APPENDIX IV: Herbalist Response Summaries

T1: Herbalists expressing the change in availability of medicinal plants in the community for the past 10 years and the reasons why

Change in availability

Reasons for the change

Customary (Nkula)

Co-management (Ndaje)

Co-management (Chimaliro)

Total
freq.

Yes; medicinal plants more scarce and found far; become scarce; fewer trees and scarcity of medicines. Changed; some medicinal plants are scarce but others are available near homesteads; decreased

Increase in number of people collecting medicine for sale; some traditional healers capitalize on frequent illnesses; more people involved in harvesting medicinal plants; there is increased scarcity of medicinal plants;

2

3

2

7

Careless cutting of trees; method of harvesting - digging of roots leads to death of trees.

1

2

2

5

Increase in illness among the community; involved in collection due to increased illnesses; over-harvesting due to increase in the number of illnesses

0

2

3

5

Unsustainable harvesting and high population growth have contributed to scarcity; overpopulation

1

0

2

3

Some land brought under cultivation; conversion of land to agriculture,

1

0

2

3

People have turned it into big business; the curio makers carelessly cut trees, hence reducing the availability of certain species/ use of trees in the tobacco industry (wood for curing and shed construction)

0

1

1

2

No change

0

0

2

2

Total

27

T2: Number of herbalists expressing the HIV/AIDS-related illnesses treated by use of medicinal plants

Number of herbalists

Illness

Customary (Nkula)

Co-management (Ndaje)

Co-management (Chimaliro)

Total
frequency

Diarrhoea, dysentry

6

0

6

12

Mouth and throat sores/rashes (Candida or oral thrush)

4

0

5

9

Skin rashes (herpes zoster)

4

0

5

9

Fevers

2

0

5

7

Tuberculosis

2

0

2

4

Headache

3

0

0

3

Demonic seizures

2

0

1

3

Other STDs apart from HIV/Aids

1

0

2

3

Coughs

0

1

2

3

Snake bite

1

0

1

2

Bewitched patients

1

0

1

2

Difficult births

1

0

1

2

Shingles

1

0

1

2

Pneumonia

0

1

1

2

Infertility

0

1

1

2

Tracing thieves

0

1

1

2

Retarded chikd development

0

1

1

2

Family planning (stop reproduction)

0

1

1

2

Premature child death

1

0

0

1

Fire burns

1

0

0

1

Weakened uterus

1

0

0

1

Heart diseases

1

0

0

1

Cervical cancer (continuous menstruation)

0

0

1

1

Total

76

T3: Medicinal plants used to improve general strength, promote healing and reduce pain; their popularity and vulnerability to overexploitation

Plant common name

Species name

Improve general strength

Promotes healing

Reduces pain

Collected

Part

Traded

Growth

Score

Rank

(Customary - Nkula)

Fane Magambo

Mlombwa

Pterocarpus angolensis

*

*

*

1

0,1

1

1

4

1

Mtutumuko

Croton megalobostrys

*

*

*

1

1

1

1

4

1

African potato

Ipomoea tenuirostris

*

1

1

1

0

3

2

Aloe

Aloe spp

*

*

1

0,1

1

0

3

2

Mlirira

Rauvolfia caffra

*

1

1

1

0

3

2

Mpoza

Annona senegalensis

*

*

*

1

1

1

0

3

2

Mtowo

Azanza garckeana

*

*

*

1

0,1

0

0

2

3

Chosi (Bwazi)

Ectadiopsis oblongifolia

*

*

1

0,1

0

0

2

3

Tsabola

Capsicum frutescens

*

*

1

1

0

0

2

3

Papaya

Carica papaya

*

*

1

0,1

0

0

2

3

Mai Esi Kapteni (Customaty - Nkula)

Lepalepa

Senna sengueana

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Nthema

Flacourtia indica

*

1

0

0

1

2

2

Chilambe

Cissampelos mucronata

*

1

1

0

0

2

2

Mr Waya Daimon

Mwanambawe

Markhamia obtusifolia

*

1

0,1

1

1

4

1

African potato

Ipomoea tenuirostris

*

1

0,1

1

0

3

2

Muwanga

Pericopsis angolensis

*

1

1

0

1

3

2

Mkalati

Burkea africana

*

1

1

0

1

3

2

Nkotakosi

Hymenocardia acida

*

1

1

0

1

3

2

Nlungamo

Erythroxylum emarginatum

*

1

0,1

1

0

3

2

Namasakata

Trichodesma zeylanicum

*

1

0,1

1

0

3

2

Nchipika

Eleusine indica

*

1

1

0

0

2

3

Lepalepa

Senna sengueana

*

1

0,1

0

0

2

3

John Manuel Machika (Customary - Nkula)

Mlindimila

Erythrina abyssinica

1

1

1

1

4

1

Mwabvi

Erythrophleum sauveolens

*

1

1

1

1

4

1

African potato

Ipomoea tenuirostris

*

1

1

1

0

3

2

Chitimbe

Bauhinia thonningii

*

1

1

1

3

2

Matonga

Strychnos spinosa

*

1

1

1

3

2

Aloe

Aloe spp

*

*

1

0

1

0

2

3

Tsitsilaamanda

Asparagus spp

*

1

0

1

4

Mpoloni

Steganotaenia araliacea

*

1

0

0

0

1

4

Mr Afana Yahaya (Customary - Nkula)

