.3%)
MISCELLANEOUS AQUATIC ANIMALS		43,652	(0.3%)
AQUATIC PLANTS		3,187,691	(20.8%)
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION - FISH AND SHELLFISH		12,135,012
TOTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION - ANIMALS AND PLANTS		15,322,703
VALUE OF TOTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION (US`000)		26,455,328
TOTAL WORLD FISHERY PRODUCTION ²		101,583,300
	Landings from inland Waters	14,444,400	(14.2%)
	Landings from Marine Fishing Areas	82,801,300	(81.5%)
	Seaweeds & other aquatic plants	4,337,600	(4.3%)
AQUACULTURE AS PERCENT OF TOTAL FISHERY PRODUCTION			15.1 %

¹ FAO (1992)

² Fisheries production includes landings of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other miscellaneous aquatic animals, but excludes mammals

Table 3. Production of the major cultured fish and shrimp species from 1984 and 1990 (FAO 1992)

1984–1990 TOP 20 AQUACULTURE PRODUCERS - FISH AND CRUSTACEANS
PRODUCTION (1,000 T)	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990
1. Silver carp	843	1,092	1,287	1,439	1,609	1,445	1,515
2. Common carp	590	671	822	1,035	1,113	1,002	1,113
3. Grass carp	288	373	440	541	606	954	1,047
4. Bighead carp	365	482	596	632	707	643	671
5. Milkfish	354	312	311	332	346	334	430
6. Rainbow	185	190	199	225	242	250	271
7. Atlantic salmon	27	39	60	68	112	171	231
8. Crucian carp	59	76	93	1,9	122	209	216
9. Nile tilapia	55	66	86	98	103	174	202
10. Giant tiger prawn	49	56	89	148	155	198	195
11. Fleshy prawn	19	41	83	154	200	175	186
12. Channel catfish	110	123	149	170	165	184	165
13. White amur bream	91	119	148	174	195	144	162
14. Yellowatail	153	152	149	160	167	155	162
15. Japanese eel	75	77	73	82	92	84	96
16. Whiteleg shrimp	36	35	35	80	82	79	84
17. Mud shrimp	36	48	57	70	78	78	80
18. Japanese seabream	26	28	33	38	45	46	51
19. Climbing perch	1	36	37	37	37	39	40
20. Coho salmon	6	9	10	17	26	30	39
Total	3,367	4,025	4,757	5,609	6,202	6,394	6,956

Table 4. Estimated global aquafeed and fish meal usage and demand (FAO 1992)

AQUAFEED AND FISH MEAL USAGE AND DEMAND BY MAJOR CULTURED SPECIES
SHRIMP	1990	2000
Total shrimp production (mt)	600,000	1,000,000
Percentage of production on aquafeeds (%)	75	80
Mean food conversion ration (FCR)²	1.8	1.7
Dietary fish meal content (%)	25	25
Dietary fish oil content (%)	3	3
Total aquafeed production (mt)	810,000	1,360,000
Total fish meal used (mt)	22,500	340,000
Total fish oil used (mt)	24,300	68,000

SALMON	1990	2000
Total salmon production (mt)	286,000	401,000
Percentage of production on aquafeeds (%)	100	100
Mean food conversion ration (FCR)	1.5	1.5
Dietary fish meal content (%)	50	45
Dietary fish oil content (%)	15	15
Total aquafeed production (mt)	429,000	601,500
Total fish meal used (mt)	214,500	270,675
Total fish oil used (mt)	64,350	90,225

TROUT	1990	2000
Total trout production (mt)	262,000	334,000
Percentage of production on aquafeeds (%)	100	100
Mean food conversion ration (FCR)	1.8	1.7
Dietary fish meal content (%)	30	30
Dietary fish oil content (%)	10	10
Total aquafeed production (mt)	171,600	567,800
Total fish meal used (mt)	141,780	170,340
Total fish oil used (mt)	47,160	56,780

CHANNEL CATFISH	1990	2000
Total catfish production (mt)	360,435	508,131
Percentage of production on aquafeeds (%)	100	100
Mean food conversion ration (FCR)	1.8	1.7
Dietary fish meal content (%)	5	3
Dietary fish oil content (%)	2	2
Total aquafeed production (mt)	648,783	863,823
Total fish meal used (mt)	32,439	25,915
Total fish oil used (mt)	12,976	17,276