Aloe

Aloe spp

Mlombwa

Pterocarpus angolensis

*

*

1

0

1

1

3

1

Nsawijika

Erythrophleum suaveolens

*

1

1

1

3

1

Chungulugu

Landolphia kirkii

*

1

1

1

3

1

Naphini

Terminalia sericea

*

*

0

1

1

2

2

Nsangalasya

Harrisonia abyssinica

0

1

1

2

2

Nsangu

Faidherbia albida

*

0

1

0

1

4

Papaya

Carica papaya

1

4

Mrs Binali (Co-mgt - Ndaje)

Mlindimila

Erythrina abbyssinica

*

1

1

1

1

4

1

Mlombwa

Pterocarpus angolensis

*

1

1

1

1

4

1

Tchenjema

Diospyros kirkii

1

1

1

0

3

2

Vizuzu

Combretum spp

*

1

1

1

0

3

2

Namoto

Vernonia glabra

*

1

0

1

0

2

3

Nthema

Flacourtia indica

*

*

1

0

1

0

2

3

Kephris Moyo (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)

Masitula

Aeschynomene nyassana

*

*

1

1

1

1

4

1

Msambafumu

Afzelia quanzensis

*

1

1

1

1

4

1

Msyankhuzi

Bridelia micrantha

*

*

1

1

1

1

4

1

Msolo

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia

*

1

1

1

1

4

1

Zobara

Fagara cholybea

*

1

1

1

1

4

1

African potato

Ipomoea tenuirostris

*

*

1

1

1

0

3

2

Chitongolosi

Acacia amythethophylla

*

1

1

1

0

3

2

Mnyongoloka

Steganotaenia araliacea

*

1

1

1

0

3

2

Aloe

Aloe spp

*

1

0

0

0

1

3

Khoswe

Heteromorpha arborescens

*

1

1

1

0

3

3

Tawona Ngulube (Co-mgt - Chimaliro

African potato

Ipomoea tenuirostris

*

*

1

1

1

0

3

1

Msukula

Aeschynomene nyassana

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Chiteta

Elephantorrhiza goetzei

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Changwe

Xylopia perviflora

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Mdima

Psorospermum febrifugum

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Msolo

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Mkaya

Strychnos innocua

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Mphangala

Dichrostachys cinerea

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Chitongololo

Acacia macrothyrsa

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Muwanga

Pericopis angolensis

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

1

Aloe

Aloe spp

*

1

1

0

0

2

2

Mulundu

Dalbergia nyassae, Swartzia madagascariensis

*

*

1

0

0

1

2

2

Mnyongoloka

Steganotaenia araliacea

*

*

1

1

0

0

2

2

Palijekanthu

Dicoma kirkii

*

*

1

1

0

0

2

2

Mulungalunga

Cissus quadrangularis

*

*

1

1

0

0

2

2

Mphiripinjo

Corchorus trilocularis

*

1

1

0

0

2

2

Chakuwawe

Aerva leucura

*

*

1

0

0

0

1

3

Yermia Zimba (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)

Zobara

Fagara chalybea

*

1

0,1

?

1

3

1

Njenje

Brachystegia utilis

*

*

1

1

?

1

3

1

Muuluka

Securidaca longipedunculata

*

1

1

?

1

3

1

Mkuwikuwi

Cucumis hirsutus

*

*

1

1

?

1

3

1

Msuku

Uapaca kirkiana

*

*

1

1,0

?

1

3

1

Muwanga

Pericopsis angolensis

*

*

1

0,1

?

1

3

1

Msolo

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia

*

*

1

01

?

1

3

1

African potato

Ipomoea tenuirostris

*

*

1

1

?

0

2

2

Aloe

Aloe spp

*

1

1

?

0

2

2

Mpesha

Rhoicissus tridentate

*

1

1

?

2

2

Kapirapira

Flueggea virosa, Securinega virosa

*

*

1

1

?

0

2

2

Chagwe

Xylopia perviflora

*

1

1

?

0

2

2

Mphalakasya

Albizia harvey

*

1

1

?

0

2

2

Mnyongoloka

Steganotaenia araliacea

*

*

1

0,1

?

0

2

2

Mkolankhanga

Albizia zimmermanii

*

1

1

?

0

2

2

Mchemani

Dracaena fragrans

*

1

1

?

0

2

2

Mbozya

Annona senegalensis

*

1

0

1

0

2

2

Llyod Phiri (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)

Muwawani

Cassia abbreviata

*

1

1,1

1

1

5

1

Mpotolo

Antidesma venosum

*

1

1,1

1

1

4

2

Muwanga

Pericopsis angolensis

*

1

11,0

0

1

4

2

Chigura

Dispyros kirkii

*

1

1,1

0

1

4

2

Muula

Parinari curatelifolia

*

1

1,1

0

1

4

2

Mphetapasi

Lotus sp.

*

1

1,0

0

1

3

3

Mlombwa

Pterocarpus angolensis

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Mpapa

Afzelia quanzensis

*

1

1

0

3

3

Thombozi

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon

*

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Kamemenambuzi

Byrsocarpus orientalis

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Phwiriphwiju

Corchorus trilocularis

*

1

1

0

0

2

3

Zobara

Fagara chalybea

*

1

1

1

3

3

Mnyongoloka

Steganotaenia araliacea

*

1

1,1

0

0

3

3

Phingo

Dalbergia melanoxylon

*

?

1

1

1

3

3

Nthuma

Thunbergia spp

*

*

1

1,0

0

0

2

4

Nkhunga

Sphenostylis marginata

*

1

1

0

0

2

4

Harris Nkunika (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)

Mbamba

Lannea edulis

*

*

1

1,1

1

1

5

1

Zobara

Fagara chalybea

*

*

1

1,1

1

1

5

1

Muwawani

Cassia abbreviata

*

*

1

1,1

1

1

5

1

Mtondo

Cordyla africana

*

*

1

1,1

0

1

4

2

Msambafumu

Afzelia quanzensis

*

1

1,1

0

1

4

2

Mphyoka

Schrebera trichocloclada

*

*

1

1

1

1

4

2

Kavundula

Psorospermum febrifugum

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Phatwe

Cussonia arborea

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Mtowo

Azanza garckeana

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Mlivwi

Hugonia orientalis

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Chitongololo

Acacia macrothyrsa

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Thombozi

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon

*

*

1

1,1

0

0

3

3

Chifitwei

Ozoroa insigns

*

1

0

1

0

2

3

Mnyongoloka

Steganotaenia araliacea

*

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Mthyokolo

Flacourtia indica

*

*

1

1

0

0

2

4

Florence Nyirenda (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)

Thombozi

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon

*

*

1

1,1

1

1

5

1

Muwanga

Pericopsis angolensis

*

1

1,0,1

0

1

4

2

Chigula

Diospyros kirkii

*

1

1

1

1

4

2

Zobara

Fagara chalybea

*

*

1

1

1

1

4

2

Muwawani

Cassia abbreviata

*

1

1,0,1

0

1

4

2

Mpapa

Afzelia quanzensis

*

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Mlombwa

Pterocarpus angolensis

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Nkhunga

Sphestylis marginata

*

1

1

1

0

3

3

Mlilira

Rauvolfia caffra

*

1

1

0

1

3

3

Phwiliphwiju

Corchorus trilocularis

*

*

1

1

0

0

2

4

Chitongololo

Acacia amythethophyla

*

1

1,0

0

0

2

4

Palijekanthu

Dicoma kirkii

*

1

0

0

1

2

4

T4: Identified medicinal plants most vulnerable to overexploitation.