MARINE FISH ³	1990	2000
Total marine fish production (mt)	225,000	350,000
Percentage of production on aquafeeds (%)	30	70
Mean food conversion ration (FCR)	2	1,8
Dietary fish meal content (%)	60	45
Dietary fish oil content (%)	12	12
Total aquafeed production (mt)	135,000	441,000
Total fish meal used (mt)	81,000	198,450
Total fish oil used (mt)	16,200	52,920

CARP ⁴
Total carp production (mt)	4,980,559	6,225,699
Percentage of production on aqufeeds (%)	2	3
Mean food conversion ratio (FCR)	1.8	1.7
Dietary fish meal content (%)	25	20
Dietary fish oil content (%)	10	10
Total aquafeed production (mt)	170,300	317,511
Total fish meal used (mt)	44,825	63,502
Total fish oil used (mt)	17,930	31,751

TILAPIA
Total tilapia production (mt)	390,825	508,073
Percentage of production on aquafeeds (%)	10	20
Mean food conversion ration (FCR)	1.8	1.7
Dietary fish meal content (%)	20	20
Dietary fish oil content (%)	0.5	0.5
Total aquafeed production (mt)	70,349	172,745
Total fish meal used (mt)	14,070	34,549
Total fish oil used (mt)	352	864

TOTAL GLOBAL ESTIMATES ⁵
Estimated aquafeed production (mt) ⁶	2,965,000	4,626,000
Estimated fish meal usage (mt)	816,000	1,224,000
Estimated fish oil usage	205,000	363,000

¹ Data from Chamberlain (1992)
² Food conversion ratio = feed intake / weight gain
³ Marine fish includes yellowtails, Sea Bass, Sea Bream, Flatfish etc
⁴ Silver carp 30.4% , common carp 22.3%, grass carp 21%, others 26.3%
⁵ Global estimates based on a 56%, 50% and 77% increase in aquafeed, fish meal and fish oil production/usage from 1990 to the year 2000
⁶ Reported feed cost for production diets range from US$ 215/mt for channel catfish feeds to US $ 1200/ mt for nutrientdense extruded salmon feeds.

Table 5. Examples of International Feed Descriptions⁽¹⁾

Components	Feed.1	Feed.12	Feed.3	Feed.4	Feed.5	Feed.6
Specific Origin	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4	Class 5	Class 6
Genus	Trofilium	Avena	Medicago	Zea	Box	Magnesium
Species	Pratense	Sativa	Sativa	Mays	Taurus	Carbonate
Variety
Generic	Clover	Oats	Alfalfa	Maize	Cattlle	Magnesium
Breed or Kind	Red	-	-	Dent	Guernesey	Carbonate
Strain	-	-	-	Yellow	-	MgCO3
Part	Aerial part	Aerial part	Aerial part	Grain	Milk	-
Process	Sun-cured	fresh	Ensiled	Dehly	Spay dehly	Ground
Maturity	Late vegetative	Early bloom	Early bloom	-	-	-
Cutting	Cut 2	-	Cut 1	-	-	-
Grade	-	-	-	Grade 2	-	-
International Feed Number	1-02-395	2-02287	3-07-844	4-03-931	5-08-626	6-02-754
Non Specific Origin	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4	Class 5	Class 6
Genus	Meadow plants	Grass	Legume	Backery	Animal	Rock phosphate
Species	Inter-mountain	-	-	-	-	Carbonate
Variety
Generic	Meadow plants	Grass	Legume	Bakery	Animal	Rock
Bread or Kind	inter-mountain	-	-	-	-	-
Strain	-	-	-	-	-	-
Part	Aerial part	Aerial part	Aerial part	Waste	Blood	-
Process	Sun-cured	fresh	Ensiled	Dehly	Spay dehly	Ground
Maturity	Late bloom	Early bloom	-	-	-	-
Cutting	Cut 1	-	-	-	-	-
Grade	-	-	-	-	-	-
International Feed Number	1-09-176	2-08-431	3-07-796	695 G/L 4-00-466	5-00-381	6-03-945

¹ Harris (1980)

Table 6. Average proximate composition of feed ingredients used in warmwater fish feeds (all values expressed as % by weight on a as-fed basis:
Water-H2O;
Crude Protein - CP;
Lipid or Ether Extract-EE;
Crude Fibre CF;
Ash;
Calcium-Ca;
Phosphorus-P1/

INGREDIENT NAME	IFN	H20	CP	CF	EE	Ash	Ca	P
Alfalfa meal, dehyd	1-00-023	8.0	17.3	24.0	2.7	9.7	1.4	0.23
Bakery waste, dehyd	4.00–466	8.0	9.8	1.2	11.7	4.0	0.13	0.24
Navy bean seed	5-00-623	11.0	22.6	4.5	1.3	4.7	0.16	0.52
Blood meal	15-00-380	8.0	97.8	1.0	1.3	5.3	0.29	0.24
Blood meal, spray dehyd	5-00-381	7.0	85.6	1.0	1.3	6.6	0.30	0.23
Brewers grains, dehyd	5-02-141	8.0	27.1	13.2	6.6	3.6	0.30	0.51
Cassave tubers, dehyd	4-09-598	12.0	2.3	4.6	0.7	2.9	0.25	0.17
Copra meal, mech extd	5-01-572	8.0	20.7	11.8	6.4	6.8	0.20	0.61
Copra meal, solv extd	5-01-572	9.0	21.3	14.0	3.5	6.0	0.17	0.60
Coffee pulp, dehyd	1-09-743	13.0	11.8	27.0	2.5	6.5	0.55	0.12
Corn cobs, ground	1-28-234	10.0	2.8	32.7	0.7	1.5	0.11	0.04
Corn distillers grains, dehyd	5-28-235	60.	21.6	11.3	9.2	2.3	0.10	0.40
Corn distilers grain with solubles dehyd	5-28-236	8.0	23.0	9.1	9.4	4.4	0.14	0.65
Corn distilers solubles, dehyd	5-28-237	7.0	27.6	4.6	8.6	7.2	0.33	1.27
Corn gluten meal	5-28-241	9.0	42.7	4.4	2.2	3.1	0.15	0.45
Corn grain	4-02-935	11.0	9.6	2.6	3.8	1.3	0.03	0.26
Cotton seed meal, mech extd	5-01-617	7.0	41.0	11.9	4.6	6.1	0.19	1.08
Cotton seed meal, solv extd	5-01-621	9.0	41.2	12.1	1.4	6.5	0.17	1.10
Fishmeal anchovy, mech extd	5-01-985	8.0	65.5	1.0	4.1	14.8	3.75	2.49
Fishmeal herring, much extd	2-02-000	8.0	72.0	0.7	8.4	10.5	2.20	1.68
Fishmeal menhaden, mech extd	5-02-009	8.0	61.1	0.9	9.6	19.0	5.18	2.89
Fishmeal sardine, mech extd	5-02-015	7.0	65.2	1.0	5.0	15.8	4.61	2.68
Fishmeal tuna, mech extd	5-02-023	7.0	59.0	0.8	6.9	21.9	7.86	4.21
Fishmeal white, mech extd	5-02-025	9.0	62.6	0.7	4.6	23.2	7.31	3.81
lpil-pil leaf meal	1-16-447	8.0	26.8	11.6	5.7	8.4	-	-
Linseed meal, mech extd	5-02-045	9.0	34.3	8.8	5.4	5.7	0.41	0.87
Linseed meal, solv extd	5-02-048	10.0	34.6	9.1	1.4	5.8	0.39	0.80
Liver meal	5-00-389	8.0	66.0	1.4	15.7	6.3	0.56	1.26
Meat meal, rend	5-00-385	6.0	51.4	2.7	9.1	27.0	8.85	4.44
Meal & bone meal, rend	5-00-388	7.0	50.4	2.2	9.7	29.3	10.30	5.10
Molasses, sugarcane	4.04-696	25.0	4.4	-	0.1	9.8	0.75	0.08
Orange pulp, dried	4-01-254	12.0	7.5	8.4	1.7	3.7	0.62	0.10