Machinga Herbalists	Plant common name	Species name	Last 5 yrs distance to collection changed; why	Last 5 yrs location of collection changed; why	Has quality of plants changed	Alternative plant used ever	If plant purchased, has price changed
Fane Magambo (Nkula)	Mtowo	Azanza garkeana	Yes, very far, become scarce	Yes, become depleted at old locations	Yes; smaller trees used	Not at all	Do not purchase
	Mlombwa	Pterocarpus angolensis	Yes; previously common but now difficult to find & only inferior trees found, people cutting carelessly for other purposes	Not changed; but using coppices, big trees have been cut	Yes, inferior trees found	Yes, use the pear tree	Do not purchase
	Mtutumuko	Croton megalobostrys	No change; it is protected around the home	No change; homestead protected	Yes, inferior trees (frequently used for firewood, poles)	Yes, use of sisal	Do not purchase
Mai Esi Kapteni (Nkula)	Lepalepa	Senna sengueana	No change (not used as firewood) because of its burning characteristics	No change (not used as firewood) because of its burning characteristics	No change	Not at all	Do not purchase
	Chilambe	Cissampelos mucronata	No change; just a herbaceous plant and regenerates early, therefore abundant	No change; just a herbaceous plant & regenerates early, therefore abundant	No change	Not at all	Do not purchase
	Nthema	Flacourtia indica	Yes; now plant collected far because previous site is under cultivation - it has been cut	Yes; now plant collected far because previous site is under cultivation - it has been cut	Yes; small diameter trees utilized because of overexploitation due to overpopulation	Not at all	Do not purchase
Mr Waya Daimon (Nkula)	Mwanambewe	Markhamia obtusifolia	Yes; now plant collected far because of deforestation and scarcity of medicinal plants	Yes; overpopulation led to destruction of trees and deaths of medicinal plants	Yes; now only smaller trees found as they are coppices	Not at all	Do not purchase
	Muwanga	Pericopsis angolensis	Yes, found further due to careless cutting of trees; overpopulation leading to increase in illnesses requiring medicine	Yes, found farther due to careless cutting of trees; overpopulation leading to increase in illnesses	Yes; small trees now coppices are the only ones found	Not at all	Do not purchase
	Mkalati	Burkea africana	Yes; due to curio makers who have finished farmland trees & have now moved into the reserve	Yes; due to curio makers who have finished farmland trees & have now moved into the reserve	No change	Not at all	Do not purchase
John Manuel Machika (Nkula)	Mwabvi	Erythrophleum sauveolens	No change; the tree found along the stream in the estate is protected by the estate, but elsewhere the tree is scarce because of boat bulders and for medicinal use. Repetetive bark harvesting kills this particular tree.	No change; the tree found along the stream in the estate is protected by the estate, but elsewhere the tree is scarce because of boat bulders and for medicinal use. Repetitive bark harvesting kills this particular tree.	No; the quality and size have not changed	Yes; Afzelia quanzensis, depending on the type of disease; but there are some diseases for which there are no alternatives	Do not purchase
John Manuel Machika (Nkula)	Mlindimila	Erythrina abyssinica	Yes; was available around homesteads but now it is obtained very far; where it is collected there were 5 trees but 1 is remaining and the rest have died due to overharvesting and destructive ways of harvesting	Yes; was available around homesteads but now it is obtained very far; where it is collected there were 5 trees but 1 is remaining and the rest have died due to overharvesting and destructive ways of harvesting	No change	Not at all	Do not purchase
Mr Afana Yahaya (Ndaje)	Mlombwa	Pterocarpus angolensis	Yes; because the ones that are closer to the homesteads are smaller due to frequent cutting of old plants	Yes; rotates in the woodland to avoid overexploiting one tree as this may also lead to drying	Yes; now use smaller trees due to illegal felling of the preferred species	Bauhinia thonningii	Do not purchase
	Msangu	Faidherbia albida	Yes; closer trees have been cut and bigger ones are found further than before	Yes; overexploitation with local leaders in the forefront selling trees	Yes; now use smaller trees due to illegal felling of the preferred species	Xylopia perviflora	Do not purchase
	Naphini	Terminalia sericea	No change; protected because it is on the farmland	No change	Yes; now smaller sizes available	Dichrostachys cinerea	Do not purchase
Mrs Binali (Ndaje)	Namoto	Vernomia glabra	Yes; obtained farther than before - attributed to soil conditions that do not favour the growth of some medicinal plants; overexploitation leading to death of trees; increased number of collectors; increased illnesses requiring more of the medicinal plants from the woodland and farmland	No change; because when you use leaves other leaves come up	No; since the leaves used easily sprout	No	Do not purchase
	Mlombwa	Pterocarpus angolensis	Yes; now obtained far because people are using it for timber sawing	Yes; many people have been cutting the trees for timber sawing. This has led to the depletion of large trees which were within the homesteads and the nearby woodland	No change; since some bigger trees are still found	Yes; avocado pear trees	Do not purchase
	Nthema	Flacourtia indica	No change: many people do not use it apart from fruits	No change	No change	Yes; Bauhinia thonningii	Do not purchase

Kasungu Herbalists	Plant common name	Species name	Last 5 yrs distance to collection changed; why	Last 5 yrs location of collection changed; why	Has quality of plants changed	Alternative plant used ever	If plant purchased, has price changed
Kephris Moyo (Chimaliro)	Msakazinje	Cassytha filiformis	Yes, she used to collect it from Zambia which is very far, requiring her to spend a night away from home	Yes. It can now be collected nearer.	No change	A concoction of different plants being used based on trial and error	Do not purchase
	Msambam-fumu	Afzelia quanzensis	Yes; previously common but now only one tree existing in somebody's garden and the owner has been advised not to cut down the tree.	Not changed;	Not changed	No alternative	Do not purchase
	Zobara	Fagara chalybea	No change; it is still available	No change.	Yes, only coppices utilized because of over utilization	Yes, use of Brachystegia utilis	Do not purchase
Tawona Ngulube (Chimaliro)	Msolo	Pseudolachnostaylis mapruneifolia	Distance to the collection site increased because of opening up of cassava gardens	Yes	Yes. Available in form of coppices	No alternative	Do not purchase
	Mphangala	Dichrostachys cinerea	Distance of collection increased because of crop gardens	Yes	Coppices used	Terminocalyx obovatus	Do not purchase
	Mpoza	Annona senegalensis	Yes; now t collected far because previous site is under cultivation - it has been cut	Yes; now plant collected far because previous site is under cultivation - it has been cut	Yes; small diameter trees utilized because of overexploitation due to overpopulation	Strychnos cocculoides	Do not purchase
Yeremia Zimba (Chimaliro)	Zobara	Fagara chalybea	Yes; now the plant cultivated but also collected from farmland	As reported in the previous column	No change	Not at all	Do not purchase
	Mnyongoloka	Steganotaenia araliacea	Yes, found further due to change of residential area; it was found near at previous residence	Yes, found further away due to change of residential area; it was found near at the previous residence	No change	Not at all	Do not purchase
	Muwanga	Pericopsis angolensis	No change because leaves are mostly used which is not destructive	No change because leaves are mostly used which is not destructive	No change	Parinari curatellifolia	Do not purchase
Lloyd Phiri (Chimaliro)	Mpotolo	Antidesma venosum	Increased collection distance because of over population and increase in the number of people seeking traditional healing	Yes. Previously it was collected from the farmland but now collected from the forest reserve	No; the quality and size have not changed	Yes; Cassia abbreviata	Cassia abbreviata has become very expensive
	Muwanga	Pericopsis angolensis	No change, trees are still abundant	No change, trees are still abundant	No change	Pawpaw	Do not purchase
	Muwawani	Cassia abbreviata	Yes, it is now purchased far	Becoming more scarce at Kasungu Boma Centre and he has to go as far as Mzuzu and Mzimba to purchase it	No change	Fagara cholybea	Yes, from Mk40 to Mk100
Harris Nkunika (Chimaliro)	Muwawani	Cassia abbreviata	Not changed because people do not use it for firewood and that it is far away	As reported in the previous column	Not changed	Yes, African potato	African potato not puchased
	Mbamba	Lannea edulis	Not changed, not known by other people	Not change, not known by others	No change	Not at all	Do not purchase
	Zobara	Fagara chalybea	Not changed, not known by other people	Not changed, not known by others	Not changed	Not at all	Do not purchase
Florence Nyirenda (Chimaliro)	Thombozi	Diplorhynchus condylocarpon	Not changed because good coppicing	Not changed because good coppicing	No; only the size has been reduced - coppices used	No	Do not purchase
	Zobara	Fagara chalybea	No change because it is purchased from the same markets	No change because it is purchased from the same markets	No change;	Cassia abbreviata	Yes, from 5Mk to Mk100
	Muwanga	Pericopsis angolensis	Collection distance increased on customary land because of over-utilization as poles and charcoal	Collection distance increased on customary land because of over-utilization as poles and charcoal	No change	Not at all	Do not purchase