Pea seed	5-03-600	11.0	22.5	6.1	1.2	3.0	0.14	0.39
Peanut meal, mech extd	5-03-649	7.0	48.1	6.9	5.8	5.1	0.19	0.57
Peanut meal, solv extd	5-03-650	8.0	48.1	9.9	1.3	5.8	0.27	0.62
Poultry by-product meal, rend	5-03-798	7.0	58.7	2.3	13.1	15.7	3.51	1.83
Poultry feathers, hydrolyzed	5-03-795	7.0	84.9	1.4	2.9	3.5	0.26	0.67
Poultry manure, dehyd	5-14-015	10.0	25.5	11.9	2.2	27.2	8.40	2.28
Rape seed meal, mech extd	5-03-870	8.0	35.6	12.0	7.3	6.9	0.66	1.04
Rape seed meal, solv extd	5-03-871	9.0	37.0	12.0	1.7	6.8	0.61	0.95
Rice bran	4-03-928	9.0	12.7	11.6	13.7	11.6	0.07	1.54
Rice grain, ground paddy	4-03-938	11.0	7.9	8.9	1.7	4.7	0.06	0.28
Rice, brewers	4-03-932	11.0	7.6	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.03	0.27
Rice hulls	1-08-075	8.0	3.0	39.6	0.7	19.0	0.09	0.07
Rice polishings	4-03-943	10.0	12.1	3.2	12.5	7.5	0.05	1.33
Safflower seed	4-07-958	6.0	16.3	26.8	32.8	2.9	0.24	0.63
Safflower seed meal, mech extd	5-04-109	9.0	20.2	32.4	6.1	3.8	0.25	0.71
Safflower seed meal, solv extd	5-04-110	8.0	23.4	30.0	1.4	5.4	0.34	0.75
Seaweed, kelp, dehyd	4-08-073	9.0	6.5	6.5	0.5	35.2	2.48	0.28
Seasame seeds meal, mech extd	5-04220	7.0	45.5	5.7	6.9	11.2	2.01	1.36
Shrimp process meal	5-04-226	10.0	39.9	14.1	3.9	26.8	9.73	1.84
Silkworm pups, dehyd	5-11-787	6.0	56.6	8.6	12.3	4.0	-	-
Sorghum grain	4-04-383	10.0	11.1	2.4	2.8	1.8	0.03	0.29
Soybean protein concentrate	5-08-038	8.0	84.3	0.1	0.5	3.5	0.11	0.68
Soybean seeds, heat processed	5-04-597	10.0	38.0	5.0	18.0	4.6	0.25	0.59
Soybean seeds, mech extd	5.04-600	10.0	42.9	5.9	4.8	6.0	0.26	0.61
Soybean seeds, solv extd	5-20-637	11.0	44.6	6.2	1.4	6.5	-	-
Soybean Seeds, dehulled, solv extd	5-04-612	10.0	49.7	3.4	0.9	5.8	0.26	0.63
Sugarcane bagasse, dehyd	1-04-686	9.0	1.5	43.9	0.7	2.9	0.82	0.27
Sunflower seed meal, solv extd	5-09-340	10	23.3	31.6	1.1	5.6	0.21	0.93
Sunflower seed, dehulled, mech extd	5-04-738	7.0	41.4	12.2	8.0	6.6	0.39	1.06
Sunflower seed, dehulled, solv extd	5-04-739	7.0	46.3	11.4	2.9	7.6	0.41	0.91
Wheat bran	4.05-190	11.0	15.2	10.0	3.9	6.1	0.11	1.22
Wheat grain, hard (flour)	4-05-268	12.0	12.7	2.5	1.6	1.7	0.04	0.38
Wheat middings	4-05-205	11.0	16.4	7.3	4.3	4.7	0.11	0.88
Wheat mil run	4-05-206	10.0	15.4	8.2	4.1	5.3	0.10	1.02
Yeast, brewers, dehyd	7-05-527	7.0	43.8	2.9	0.8	6.6	0.12	1.40
Yeast, torule, dehyd	7-05-534	7.0	49.1	2.3	1.6	7.7	0.50	1.59