T5: Change in the collection of medicinal plants for sale and types of people collecting them, in the past five years.


Kasungu herbalists	Change in collection for sale
	Change, how	Types of people collecting
Kephris Moyo (Chimaliro)	More traditional healers because of no boundaries of specialization as a result of profitability of traditional healing	Both traditional healers and traders
Tawona Ngulube (Chimaliro)	She is getting fewer people for traditional medicines because of the proliferation of healers and availability of hospitals.	Generally, both males and females can collect traditional medicines, but those involving maternity cases are specifically collected by women
Yeremia Zimba (Chimaliro)	More customers because he treats most of the diseases and also due to population growth and an increase in illnesses.	Those cured also learn the tricks of curing others.
Llyd Phiri (Chimaliro)	Collection of medicinal plants has increased because of increased illnesses	A lot of cheating because people claim that they can treat any disease, just for business.
Harris Nkunika (Chimaliro)	Reduced number of people coming for traditional medicine because of the availability of hospitals	No specialization because some traditional healers are after money.
Florence Nyirenda (Chimaliro)	Collection of traditional plants has increased because of increased illnesses and trade in medicinal plants, especially the scarce medicinal plants.

Machinga herbalists
Fane Magambo (Nkula)	Changed as there are more collections due to overpopulation and also due to poverty and hunger	Now both men and women collect
Mai Esi Kapteni (Nkula)	No change	The same people specializing in certain medicines have continued to offer services in their specialized areas
Mr Waya Daimon (Nkula)	Changed, many people have turned it into good business	Changed because most of the people now are crooks who just need quick money than actually healing the person
John Manuel Machika (Nkula)	Changed; some medicinal plants are scarce but others are available near homesteads; unsustainable harvesting and high population growth have contributed to scarcity	Changed
Mr Afana Yahaya (Ndaje)	Changed; medicinal plants are now in high demand due to increase in illnesses; medicinal plants are now bigger business than the healing practice previously known by herbalists only.	Changed; there is an increased number of collectors, both men and women now collect unlike in the past
Mrs Binali (Ndaje)	Changed; people depend more on medicinal plants although they also go to the hospital	Both men and women now go into the woodland to collect medicinal plants; in the past only certain women and men specialized in medicinal plants i.e. others specialized in women while some specialized in men
Mrs Misomali (Ndaje)	Changed; many more people fetch medicine for sale; Both men and women go to collect medicine because of trading competition, increase in number of people who get trained to become herbalists for business	Change; sickness has increased; high costs at the hospital so people are depending on natural medicines because they are cheaper

T6: Number of herbalists expressing the major threats to the availability of medicinal plants in the community woodlands

Threats to availability	Customary (Nkula)	Co-management (Ndaje)	Co-management (Chimaliro)	Frequency of responses
Destructive harvesting methods	4	2	5	11
Collection by commercial harvesters from outside the community	3	2	4	9
Increasing demand for trade	3	2	5	10
Change of forest land to other uses such as agriculture	3		4	7
Policies that prohibit the collection, conducive to conservation of medicinal plants	1	1	1	3
Overpopulation	1	0	1	2
Failure to follow appropriate procedures when collecting medicinal plants	1	0	1	2
Conversion to firewood for sale	1	0	0	1
Promote conservation	1	0	0	1
Firewood collection	1	0	0	1
			Total	64

T7: Approaches for increasing availability of medicinal plants and their strengths and weaknesses

Approaches/opportunities	Strengths	Cust. (Nkula)	Co-mgt (Ndaje)	Co-mgt (Chim)	Freq.	Weaknesses	Cust. (Nkula)	Co-mgt (Ndaje)	Co-mgt (Chim)	Freq.
Cultivation of plants outside of forest	This is best because the medicine will be within reach and free to use the product without fear Lessen travel time but planting material not available; cultivated medicinal plant equally effective as natural one Easy to access; prevent wind effect; can easily be dug up at night if one falls sick Near home and saves time; not possible to have all species planted because of different combinations of the concoction/propagation material not available	4	0	4	8	Planting materials and propagation methods would be difficult to access But different combination of medicinal plants are used and some may not be available apart from the planted	0	0	2	2
Training on better harvesting methods	Only possible with community and not outsiders/may be practical for immediate community For better methods and protecting the available resource	1	1	2	4	Not all people can be trained/not every traditional healer can be trained Not practical for outsiders and commercial harvesters	1	0	4	5
Enforcing current rules for collection	Only those who have permits should be allowed Involving communities recognises their dependence on the reserve; inadequate staff	1	1	0	2	Forest resource too big to be patrolled effectively People will always evade licensing and outsiders should be given transfer certificates for them to be allowed to collect medicine Weak relationship between community and Govt on co-management Introduction of collection fees; most commercial harvesters evade fee paying	0	2	3	5
Giving greater control over the local resources to community	Chiefs be given greater authority because the villagers respect the decisions made by local leaders; the problem is the misinterpretation of democracy by some individuals. Govt to jointly control with community and monitoring mechanism set up	0	1	1	2		0	0	0	0
Prohibiting outsiders from collection	Reduce the cutting habit among the community members	0	1	0	1	Most communities are busy with domestic activities Hunger and poverty will defeat the efforts and destruction will persist	1	0	1	2
Enrichment planting	Advising communities to conserve medicinal plants	0	0	1	1		0	0	0	0
Planting in the forest		0	0	0	0	People will still cut down the planted trees The planted trees would be stolen Others might still sneak in and dig up the medicinal plant Seedlings are raised in the nursery by the co-management committee and the villagers assist in patch planting in the woodland/block; this is hampered by poor community participation and lack of fats growing seedlings	3	1	0	4
She has already started planting		0	0	0	0	Not knowing propagation methods	1	0	0	1

Change in availability	Reasons for the change	Customary (Nkula)	Co-management (Ndaje)	Co-management (Chimaliro)	Total freq.
Yes; medicinal plants more scarce and found far; become scarce; fewer trees and scarcity of medicines. Changed; some medicinal plants are scarce but others are available near homesteads; decreased	Increase in number of people collecting medicine for sale; some traditional healers capitalize on frequent illnesses; more people involved in harvesting medicinal plants; there is increased scarcity of medicinal plants;	2	3	2	7
	Careless cutting of trees; method of harvesting - digging of roots leads to death of trees.	1	2	2	5
	Increase in illness among the community; involved in collection due to increased illnesses; over-harvesting due to increase in the number of illnesses	0	2	3	5
	Unsustainable harvesting and high population growth have contributed to scarcity; overpopulation	1	0	2	3
	Some land brought under cultivation; conversion of land to agriculture,	1	0	2	3
	People have turned it into big business; the curio makers carelessly cut trees, hence reducing the availability of certain species/ use of trees in the tobacco industry (wood for curing and shed construction)	0	1	1	2
No change		0	0	2	2
				Total	27


	Number of herbalists
Illness	Customary (Nkula)	Co-management (Ndaje)	Co-management (Chimaliro)	Total frequency
Diarrhoea, dysentry	6	0	6	12
Mouth and throat sores/rashes (Candida or oral thrush)	4	0	5	9
Skin rashes (herpes zoster)	4	0	5	9
Fevers	2	0	5	7
Tuberculosis	2	0	2	4
Headache	3	0	0	3
Demonic seizures	2	0	1	3
Other STDs apart from HIV/Aids	1	0	2	3
Coughs	0	1	2	3
Snake bite	1	0	1	2
Bewitched patients	1	0	1	2
Difficult births	1	0	1	2
Shingles	1	0	1	2
Pneumonia	0	1	1	2
Infertility	0	1	1	2
Tracing thieves	0	1	1	2
Retarded chikd development	0	1	1	2
Family planning (stop reproduction)	0	1	1	2
Premature child death	1	0	0	1
Fire burns	1	0	0	1
Weakened uterus	1	0	0	1
Heart diseases	1	0	0	1
Cervical cancer (continuous menstruation)	0	0	1	1
			Total	76