All data taken from the United States-Canadian Tables of reed Composition (NRC, 1982)

Table 7. Average essential amino acid (EAA) composition of feed ingredients commonly used within aquafeeds for warmwater fish species (all values are expressed as % by weight on a as-fed basis :
Arginine - Arg;
Cystine - Cys;
Methionine - Met;
Threonine - Thr;
Isoleucine-Iso;
Leucine-Leu;
Lysine-Lys;
Valine-Val;
Tyrosine-Tyr;
Tryptophan-Try;
Phenylalanine-Phe;
Histidine; - His)

IFN	Arg	His	Iso	Leu	Lys	Met	Cys	Phe	Tyr	Thr	Try	Val
1.00-023	0.77	0.33	0.81	1.28	0.85	0.27	0.29	0.80	0.54	0.71	0.34	0.88
4-00-466	0.47	0.13	0.45	0.73	0.31	0.17	0.17	0.40	0.41	0.49	0.10	0.42
5-00-280	3.25	3.97	0.87	9.94	6.33	0.88	1.24	5.49	1.92	3.56	0.98	6.52
5-00 381	3.60	5.20	0.91	11.03	7.48	0.88	0.72	5.92	2.27	3.65	1.05	7.56
5-02-141	1.27	0.52	1.54	2.49	0.88	0.46	0.35	1.44	1.20	0.93	0.37	1.61
4.09-598	0.29	0.27	0.03	0.31	0.07	0.03	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.03	-	0.04
5.01-572	2.40	0.42	0.63	1.26	0.59	0.32	0.21	0.84	0.52	0.61	0.20	0.94
5-01-573	2.41	0.38	0.83	1.44	0.60	0.32	0.25	0.86	0.57	0.66	0.20	1.04
1-09-734	0.55	0.44	0.47	0.86	0.76	0.15	0.11	0.55	0.40	0.52	-	0.83
5-28-236	0.96	0.64	1.39	2.23	0.70	0.50	0.29	1.51	0.70	0.93	0.17	1.50
5-28-237	0.97	0.68	1.33	2.36	0.91	0.56	0.45	1.49	0.87	1.02	0.24	1.55
5-28-241	1.39	0.97	2.25	7.22	0.80	1.04	0.67	2.78	0.01	1.42	0.21	2.19
4-02-935	0.43	0.26	0.35	1.21	0.25	0.17	0.22	0.48	0.38	0.35	0.08	0.44
5-01-617	4.18	1.07	1.45	2.32	1.60	0.58	0.73	2.18	0.94	1.34	0.53	1.90
5-01-621	4.21	1.11	1.52	2.33	1.69	0.59	0.77	2.24	1.03	1.38	0.56	1.88
5-01-985	3.77	1.61	3.10	4.99	5.04	1.99	0.60	2.78	2.24	2.76	0.75	3.50
5-02-000	4.62	1.65	3.13	5.19	5.35	2.08	0.74	2.71	2.20	2.90	0.77	4.30
5-02-009	3.75	1.45	2.88	4.48	4.72	1.75	0.56	2.46	1.94	2.50	0.65	3.22
5-02-015	2.70	1.80	3.34	-	5.91	2.01	0.80	2.00	2.80	2.60	0.50	4.10
5-02-023	3.43	1.75	2.45	3.79	4.22	1.47	0.47	2.15	1.69	2.31	0.57	2.77
5-02-025	4.02	1.34	2.72	4.36	4.53	1.68	0.75	2.28	1.83	2.57	0.67	3.02
5-02-045	2.81	0.65	1.92	1.18	1.92	0.58	0.61	1.38	0.96	1.14	0.50	1.61
5-02-048	2.94	0.69	1.68	2.02	1.16	0.54	0.61	1.46	1.09	1.22	0.51	1.74
5-00-389	4.04	1.48	3.10	5.31	5.21	1.22	0.94	2.92	1.70	2.49	0.69	4.14
5-00-385	3.60	0.96	1.75	3.19	3.23	0.70	0.65	1.81	0.96	1.64	0.34	2.52