Plant common name	Species name	Improve general strength	Promotes healing	Reduces pain	Collected	Part	Traded	Growth	Score	Rank
(Customary - Nkula)
Fane Magambo
Mlombwa	Pterocarpus angolensis	*	*	*	1	0,1	1	1	4	1
Mtutumuko	Croton megalobostrys	*	*	*	1	1	1	1	4	1
African potato	Ipomoea tenuirostris		*		1	1	1	0	3	2
Aloe	Aloe spp		*	*	1	0,1	1	0	3	2
Mlirira	Rauvolfia caffra			*	1	1	1	0	3	2
Mpoza	Annona senegalensis	*	*	*	1	1	1	0	3	2
Mtowo	Azanza garckeana	*	*	*	1	0,1	0	0	2	3
Chosi (Bwazi)	Ectadiopsis oblongifolia		*	*	1	0,1	0	0	2	3
Tsabola	Capsicum frutescens	*		*	1	1	0	0	2	3
Papaya	Carica papaya	*		*	1	0,1	0	0	2	3
Mai Esi Kapteni (Customaty - Nkula)
Lepalepa	Senna sengueana			*	1	1	0	1	3	1
Nthema	Flacourtia indica			*	1	0	0	1	2	2
Chilambe	Cissampelos mucronata			*	1	1	0	0	2	2
Mr Waya Daimon
Mwanambawe	Markhamia obtusifolia			*	1	0,1	1	1	4	1
African potato	Ipomoea tenuirostris		*		1	0,1	1	0	3	2
Muwanga	Pericopsis angolensis			*	1	1	0	1	3	2
Mkalati	Burkea africana			*	1	1	0	1	3	2
Nkotakosi	Hymenocardia acida			*	1	1	0	1	3	2
Nlungamo	Erythroxylum emarginatum		*		1	0,1	1	0	3	2
Namasakata	Trichodesma zeylanicum		*		1	0,1	1	0	3	2
Nchipika	Eleusine indica		*		1	1	0	0	2	3
Lepalepa	Senna sengueana		*		1	0,1	0	0	2	3
John Manuel Machika (Customary - Nkula)
Mlindimila	Erythrina abyssinica				1	1	1	1	4	1
Mwabvi	Erythrophleum sauveolens			*	1	1	1	1	4	1
African potato	Ipomoea tenuirostris		*		1	1	1	0	3	2
Chitimbe	Bauhinia thonningii			*	1	1		1	3	2
Matonga	Strychnos spinosa	*			1	1		1	3	2
Aloe	Aloe spp		*	*	1	0	1	0	2	3
Tsitsilaamanda	Asparagus spp		*		1	0			1	4
Mpoloni	Steganotaenia araliacea		*		1	0	0	0	1	4
Mr Afana Yahaya (Customary - Nkula)
Aloe	Aloe spp
Mlombwa	Pterocarpus angolensis	*	*		1	0	1	1	3	1
Nsawijika	Erythrophleum suaveolens		*			1	1	1	3	1
Chungulugu	Landolphia kirkii		*			1	1	1	3	1
Naphini	Terminalia sericea		*	*		0	1	1	2	2
Nsangalasya	Harrisonia abyssinica					0	1	1	2	2
Nsangu	Faidherbia albida		*			0	1	0	1	4
Papaya	Carica papaya						1			4
Mrs Binali (Co-mgt - Ndaje)
Mlindimila	Erythrina abbyssinica		*		1	1	1	1	4	1
Mlombwa	Pterocarpus angolensis	*			1	1	1	1	4	1
Tchenjema	Diospyros kirkii				1	1	1	0	3	2
Vizuzu	Combretum spp		*		1	1	1	0	3	2
Namoto	Vernonia glabra		*		1	0	1	0	2	3
Nthema	Flacourtia indica		*	*	1	0	1	0	2	3
Kephris Moyo (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)
Masitula	Aeschynomene nyassana		*	*	1	1	1	1	4	1
Msambafumu	Afzelia quanzensis		*		1	1	1	1	4	1
Msyankhuzi	Bridelia micrantha		*	*	1	1	1	1	4	1
Msolo	Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia		*		1	1	1	1	4	1
Zobara	Fagara cholybea		*		1	1	1	1	4	1
African potato	Ipomoea tenuirostris	*	*		1	1	1	0	3	2
Chitongolosi	Acacia amythethophylla		*		1	1	1	0	3	2
Mnyongoloka	Steganotaenia araliacea		*		1	1	1	0	3	2
Aloe	Aloe spp		*		1	0	0	0	1	3
Khoswe	Heteromorpha arborescens			*	1	1	1	0	3	3
Tawona Ngulube (Co-mgt - Chimaliro
African potato	Ipomoea tenuirostris		*	*	1	1	1	0	3	1
Msukula	Aeschynomene nyassana		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	1
Chiteta	Elephantorrhiza goetzei	*			1	1	0	1	3	1
Changwe	Xylopia perviflora		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	1
Mdima	Psorospermum febrifugum		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	1
Msolo	Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	1
Mkaya	Strychnos innocua		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	1
Mphangala	Dichrostachys cinerea		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	1
Chitongololo	Acacia macrothyrsa		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	1