5-00-388	3.49	0.96	1.64	3.06	2.90	0.65	0.50	1.70	0.79	1.64	0.30	2.45
5-03-600	1.39	0.65	1.14	1.78	1.54	0.28	0.19	1.25	-	0.93	0.22	1.25
5-03-649	5.06	1.08	1.69	3.02	1.50	0.49	0.75	2.34	1.66	1.24	0.47	2.08
5-03-650	4.55	0.95	1.76	2.70	1.77	0.42	0.73	2.04	1.51	1.16	0.48	1.88
5-03-798	3.77	1.01	2.38	4.00	2.89	1.06	0.92	1.84	0.94	1.94	0.46	2.86
5-03-795	7.05	0.99	4.06	6.94	2.32	0.55	3.24	3.05	2.32	3.97	0.52	6.48
5-14-015	0.46	0.20	0.53	0.78	0.48	0.16	0.77	0.46	0.30	0.50	0.52	0.71
5-03-870	1.99	0.90	1.41	2.41	1.67	0.68	0.30	1.42	0.85	1.53	0.48	1.81
5-03-871	2.06	0.99	1.35	2.50	1.98	0.71	0.30	1.41	0.79	1.56	0.43	1.79
4-03-928	0.72	0.23	0.46	0.70	0.49	0.23	0.10	0.44	0.69	0.43	0.10	0.69
4-03-938	0.57	0.14	0.31	0.56	0.27	0.16	0.12	0.33	0.54	0.24	0.11	0.44
4-03-932	0.49	0.18	0.33	0.68	0.27	0.12	0.08	0.39	0.41	0.24	010	0.47
4-03-943	0.51	0.17	0.35	0.70	0.52	0.20	0.13	0.38	0.42	0.34	0.10	0.72
5-04-109	1.38	0.44	0.56	1.23	0.68	0.39	0.81	1.16	-	0.56	0.29	1.09
5-07-959	3.65	1.07	1.56	2.46	1.27	0.68	0.70	1.75	1.07	1.30	0.50	2.33
5-04-220	4.55	1.07	1.96	3.20	1.27	1.37	0.59	2.14	1.87	1.60	0.71	2.23
5-04-226	2.52	0.96	1.68	2.68	2.17	0.82	0.59	1.59	1.33	1.42	0.36	1.83
4-04-383	0.39	0.23	0.45	1.44	0.25	0.13	0.20	0.56	0.41	0.36	0.11	0.52
5-08-038	7.37	2.41	4.60	6.33	5.61	0.88	0.92	4.33	3.10	3.34	0.88	4.38
5-04-597	2.80	1.01	2.18	2.57	2.40	0.54	0.55	2.10	1.22	1.69	0.52	2.02
5-04-600	3.07	1.14	2.63	3.62	2.79	0.65	0.56	2.20	1.55	1.72	0.61	2.28
5-04-612	3.67	1.22	2.46	3.73	3.17	0.72	0.75	2.44	1.68	1.94	0.69	2.55
5-09-340	2.30	0.55	1.00	1.60	1.00	0.50	0.50	1.15	-	1.05	0.45	1.60
5-04-738	3.45	0.90	1.76	2.47	1.61	0.94	0.69	1.80	1.00	1.37	0.50	2.01
5-04-739	4.42	1.23	2.25	3.83	1.92	1.16	0.74	2.36	1.39	1.93	0.61	2.60
4-05-190	0.96	0.39	0.51	0.92	0.58	0.19	0.32	0.55	0.42	0.46	0.25	0.69
4-05-268	0.64	0.30	0.51	0.89	0.36	0.21	0.32	0.63	0.43	0.37	0.17	0.59
4-05-205	0.92	0.38	0.67	1.08	0.67	0.18	0.22	0.64	0.40	0.54	0.20	0.75
4-05-206	0.94	0.40	0.70	1.20	0.57	0.33	0.23	-	0.50	0.50	0.21	0.80
7-05-527	2.20	1.09	2.21	3.23	3.11	0.74	0.49	1.83	1.50	2.12	0.52	2.36
7-05-534	2.64	1.32	2.85	3.52	3.74	0.77	0.61	2.85	2.00	2.64	0.52	2.96

¹ All data taken from the United States - Canadian Tables of Feed composition (NRC, 1982)