Muwanga	Pericopis angolensis		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	1
Aloe	Aloe spp	*			1	1	0	0	2	2
Mulundu	Dalbergia nyassae, Swartzia madagascariensis		*	*	1	0	0	1	2	2
Mnyongoloka	Steganotaenia araliacea		*	*	1	1	0	0	2	2
Palijekanthu	Dicoma kirkii		*	*	1	1	0	0	2	2
Mulungalunga	Cissus quadrangularis		*	*	1	1	0	0	2	2
Mphiripinjo	Corchorus trilocularis			*	1	1	0	0	2	2
Chakuwawe	Aerva leucura		*	*	1	0	0	0	1	3
Yermia Zimba (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)
Zobara	Fagara chalybea		*		1	0,1	?	1	3	1
Njenje	Brachystegia utilis		*	*	1	1	?	1	3	1
Muuluka	Securidaca longipedunculata	*			1	1	?	1	3	1
Mkuwikuwi	Cucumis hirsutus	*	*		1	1	?	1	3	1
Msuku	Uapaca kirkiana	*		*	1	1,0	?	1	3	1
Muwanga	Pericopsis angolensis	*		*	1	0,1	?	1	3	1
Msolo	Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia	*		*	1	01	?	1	3	1
African potato	Ipomoea tenuirostris		*	*	1	1	?	0	2	2
Aloe	Aloe spp		*		1	1	?	0	2	2
Mpesha	Rhoicissus tridentate		*		1	1	?		2	2
Kapirapira	Flueggea virosa, Securinega virosa	*	*		1	1	?	0	2	2
Chagwe	Xylopia perviflora		*		1	1	?	0	2	2
Mphalakasya	Albizia harvey		*		1	1	?	0	2	2
Mnyongoloka	Steganotaenia araliacea	*		*	1	0,1	?	0	2	2
Mkolankhanga	Albizia zimmermanii			*	1	1	?	0	2	2
Mchemani	Dracaena fragrans	*			1	1	?	0	2	2
Mbozya	Annona senegalensis		*		1	0	1	0	2	2
Llyod Phiri (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)
Muwawani	Cassia abbreviata		*		1	1,1	1	1	5	1
Mpotolo	Antidesma venosum		*		1	1,1	1	1	4	2
Muwanga	Pericopsis angolensis		*		1	11,0	0	1	4	2
Chigura	Dispyros kirkii		*		1	1,1	0	1	4	2
Muula	Parinari curatelifolia		*		1	1,1	0	1	4	2
Mphetapasi	Lotus sp.			*	1	1,0	0	1	3	3
Mlombwa	Pterocarpus angolensis		*		1	1	0	1	3	3
Mpapa	Afzelia quanzensis		*		1	1		0	3	3
Thombozi	Diplorhynchus condylocarpon	*	*	*	1	1	0	1	3	3
Kamemenambuzi	Byrsocarpus orientalis		*		1	1	0	1	3	3
Phwiriphwiju	Corchorus trilocularis		*		1	1	0	0	2	3
Zobara	Fagara chalybea		*		1	1		1	3	3
Mnyongoloka	Steganotaenia araliacea		*		1	1,1	0	0	3	3
Phingo	Dalbergia melanoxylon		*		?	1	1	1	3	3
Nthuma	Thunbergia spp		*	*	1	1,0	0	0	2	4
Nkhunga	Sphenostylis marginata		*		1	1	0	0	2	4
Harris Nkunika (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)
Mbamba	Lannea edulis		*	*	1	1,1	1	1	5	1
Zobara	Fagara chalybea		*	*	1	1,1	1	1	5	1
Muwawani	Cassia abbreviata		*	*	1	1,1	1	1	5	1
Mtondo	Cordyla africana		*	*	1	1,1	0	1	4	2
Msambafumu	Afzelia quanzensis		*		1	1,1	0	1	4	2
Mphyoka	Schrebera trichocloclada	*		*	1	1	1	1	4	2
Kavundula	Psorospermum febrifugum		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	3
Phatwe	Cussonia arborea			*	1	1	0	1	3	3
Mtowo	Azanza garckeana	*	*		1	1	0	1	3	3
Mlivwi	Hugonia orientalis	*			1	1	0	1	3	3
Chitongololo	Acacia macrothyrsa		*		1	1	0	1	3	3
Thombozi	Diplorhynchus condylocarpon		*	*	1	1,1	0	0	3	3
Chifitwei	Ozoroa insigns		*		1	0	1	0	2	3
Mnyongoloka	Steganotaenia araliacea	*	*	*	1	1	0	1	3	3
Mthyokolo	Flacourtia indica	*		*	1	1	0	0	2	4
Florence Nyirenda (Co-mgt - Chimaliro)
Thombozi	Diplorhynchus condylocarpon		*	*	1	1,1	1	1	5	1
Muwanga	Pericopsis angolensis		*		1	1,0,1	0	1	4	2
Chigula	Diospyros kirkii		*		1	1	1	1	4	2
Zobara	Fagara chalybea		*	*	1	1	1	1	4	2
Muwawani	Cassia abbreviata		*		1	1,0,1	0	1	4	2
Mpapa	Afzelia quanzensis		*	*	1	1	0	1	3	3
Mlombwa	Pterocarpus angolensis		*		1	1	0	1	3	3
Nkhunga	Sphestylis marginata		*		1	1	1	0	3	3
Mlilira	Rauvolfia caffra			*	1	1	0	1	3	3
Phwiliphwiju	Corchorus trilocularis	*	*		1	1	0	0	2	4
Chitongololo	Acacia amythethophyla		*		1	1,0	0	0	2	4
Palijekanthu	Dicoma kirkii	*			1	0	0	1	2	4